Kumiswa, Izilimi
Yiziphi amagama abe nasiphelo? Zero yokuqeda bese amagama abe nasiphelo
NgesiRashiya, kukhona section ekhethekile okuthiwa kwemagama, okuyinto ukhuluma umbuzo ukudala indlela amagama amasha. Namuhla kuba nzima kakhulu futhi engazinzile njengoba yonyaka Philologists-ososayensi izinto ezintsha kulo mkhakha. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-87% ngamagama Russian avele sibonga izwi-ekwakhekeni, futhi% 13 kuphela ziqothulwe ahlukile. Ingxenye entsha yokukhuluma zingase zimiswe ngosizo affixes (ticalo netijobelelo), futhi ushintshe isimo sabo - usebenzisa inflections (eziyimpumelelo).
bheke Omfushane
Lokhu isayensi waba ezimele kuphela isigamu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. Imizamo yokuqala kulelo kuthathwe UGrigory Osipovich Vinokur, owaqala bahlonze lezi synchronic futhi kolimi kwemagama. Izazi Modern abanesifiso eyimfanelo yesibili, elibhekene nomse- ukudalwa amagama amasha nge izingxenye okunenjongo - ticalo, tijobelelo. Flexion lingaphansi kwe-morpheme, ngakho isiRashiya kukhona amagama abe nasiphelo.
Uyini morpheme?
Esikhathini ongaziwa umsuka walo, zikhona izinguquko ezithile iyunithi. Kulesi morpheme isayensi okuyingxenye kencani okunenjongo kuNobhala komusho. Ngo isiRashiya kukhona amagama abe nasiphelo, isiqalo noma isijobelelo, kodwa abakwazi khona ngaphandle impande, oyingxenye zabo eziyinhloko. Amalungu amasha ninikeza elakhiwe ngokungeza affixes. Lezi zihlanganisa ticalo, tijobelelo, futhi interfiksy postfix.
Ukuphela yemfundo akha igama elisha, ngakho morpheme okungenani abalulekile. Akumangazi ukuthi ezingxenyeni eziningi lomusho, ingase ivinjelwe ngokuphelele. Ngeke kube lula uzithola, lapho amazwi Awekho eziyimpumelelo, ngoba ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngosuku, isikhathi kanye icala.
Ngezwi kumiswa morphemes ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa ticalo netijobelelo. Zibonisa ezinye izici ezithile ezingenziwanga ebonwe ifomu sokuqala izwi.
Yini eyayingenziwa ukuveza ukuphela?
Lokhu morpheme azisetshenziswa ku bheke, kodwa kuyasiza kuphela ukudala letisha amazwi. Lucebe incazelo ushintsho lapho ukuphela akashintshi. Esikhathini Russian ulimi flexion eveza zincazelo lwetakhi telulwimi:
- ubulili, inombolo bese icala - emabito, tiphawulo, participles, tivumelwano, tabito, tinombolo. Ngokwesibonelo: umculo, elikhanyayo, akhazimula, wena, ngamashumi omahlanu anesixhenxe.
- Inombolo umuntu - tento nesizayo. Ngokwesibonelo: Ngicabanga ngizwa.
- Rod, inombolo - tento esikhatsini lesengcile. Ngokwesibonelo: ngahileleka, remade.
- Nokufa - izabizwana kanye netinombolo. Njengesibonelo: ngamashumi amane nambili.
Umangele ngesibalo, kulokho amazwi kungekho eziyimpumelelo, kufanele sinake izingxenye EsiZulwini asinayo yokukhuluma, ezifana nezandiso utibone, kanye nezinyunyana, izinhlayiya, bondzaweni.
Morpheme. Ingxenye 1: Umsuka
Wonke amazwi, kunoma yiluphi ulimi zomhlaba fixed kunencazelo eziqondile. Impande core ibizo, isiphawulo, isenzo , noma kwenye ingxenye yokukhuluma futhi ukubaluleka lomqondo. Okuhlukile izinyunyana, abanye tandziso kanye izejwayezi ezisetshenziswa zokuxhumana kwemusho. Empeleni, wonke amazwi abe nezimpande futhi isiphetho, yakha isisekelo isiphakamiso. Kahle emabito, tiphawulo netento. Nokho, noma yimuphi umthetho ingatholakala ngaphandle - ziye zakwenza lokho, izazi zezilimi, le compilers isichazamazwi izwi-kumiswa.
