Yiziphi impumelelo yombuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo? Imiphi imigomo ukubeka phambi umbusi?

eziyinkulungwane nekhulu eminyakeni emibili edlule, ngo-January, 814 th, kusale umbuso wakhe kuze kube phakade omunye obaba ESonto LamaRoma-zamaJalimane, impucuko European ngobuqotho, umsunguli wokuqala we-European Union. Frankish noMbuso waseNtshonalanga kufakwe endaweni ka-ezingaphezu kuka-ebanzi: kuba yesimanje eFrance, eBelgium, eSwitzerland, Holland, e-Italy, izingxenye ezinkulu kweJalimane neSpain. Kodwa walwa konke ukuphila kwakhe, hhayi kuphela ezindaweni: nomaphi sandise yempi yakhe, ubuKristu wokunqoba. AngabeZizwe-Europe ngenkani bebhapathiziwe: futhi umlilo inkemba. Lokhu kubalulekile kusukela Eqinisweni lokho impumelelo eyaduma umbuso noKarla Velikogo.

Ibhuloho kuya Yethula

impucuko Slavic esijulile kakhulu wazizwa amandla ukubunjwa West, sibhekene kuyisitha esibi, eqinile, ngobuqili ngisho kusho-enomfutho, uma efunwa ngabakwa kwezimo. Hhayi inkemba kuphela wanqoba Carl, kodwa futhi imali, kanye namanga, futhi nginomuzwa wokuthi kudlalwa ngami. Ukwabelana, wabusa. izizwe Slavic sophe kakhulu nomunye.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka impi yayiqhubeka, usefile sokucasuka Karl. Ingxenye inkanuko ukuzedlula lwamaSlav abababhapathizela ubhujiswe, abanye baya empumalanga, abaningi kufakwe kancane kancane yaba le Austrians, Danes, amaJalimane, labanye benziwa baba indawo "Ikhodi" bafika ngaphansi samaRoma. Ngokwesibonelo, nabasePoland wathatha umbono Western kobuKristu nangasekuqaleni laba yizitha ezinkulu Slavic Russia.

Zonke ngokuqinisekile zibabaza i intando yensimbi kanye nengqondo ekhaliphile kaKesari uKarl, kodwa ekutadisheni impucuko Frankish kuvele kube yinto uvela ecacile lapho futhi ukuhlaselwa sanamuhla eYurophu uye eMpumalanga. Inqubo sisaphuma namanje. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi lokho impumelelo baba umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo (6 ekilasini ngokuqinisekile asikwazi ukubona ubuhlobo obunjalo uma uthisha lizokhuphuka umcabango)!

Mayelana nomlando

Ngesisekelo Empire Frankish kwakhiwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa noKarla Velikogo iphoqa ababusi ezintathu ezinkulu zaguqula ibheja yokuqothulwa esikhathini Merovingian lwamakhosi. Clovis itshalwe wekuba sive e umfelandawonye isonto sobupapa; Karlom Martellom sadalwa Okuyınqo, ibutho professional esiwusizo futhi wayakha ngesisekelo uhlelo izinduna ka benefices (izidleke yizicukuthwane), kanye Battle of Poitiers, wayeka ayehlasela Europe Islam; Pepin le iDemo waba yinkosi yokuqala engokomthetho lwamakhosi Carolingian, ngokuthumela zezindela owokugcina lazy Merovingian. Ngenxa Pepin eRoma reoriented ezivela eMpumalanga (eByzantium) ENtshonalanga.

Njalo-ke kwaqedwa wabeka isisekelo impucuko European - LamaRoma-zamaJalimane. Iphinde esewuphendula lokho ipumelelo umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo, kusukela kakhulu ukwakheka impucuko European, livelile ngokunembile phakathi nokubusa kukaCharlemagne.

amakhosi amabili

uyise kukaKarl, Pepin le emfushane, ekuqaleni afundise indodana yakhe ukuba libhekele izindaba isimo, siphawula okubeka obala amakhono kohlaziyo nokuzimisela ukwenza izenzo. Charles osemncane ngokugcwele emihlanganweni kwakungisiza enkantolo willingly Wit libhekele izindaba zamanxusa, bahlanganyela nemikhankaso Aquitaine. Lapho Pepin wafa, indodana ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha yayisivele okulungiselelwe self-nokubusa. Yiziphi impumelelo yombuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo kakhulu? imfundo Ofanele izindlalifa, ngesikhathi esifanele, nakuba ekuqaleni kakhulu, ukufunda ngamunye futhi konke okudingekayo governance.

Nginesifo Pepin indodana wayengeyedwa. Futhi ezibonakalayo zazihlukaniswe cishe ngokulinganayo: Karl ithole Nuanon futhi Karlomanu - Soissons. Laba bobabili - okugcwele alinganayo yinkosi zamaJalimane. Njengenjwayelo, ubudlelwane anobuhlobo kwakungafanele. Ukuze uthole isivumelwano elula edingekayo yezabasebenzi enkulu, futhi i-ukushayisana ayengenalo sicasulwa kulencane.

