Aircraft umklami Igor Sikorsky: Biography, ezisunguliwe

Namuhla, Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich emelela ekukhuleni kahle izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu izindiza yesimanje. I ezinkulu ezine-injini izindiza, giant izikebhe flying nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane esisetshenziselwa, okuyinto wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni zezindiza, uvele sibonga wayeyisazi izindiza edume.

Igor Sikorsky: Biography

Aviation iphayona owazalelwa May 25, 1889 ekhatsi Kiev, Ukraine (ke - uMbuso Russian). Uyise, u-Ivan, wayengudokotela kanye uprofesa emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo. Umama futhi sekubuyele wezokwelapha, kodwa umkhuba iye yaba nesandla neze. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich ubuzwe ezinhlelo zemicabango yabo isethi - okhokho bakhe kusukela ezinsukwini uPetru I yisikhonzi Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, ngakho-ke, base Russian. Omunye izinkumbulo zakhe zokuqala indaba umama uzama uLeonardo da Vinci ukuklama izindiza. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iphupho ezindizayo athumba umcabango wakhe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokuphindaphindiwe kukhulunywa ngalo kungenzeki ukufakazela lokhu. Ekugcineni, lapho ngineminyaka engu-engu-12, Igor Sikorsky wakha indiza oyisibonelo. Ukusebenza zamandla bands zenjoloba nesisontekile, isakhiwo rose emoyeni. Manje umfana wayengazi ukuthi iphupho lakhe kwakungeyona indaba eqanjiwe budedengu.

uhambo idolo

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lapho Igor noyise uphumule eJalimane, ezwa indiza ukuqalisa lokuqala olwenziwa Ukubala von Zeppelin. Wabuye ufunde mayelana indiza ngempumelelo abazalwane Wright, washaywa yokuthi iphephandaba libike impumelelo enkulu kangaka ngamagama amancane ekhasini lokugcina. Ngaleso sikhathi, Sikorsky wanquma ukuchitha ukuphila kwakhe zezindiza. Inhloso yayo ethize kwaba ukuthuthukisa idivayisi ekwazi uzulazula phezu kwelinye iphuzu noma ngendiza ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi oyifunayo - endizeni.

Ngokushesha waqala ukuba afeze ucwaningo lwabo ehhotela elincane, udala Rotor nokukala yayo lift. Lapho ngiphindela e-Kiev Igor waphonsa Polytechnic Institute and waqala nocwaningo olunzulu ezindaweni abasafufusa yesayensi. Kodwa yena wayengekho ngisho amabili, wayenobuhlobo ngesasasa elikhulu futhi eningi imibono, kodwa kancane isipiliyoni esiwusizo kanye nemali.

School of yamabhanoyi

ngokushesha Igor Sikorsky waya eParis lapho afike ukuthenga injini noma ezinye izinsimbi zayo ngoba indiza yakhe. Lapho, ngesikhathi airfield wendawo, iphunga evutha uwoyela ocolisekileyo uhlobo abangaphelele, onobuhle amadala ndiza, ezama ukundiza, washiya i uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa on umphefumulo wakhe. Ngokushesha Sikorski bajoyine okudalwe, kuchumana ngalokungakahleleki kakhulu yamabhanoyi French esikoleni, Nokho, umfundi uyalangazela akazange asithole nethuba lokungena emoyeni. Uma ukuthenga ezintathu cylinder Anzani injini, wahlangana Louis Bleriot, naye wathenga injini for monoplane yayo entsha. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, i-Bleriot abanesibindi wangena umlando zezindiza, wenza ngendiza yokuqala ngaphesheya kwe-English Channel. Lo mcimbi zomlando wathinteka ukuqhubeka zezindiza.