Kuze kube muva nje, kube khona umbono ukuthi isiRashiya has a isenzo eyingqayizivele, okuyinto akanayo impande. "Ukudonsa" lisetshenziswa kuphela set-top amabhokisi, unombono ephelele kanye conjugation kuqala. Buciko morpheme ukuhlaziywa kungembula ukuthi "wena" - sicalo "kahle" futhi "ube" - tijobelelo. Ngakho, isenzo ilahlekelwe izimpande zomlando yayo - philologist futhi sezilimi Boris Unbegaun emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi igama elithi "emangalisayo ukunyamalala ephelele impande." Noma kunjalo, igama elithi "ukususa" futhi "ukususa", Isimanga siwukuthi, kulesi simo kukhona impande efanayo. Ngo isiRashiya kukhona amagama abe nasiphelo, kodwa morpheme main.
izibonelo ezichaza kabanzi ezithathwe base kanye impande
impande | Lokhu morpheme iyona ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi izwi. Kukhona amacala lapho umusho sakhiwa izimpande ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, lapho axhunyiwe ngu interfiksov (pentahedral, phansi). Amagama anencazelo efanayo abizwa ngokuthi impande efanayo. |
isisekelo | Lokhu morpheme yigama eliphelele ngaphandle interfiksa, isijobelelo okwakhayo, postfix; amagama abe nasiphelo, bakha nsuku ephelele. |
Ngo isiRashiya, kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane 3 izimpande esiyingqayizivele. Esikhathini ngobukhulu isichazamazwi Dahl kunamagama phezu 200 000, futhi kuyo singaphetha ngokuthi iningi labo are impande efanayo.
Morpheme. Ingcenye 2: Kusukela isizinda kanye ekupheleni izwi
Zero isiphetho likhona kuphela izinhlobo ezithile umusho. It kuncike uhlobo icala, inombolo - emabito netichasiso, ngezikhathi ezithile - tento. Zero isiphetho kuyofikwa kusukela tichasiso sebuniyo ne Isijobelelo ifaniswe, ezifana "intombi", "umama", "unogwaja". Lokhu morpheme kungekho nemabito plural genitive (ubuhle, amabutho, izinwele) kanye esimweni nominative ku njengabesifazane Nokwehla 3 (igundane, indodakazi, rye) futhi wesilisa Nokwehla 2 (umfana, itafula, icala ipensela). Lapho ukuhlaziywa morphemic imidwebo egqanyisiwe nebhokisi elingenalutho ngemva izisekelo. Ukuphela futhi akukho tento esikhathini esidlule elisebunyeni isikhathi wesilisa (ukudweba, ukudlala, ukubukela) kanye tiphawulo iDemo ngefomu efanayo (amahle, bejabule futhi uqaphe).
Base kuyisici esihlupha bonke titfo tenkhulumo. Zonke amazwi morpheme siqukethe affixes kanye impande. Ukuphela formative tijobelelo abafakiwe ngezithako zawo. Isisekelo siveza incazelo lucebe kwemusho. amazwi ezingenakuguquleka babe ngababili, ngakho bayingxenye izisekelo lonke.
izibonelo ezichaza kabanzi ezithathwe of affixes
Leli gama ibizwa ngokuthi morpheme, noma umile phambi impande.
Isiqalo | Ibekwe phambi impande futhi ukhonza ukwakha amagama amasha. Kungaba inamithiselwe emabito, tento, tiphawulo, participles futhi gerund. |
Isijobelelo | Lezi morphemes asetshenziselwa ukwakha amabizo entsha (umfowabo - umzalwane), tiphawulo (lesikhumba - lesikhumba), tento (into - ukwenza), kodwa futhi ekhona kwezinye izingxenye umusho. |
postfix | Ulimi IsiRashiya sinamagama tijobelelo eziningana: - amatende, okhombisa nesenzo obunobuhixihixi (kuthatha); - labo esivela kwesenzo simo lesiphocako (ukwenza); - noma - ngelinye ilanga - into ukhomba ukungaqiniseki (othile, into, ngesinye isikhathi); - ka kokuba CTA (asihambe); - futhi, ekhomba ephelele (wenza okufanayo). |
Interfiks | Lesi sikole esibizwa interfiksami yokuxhuma onkamisa ezenza amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu, ungathola eyodwa. - mayelana (iphayiphi); - futhi (hex); - zu (oluhlaza); - ex (a ezine); - uh (embhedeni). |
ophela | I morpheme ngokuvamile ngemva impande noma isijobelelo. Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi amazwi abe nasiphelo, ungakwazi ukushintsha kubo amacala, shiya noma izinombolo. Kwezinye izingxenye inkulumo ukuba kungenzeki. |
Ngakho, ososayensi bathola tijobelelo 7, 5 interfiksov 50 ticalo netijobelelo esingenakubalwa.