Ngoba izitha impucuko franc osanda kuzalwa kwaba komkhathi: i Aquitani esanda yanqoba Bavusa amakhanda abo, Saxons futhi AbaseBrithani ecindezelwe kusukela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, futhi ensimini yase-Italy yesimanje wafika buyingozi - inkosi yakwa amaLombard Desiderius, uye wahlanganisa izindawo eziningi kule nhlonhlo. Lapha wayengumuntu ibutho real futhi imithombo emikhulu. Ngokuyinhloko kwathinta amazwe sobupapa, yanqoba Pepin ngaphezulu futhi wanikela lalibuswa iRoma. Plus, Desiderius abangane fast and baganiselana Duke ezizungezile, naye akazange uthanda ukuthuthukiswa isimo Frankish.

Karl ikwenze wazitshaya sonke isikhathi yini ukuqaphela usongo. Watadisha ngokucophelela ezweni labo, uhambo, esizingelwayo, izipho zezindela, ngedili. Phakathi kwalezi zimo imisebenzi yasekhaya ukuyiveza kalula zabhikisha Aquitaine. mzalwane wayibiza ngokuthi u nokuhamba phezu Gascony futhi Aquitaine, kodwa ngalenqaba. Carl iphathwe yena.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Desiderius wathatha kusukela endaweni uPapa by endaweni. UStefanu III izinyembezi wacela usizo elivela kubafowethu ababili - futhi Carloman futhi uCharlemagne. Kodwa angizange ngisithole. Carloman wayengafuni ukulwa, kodvwa Carl wayeshadile okwesibili. Unina - Bertrada - ophoqelelwe indodana ukuba ayiyeke le UCwele nowayengunkosikazi Himiltrudy njengesibambiso ukuthula evela eningizimu - indodakazi Desiderius, desideratum. CHF isikhundla e-Italy eligoqiwe ngokushesha, umthelela kwancibilika.

amandla United

Karl wahlupheka isikhundla eside kakhulu. Kuthunyelwe kuyise Dezoderatu elinqunywe cishe ngokuphelele ubuhlobo umfowabo futhi baqala ukulungiselela impi. Nokho, Carloman ngokuphazima kweso kungalindele muntu wafela bonke. Karl wathatha phezu ifa kanye waba kuphela inkosi efanele zamaJalimane.

Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa nge iminyaka 772, kwaqala impi enkulu impilo yonke: umkhankaso, ngokuhlasela, ekuvinjezelweni, ukucindezelwa of omakhelwane, empini - umjikelezo omubi. Njalo ngonyaka ngoMeyi mayelana lezempi - lapho ukusebenza okuhleliwe. Ngezinye izikhathi phakathi nonyaka engenzi ivumelane akukhumbulayo ngolunye uhambo, kodwa ababili.

Karl ngokushesha waba induna kusho owaleli okukhulu. Ngokuvamile, usongo kwakusondela kusuka ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene, umuzwa eziningi Utha esiphithiphithini nasekubhujisweni. Noma kunjalo, konke ISIZINDA ukuchaza, futhi imiphumela yaba mihle kakhulu. Carl esegijima baqonde okushiwo isimo futhi ngokushesha wathatha isinyathelo.

Omunye ukubonakala kwakhe emabuthweni ahlomile kuyisihluthulelo ukunqoba kanye nokuzethemba safaka: Karl - ngaphansi kwamamitha amabili ubude, iqhawe uyathandeka, esinamandla futhi ethule - ngokuqiniseka kwaholela ukuba ngisho yamasotja anesibindi kakhulu. Yiziphi ipumelelo Empire abadumile noKarla Velikogo ngenxa yalokho, kunzima kubala.

ukudalwa ibutho

Karl njalo ukulwa, futhi kudingeka izidingongqangi zabantu nezezimali eside. Njengoba izinsiza zazingcono - nsimu enkulu wanikeza konke futhi nakakhulu. Kodwa kwakumelwe bagcine. Amasiko of ezazingaphambi kwayo - noyise, futhi umkhulu wakhe - baqhubeka ngesimo kabusha lempi.

Izinduna isevisi njalo ziyakhula layo Holdings (benefice), plus yokuthi - esase sikhona kakade okusalungiswa uhlelo. Ngu-oda konyaka bonke abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu - ukubalwa kanye nababhishobhi - ababekanye ihhashi yabo futhi ngezinyawo waya endaweni ubuthela abantu, ahlomile kakade futhi lomgwaqo.