Umklamo lokuqala

Maphakathi no-1909, Igor Sikorsky igcwaliswe indiza yakhe yokuqala. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungakanani wakhe ezimbili esiphikisayo ujikelezisa Rotor udabula emoyeni, iyunithi luye lwabonisa yini isifiso kancane ukuthutha. Sikorski ekugcineni wakha biplane kwathi ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka esawuphakamisa a amamitha ambalwa emoyeni. Njengoba yena banambitha Impumelelo amaningi njengoba nambili imizuzwana. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, Igor wadala nezinye prototypes Wabenzela indiza iDemo futhi ngokuvamile wazihlephula, okuyinto kwakungeyona into engavamile ezinsukwini zakuqala zezindiza. Kodwa usebenzisa izingxenye lilimale lakheke kanje, imodeli ezithuthukisiwe. Sikorski akazange adunyazwe kokuhluleka kokuqala, ngoba eningi ifunda ngendlela indiza futhi wayeqiniseka ukuthi uma hhayi kulandelwa le ndiza, lowo okuyakuba ngasemva kwakhe, wake uqinisekile lalanda.

ukuqashelwa

Ngasekuqaleni kuka entwasahlobo ka-1910 ukuhlola ingxenye yesibili rotorcraft irowu ke yalungiswa, lapho basebenza ngokuzikhandla Sikorski. Endizeni kwaba njengoba enenkani njengoba umdali wakhe. Ukukhuthazela umklami kwaba okuncomekayo, kodwa kancane kancane wafinyelela esiphethweni Kuyadabukisa ukuthi mhlawumbe kwaba ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe futhi kufanele ukwakha izindiza bendabuko.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, umsebenzi Sikorsky Aircraft sika akazange alahlekelwe umbono wokuthi iphupho lakhe ukwakha indiza aphumelele ngempela. Ngokushesha wathola idiploma ye umshayeli we-Imperial Zonke-Russia aeroclub nakwezempi aqondisa eduze Kiev uye wabonisa C-5 yayo. Kukhona izindiza wahlangana Tsar uNicholas II. imodeli Landelayo C-6A wathola umklomelo eliphakeme ngesikhathi show emoyeni eMoscow. Kodwa Isenzakalo esincane esenzeka, lapho, ngenxa umiyane avimbekile fuel umugqa, futhi Sikorsky waphoqeleka ukuba wenze kokwehla eziphuthumayo, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ebulalayo.

"Muromets Ilya" - indiza giant

Lesi senzakalo wahola izindiza umbono okwandisa ukuthembeka izindiza ngokusebenzisa izinjini eziningi - umqondo kokuvamile olukhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Sikorski ehlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo biplane ezine-injini omkhulu (ngokokuqala) ngosayizi. Le ndiza wethiwa "Grand". Eme phambi kwaleso izindiza kwaba kuvulandi omkhulu ongaphandle. A evulekile umgibeli gumbi elitholakala ngemva abanikeze asebenza nabo.

Ngo-May 1913 izindiza wenziwa indiza yayo yokuqala test. Le ndiza kwaba umzuzu ka ukwaneliseka okukhulu, njengoba abaningi Sikorski wawuthi izindiza omkhulu onjalo ayikwazi ukundiza. Ukholo analo ekutheni imibono yabo nokuzimisela unamathele bebodwa izinkolelo Mnikeni ngekhulu. Tsar uNicholas II eza ngaso ukuzohlola "Grand" futhi sokuthuthukiswa zokuqala ezine-injini izindiza indiza umklami Wethule silindile libhalwe. Ekhuthazwe indlela u-Sikorsky bakha indiza nakakhulu, ebizwa nge "Muromets Ilya". Le ndiza wavelelwa ibhuloho evulekile ngaphezu fuselage, lapho abagibeli anesibindi obengama futhi ujabulele indawo engezansi. umkhumbi Big yaba newozawoza kwezempi ngaphambili, futhi abameleli Russian Navy efika e Petrograd ukuzohlola Ngokwesibonelo, ifakwe pontoons.

Eyokuqala Umhlaba

Ngemva kokubulawa Austrian iNkosana Franz Ferdinand Russia lusobishini kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. "Ilya Muromets" yaguqulwa webhomu, elaba isisekelo se-Russian emoyeni offensive yokulwa amaJalimane. Sekukonke, le ndiza nengxenye kusukwe ezingaphezu kuka-400, futhi eyodwa kuphela balinyazwa anti-aircraft umlilo. Lapho ngo-1917 ukuvukela kwamaBolshevik wahlasela umbuso, indaba yethu iqhawe wanquma ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe. Ehlobo lika-1918 Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, ogama umndeni esehlale eRussia, ushiya konke okungokwakhe siqu, waya eParis, lapho eqala ukwakha webhomu elalibhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu ngaleso Air Service yase-United States Army. Kodwa ekupheleni kwempi asiqeda umsebenzi wakhe. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, lapho efudukela US, Sikorsky ukugcwalisa iphupho zokuphila kwakhe. E-United States, Akaphindanga abangane noma imali. Kodwa waphefumulelwa, ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi kuleli zwe nabantu imibono emi abe amathuba okuphumelela.