Zero isiphetho futhi amagama abe nasiphelo ngesiRashiya
Lokhu morpheme eveza ubulili, icala, umuntu, umusho wezinombolo. In amazwi ezingeguquleke ingekho. Lawa ingxenye esemthethweni kwenkulumo - tandziso (ngoba, ngenxa, mayelana, naphezu c), izinhlayiya (akukho, woza, ngisho neze), izinyunyana (yebo, sengathi, ngoba). NgesiRashiya, bayingcosana, kodwa ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka e enkulumweni yanamuhla.
Ngu amagama ezingeguquleke ngokuvamile bexhumanisa utibone ukuthi ukuveza imizwa yomuntu (o, halala), ukulingisa umsindo (Meow, Chick-Ciric, hhu) noma lisetshenziswe inkulumo ngenjongo ebingelela noma yokuvalelisa (sawubona, Some).
Amagama eyangena isiRashiya of angaphandle, futhi ayikwazi ukushintshwa amacala kanye neminye imingcele. Lawa amabizo isifazane (iwashi), owesilisa (ikhofi) naphakathi (amajazi) ukulethwa. Namuhla, inani lamagama liyakhula ngenxa ukuxhumana isiko Russian nabanye.
Imixhantela (kude ezinhle) kanti ezinye tiphawulo EsiZulwini asinayo (beige, okhakhi, Marengo) flexion futhi lingekho. Kodwa-ke ungayididanisi izwi nge zero ziphethe lezi titfo tenkhulumo. Kweyoku-1 no-2, amabizo Nokwehla genitive inflexion plural hhayi labelwe yokwehlukanisa (Saucers, Army). Futhi, siphetfo zero e qualitative tiphawulo isihlobo.
Kanjani ukwenza ukuhlaziywa morphemic
Inani elikhulu elithi-kumiswa izichazamazwi kakhulu lula ukuhlonzwa kwalokho titfo tenkhulumo. Nokho, unikezwa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ezifundeni isiRashiya, zonke izinhlobo ukuhlaziywa idingekile ukuze bebodwa, ngoba izinzuzo wena engozini siyabakhuba idatha yisikhathi. Ngosizo ukuhlaziya morphemic, singakwazi ukwenza amazwi ukubunjwa, kokuba isiqalo, impande, isijobelelo, nesiphetfo. Ukuhambisana inqubo isinyathelo ukukunikeza ukuhlaziywa qualitative.
Ukuze uqale ukucacisa tenkhulumo ukuhlonza ukuthi kungenzeka soshintsho abantu, izinombolo, lokuzalwa, kanye nezinye. Thola ekupheleni (uma ikhona), kulandele - isisekelo, impande, bese zonke affixes.
Kanjani ukwenza izwi-kumiswa ukuhlaziywa
Injongo yalolu hlobo sokuhlaziya - ukuthola indlela kwakheka tenkhulumo. Into yokuqala udinga ukuthola eyotholakala bese uhlole nemikhiqizo. Okulandelayo, thatha izwi kokuqala. Khona-ke ungase ukhethe isisekelo uzama amazwi, bese - affixes. Ngakho-ke ngeke sikwazi ukuthola izwi, ungumthombo oyinhloko ukuthola amazwi abe nasiphelo alabo ukuthi udinga ukuqaqa ku morphemes. Ukwazi lokhu algorithm elula, umfundi, umfundi noma isazi imfundamakhwela ungakwazi kahle wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalakahle kalula.
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