Akanasikhathi wathembisa inhlawulo omkhulu, ngenkathi dodging - isijeziso esibi nakakhulu. Ukugqugquzela Kwakuqabukela jikelele, ayevame ukulwa khona ngokuqondile labo yezindawo kuyona ezisengozini omakhelwane. Kwaba isimo uhlelo kanye franc ngempumelelo kakhulu landiswa futhi kuqiniswe. Ngakho lokho impumelelo baba umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo? Libanga 6 izimpendulo: ukudalwa bayibutho sangempela uhlelo ukugqugquzela.

Impi nge amaLombard

Desiderius wathukuthela kakhulu futhi ethukuthele kakhulu: ukuhlanza zonke abasekeli Charles ezweni lakhe, wathatha eduze Carloman wabaleka futhi waphoqelela uPapa wokugcotshwa omunye amadodana enkosi oshonile yesihlalo sobukhosi Frankish.

Kodwa uPapa ishintshile. Esikhundleni ethambile pliable noStephen wamhlangabeza willed Adrian. Futhi ngahlangana ukuzibamba, nge imfuneko isiqinisekiso. Kunalokho, baqala Desiderius futhi ukubhubhisa States kapapa. Adrian ivaliwe eRoma futhi yathumela izwi Charles mayelana usongo Engcwele eSontweni LamaRoma.

Lesi sikhathi Carl isilungile. Zokuhlanzwa ephelele nonembeza wayo, kabili wazama ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni Desiderius, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Yebo, futhi babengafuni ukwenza into, ngiqagele. Izinkulumo yephuka. maqembu Alpine zavalwa futhi uvalwe esigaxe. Karl ngoba esingaziwa ezindledlaneni ezisezintabeni waphenduka amabutho uhame ngokudlula wahamba ukuba ezingemuva isitha, wavimbezela Pavia, lapho Desiderius wanyamalala, wathatha Verona - inhloko-dolobha umbuso amaLombard yesibili.

ERoma Karl bangena umnqobi. Uthembise (futhi bekhohliswa!) Ubunikazi entsha Adrian. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuvinjezelwa Pavia yaqedwa ngempumelelo. Desiderius nezihlobo zakhe zase okuqoqiwe nezigodlo zezindela. UKarl waba inkosi yakwa amaLombard futhi wahlanganisa imibuso ezimbili zibe uhlobo olulodwa - Frankish. AmaLombard abasekho. Yiziphi impumelelo yombuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo? Impendulo iDemo kunzima ukunikeza. Kungakhathaliseki kangakanani nababusi balo, kodwa izinto ezincane kwehlukana izinduna - round lokugcina umlando European. Futhi naye yengcebo amaqiniso ngalokho ipumelelo umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo.

Oda e-Italy

Nokho, impi iphela nge ukunqotshwa Desiderius cha. Umkhakha osanda Roman Karl patrician waphoqeleka ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa lizoqeda izibhelu, ngibambulele gobe.

Ekugcineni yokudala ukuthula Saxony, waletha eRoma nendodana yakhe esencane Pepin, abagcotshiwe ukubusa amaLombard wangaphambili owayebizwa. Imithetho ubudala kuhambisana, ngesikhathi izikhulu zakhona zazingathi amalungelo athile, futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Kodwa-ke, akukho isixazululo sidlulile ngaphandle kwemvume Karl - enkulu kakade njengoba eNyakatho Central Italy, wathola amandla aphelele. Manje ngiyaqonda ngaphezulu ukuthi impumelelo baba umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo. Impendulo emfushane - inqubomgomo ohlakaniphile.

uthando Bavarian

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Lombardy engumakhelwane kakhulu ezilimele isimo Bavaria - futhi emnyangweni wezempi futhi zezombusazwe. Duke Tassilo III yayihlakaniphile futhi nezimo: akunjalo kudala edala umfelandawonye eBavaria kanye amaLombard, futhi manje uzama obulimaza kungekho nkosi enkulu Frankish. Ngisho uqalisiwe isifungo sona sinikwe othe xaxa kuyise Charles. Kodwa kusukela autocracy wayengeke akwazi ukuyeka futhi akuvezi amabutho ngesikhathi Meyi ukuhlangana. Isivumelwano imfihlo yaphetha ngegama woMbuso WaseByzantium, nabo bonke abaphikisi Italian kaCharles, ngisho ne ukuphahlazeka iDanube - ngokumelene noKarla Velikogo.

Karl wakhuthazelela zonke izinhlobo lena akuyona isikhathi eside kangaka. Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo impi Saxony, wahola amabutho emngceleni eBavaria. Tassilon waqala ukufuna ukuvikelwa uPapa, ngubani ivumile ukuba umlamuleli search ukuthula. Carl okunikelwe ngemvume isethi othize kwemibhalo, kodwa ngemva Tassilona kwesokunxele ngasese emzini ukuze zethembiso yangenza ukuba ngingalilahli ithemba. Ubaba wathukuthela futhi sibusisiwe Charles asempini.