I-American iphupho

Ngemva kwesikhashana wasebenza enkampanini "McCook Field" e Dayton, Ohio, nokusiza ukuthuthukisa super-webhomu. Kodwa ngenkathi indiza kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso legatsha esifayo umkhakha futhi Sikorski abangasebenzi sabuyela eNew York. Hhayi ukuphinde athole umsebenzi embonini zezindiza, waqala benokuthile izifiki Russian izibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waya airfields zendawo ngokulangazela wabukela abangabazi ezindizeni. Igor waqala eyayinesihloko isihloko zezindiza kanye kuvikelwe ithuba zezimali ukubuyela ecaleni lakhe ozithandayo. Sikorsky bahlakulele iwele-injini ndiza commercial, yayikwazi ukuthwala abagibeli 12 kuya ku-15 - the walowo airliner yesimanje.

wokuqala American

Ngemva ukuqongelela inani elifunekayo, Sikorsky waqala ukwakhiwa indiza esibayeni of epulazini yenkukhu ku-Long Island. Kodwa zonke izitho beyingekho imali eyanele, wayesesebenzisa eziningi izakhi ezifanele ezivela landfills wendawo. I izinjini base bebadala, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ekugcineni, umqambi omkhulu saseRussia uSergei Rachmaninoff bophulwe okubhaliselwe Countryman in inani $ 5,000. Lapho izindiza esisha sesilungile indiza yayo yokuqala test, abasizi izindiza eziyisishiyagalombili bebuthene ebhodini. Igor Sikorsky wayazi kwakuyiphutha, kodwa angikwazanga wayiziba. Ngemva kancane ukuqala izinjini kuhlulekile, futhi Igor wenziwe lokubikezela eziphuthumayo, kanzima kokulimaza indiza. Kwakubonakala sengathi sekuphelile ngabo. Kodwa Sikorski kudala wafunda bangayeki futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa abuyiselwe indiza ngokuthi C-29-A. Incwadi "A" lapha libhekisela ku-elithi "iMelika" lase. C-29-A kwaba izindiza Akumangalisi ezinhle, ukuqinisekisa impumelelo zezimali wenkampani Sikorsky. Okwezindiza Roscoe Turner uthenge izindiza lokufeza izindiza njalo futhi maphepha. Kamuva iyunithi lalibuye lisetshenziswe njengethuluzi a flying ugwayi esitolo.

Ngo-1926, lonke zezindiza emhlabeni wayejabule ngomklomelo in inani $ 25,000, okuyinto kwahlongozwa ngumuntu wokuqala owenze thro indiza phakathi New York Paris. Sikorski wacelwa ukwakha enkulu emithathu injini biplane okwesikhathi French impi iqhawe Rene Fonck, kuhlelwe ukuthola umklomelo. Amatilosi ezisheshayo nge amalungiselelo okokugcina ngaphambi kokuphela lendiza. Phakathi ukusuka izindiza ogcwele kakhulu wathutha ngokusebenzisa endundumeni. Ngemizuzwana embalwa nje, yaphenduka wesihogo ovuthayo. Fonck ngasinda ngokulambisa, kodwa babulawa amalungu amabili nezisebenzi. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso waseFrance abanesibindi ngaphambilini enye indiza kuya okwesibili ukuzama ukuthola umklomelo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho Yakhiwa, akekho owaziyo Charles Lindbergh igcwaliswe ebaleka solo ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, uzothola umklomelo nenhlonipho ezigidi zabantu.

"I-American Clipper"

Nakulokhu futhi, inkampani Sikorsky wayemlwela ukhona. Khona-ke wanquma ukwakha amphibian iwele-injini. Le ndiza yayiwusizo kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa, futhi Sikorsky wadala lwemikhumbi izindiza. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, Pan American Airways wasebenzisa izilwane zasemhlabeni ukuze kwakhiwe kwemizila emisha emoyeni eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika.