I Bavarians, ngokungafani Tassilona, kuya Franks akazange ukondla inzondo kunalokho wayemesaba. Yingakho inkosi Bavarian Wasala ibutho mpilo ngokuzumayo. Ungenzi lutho - Karl baletha izipho isifungo fief washiya labayisibambiso - ngisho nendodana yakhe.

Tassilon Walahlwa le Sejm ngoba amambuka futhi isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. Carl wamxolela, kuze kube phakade ababegqunywe ngamaNazi ephathelene nokuphatha izindela. Tassilona unkosikazi futhi zonke izingane zakhe wahlupheka zabulawa.

Bavaria ukuzimela uyekwa. Ibala-kwababusi libike ngqo Charles. Bekanye eBavaria kanye Franks wathola emazweni Slavic - ngokweqile futhi eCarinthia, wena ukufinyelela aseBalkan. Ngakho agcwaliswa indawo. Yilokho impumelelo baba umbuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo (Umlando, Libanga 6, uvumelane ne ezikhathini zanamuhla).

Okuthwesa umqhele womusa umbuso

Ngakho sadlulela eminyakeni yokuqala amathathu wokubusa Charles - ezimpini engaphezi izingobe futhi ngokunqoba eminingi ukuthi baletha emazweni amaningi kangaka - abantu ezinkulu kanye nezincane, - hhayi abangophakimpi kakhulu, kwaba nzima ukuphatha yonke le umnotho, nokugcina isihloko esifanayo. Inkosi zamaJalimane wacabanga mayelana umqhele yasebukhosini.

Yiziphi impumelelo yombuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo? Izimpendulo zingase zehluke, kodwa omunye wabo - lokhu: ukubuyisana kanye Fusion izakhi ahlukahlukene ngesimo izizwe Saxons, amaFrank, amaLombard, Frisians, Alamanov, eBavaria - okungukuthi, izizwe ubudala-German bottling - Slavic, Romance nezinye izingxenye eziningi Empire . Ngiphakathi nendawo isihloko esisha kwakudingeka: kungumnikelo igunya obungenakuphikwa phakathi kwazo zonke ngokuphelele izifundo, kungakhathalekile imvelaphi yabo, ulimi, ngisho okholweni.

Ukuxazulula le umbuzo nzima ayengakwenza kuphela eRoma. Kwathi ngengozi. UPapa Leo III, owalandela u-Adrian, wangena indaba kabi, futhi ucele usizo Karl njengoba patrician kubalulekile ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu emphakathini. Against uPapa kwaba uzungu kanye nelokuzama ukubulala. Mhlawumbe isizathu wamiswa ngo inkohlakalo yomkhandlu kapapa oda wokuziphilisa nakho, kwashaqisa umndeni wekuvana Adrian wafa. Leo III ubalekile zitha wawela Alps, embozwe Karl.

Charles wabutha ibutho lakhe lonke, ngokushesha wathuthela e-Italy ukuze usungule khona njengegunya eliphakeme we ukulamula umbango. Kokuqulwa kwecala, ngesikhathi lapho UPapa Leo III usule isifungo, abamangaleli bakhe zehlulekile ukufakazela. Yiqiniso, lokhu ababhishobhi isinyathelo bathandile kancane, kodwa becabanga izindonga kwezinhloko zamaviyo noKarla Velikogo, bambalwa kakhulu abantu bakwazi ukuphikisa. Yiziphi impumelelo yombuso abadumile noKarla Velikogo? Impendulo ingase ibe lokhu: izwe ukubusa.

Isenzo odumile wokugcotshwa kwenzeke ngoSuku Christmas iminyaka 800 Basilica of St. Peter. inkosi Frankish emva laying uPapa umqhele omangalisayo ezamenyezelwa Nkulunkulu imiqhele omkhulu futhi enokuthula (!) uMbusi waseRoma Karl August. Ngokwesiprofetho, la mazwi liphindwe kathathu, bonke ababekhona ethempelini.

Futhi ifomula uqobo, kanye nenqubekela phambili leli cala, futhi umhlangano esontweni abamele esiphezulu enkampanini wasitshela ukuthi lolu hlelo lube iyawakha kusengaphambili futhi ngokucophelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi disabuse wonke umuntu futhi Papa noCarl yena. Wayelethwa ngokushesha alethwe isifungo sokwethembeka - futhi bonke abakhona, oqala uPapa. Yini impumelelo umbuso abadumile ngaphezulu noKarla Velikogo!

Yileyondlela waphinda ukubuyisela wonke uMbuso WaseRoma, kulokhu ibandla lamaKristu futhi ingxenye uMbusi German ngasekhanda. Karl kwadingeka ukuhlela isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi ngokunqoba. Yena ungcwatshwa Aachen lwakubo.