Ngokushesha Sikorski kwadingeka oda ezingaphezu kuka wayekwazi ukufeza. Yena kabusha inkampani futhi lakha kwenye imboni entsha e Stratford, Conn. Ngemva konyaka, inkampani baba osizayo ngokuphelele ephethwe "United Aircraft Corporation". Sikorsky ahlinzekwa ukwakha omkhulu ezokuthutha izindiza ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle ukuze Pan Am, owawungumnyaka ukuba yiphayona emkhakheni yezokuthutha trans-wasolwandle. Ngokubabazekayo "American Clipper" iyona uhlobo olusha yesibili ndiza, izindiza umklami wadala. Ubukhulu indiza cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kunezwe nezinye izindiza ngaleso sikhathi. Ekupheleni kuka-1931, ngemva uNkk Gerbert Guver "isiphambano" "Clipper", Charles Lindbergh wakwenza indiza yokuqala kusukela Miami kuya iPanama Canal.

Lesi sikebhe ezinkulu flying kwaba kwandulela uchungechunge aparata efanayo ukuthi kwavula US emoyeni imizila yonkana izilwandle. Phakathi best kwaba C-42, eyaqedwa ngo-1934 futhi sinezici kakhulu amandla Lindbergh ngelanga waqopha umlando 8 izwe isivinini, ibanga Inkokhelo! Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, Pan Am flying lwesikebhe esasisetshenziswa ukuvula emoyeni izixhumanisi phakathi e-US nase-Argentina. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, elinye "Clipper" landizela aphume Alameda, California, evula indlela umoya eHawaii. Lokhu kwalandelwa nezinye imizila emoyeni ePacific eNew Zealand. Ngo-1937, omunye "Clipper" wenza ngendiza yokuqala njalo yonkana eNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Manje indiza enkulu enqamula Sikorsky babehilelekile zokuthutha commercial ngokusebenzisa kokubili ocean main.

Dream zigcwaliseka

Phakathi zonke lezi neminyaka yimpumelelo izindiza umklami Igor Sikorsky akazange nanini ayikhohlwe indlela isifiso sakhe sokwakhela indiza esisebenzayo. Yena-ke ngicabange njengoba izikebhe, kunalokho kwakuyiphupho, wayefuna ukuletha ekuphileni ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye. Ngo-1939, Sikorsky Ekugcineni ngabona umgomo wokuphila kwakhe, Njengoba bengazange bahlakulele indiza yokuqala yangempela. Kodwa idivayisi kuyinkinga entsha ngokuphelele futhi kunzima kangangokuthi umklami kwaba azinikele ukuxazulula ke. Kwakuyinselele ukuthi wabiza wonke ukuhlakanipha kwakhe, amandla kanye abathanda ukundiza. Kodwa le mpumelelo kwakulithuba lakhe aphinde abe on the esengozini inselele entsha, okuyinto isikhathi eside kangaka ngiphuphe Sikorsky. Endizeni kwaba siqu injongo izindiza iminyaka engaphezu kuka-. Futhi manje, entwasahlobo ka-1939, waqala mklamo wakhe, besebenzisa imibono zanqwabelana Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi. Ngo-September iyunithi wayeselulungele ekuhlolweni kokuqala. Umshini kwadingeka eyodwa eyinhloko futhi isikulufa ezimbili ezincane ekupheleni ingxenye ijabulise we fuselage - ukuba simelane torque engu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa uhlelo eziyingqayizivele ekushintsheni engela izindwani Rotor phakathi ukujikeleza. Ngo ngendlela emangalisayo iDemo olunezinyanga eziyisithupha isikhathi esithile liye unqobe yezinkinga Ezingalapheki zezindiza.

Ukwenza izinguquko design ngo-1941 Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich zilethwe irekhodi lokuqala ubude indiza - iri -1 begodu namaminithi 5 namasekhondi 14. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ifakwe yamabhola antantayo umshini ungase uqale kokubili on zwe futhi on amanzi. Ngakho Sikorski iqhaza lwesithathu kubalulekile zezindiza komculo iphupho ongaziwa ezindizayo umshini, ezizosebenza inkonzo neliphelele ngokwengeziwe esintwini futhi agcizelele emhlabeni nge maneuverability kwalo okuphakeme. emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza kuyoba isikhumbuzo indoda nge wokholo oluqinile ephusheni elikhulu ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuzethemba, esangenza ukufinyelela umgomo.

Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, kokusungulwa okuyinto washiya uphawu lubonakale ngomlando zezindiza, oshone ngo-October 26, 1972.