Vitebsk, labantu: Ukwakheka yobuhlanga nokuchichima

Inani labantu base-Vitebsk abantu mayelana 369 000, okuvumela edolobheni uyohlala endaweni yesine ngokuya labantu eBelarus. Imininingwane yakamuva esethulwa eMihlanganweni Yesigodi ethi indawo esemthethweni Vitebsk Regional Executive Committee, ukukhomba amaphethini ukuthi isibalo sabantu bomdabu ngempela liyancipha, kodwa isibalo bamazwe angaphandle abathuthela edolobheni for unomphela yokuhlala iyakhula.

Manje esifundeni zasemadolobheni kanye esifundeni iyikhaya cishe 100 bezizwe. ukwakhiwa Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo yobuhlanga okubangelwa isinqumo ukusungulwa izinhlangano zikazwelonke. Edolobheni kukhona izimo ukugcinwa nokuthuthukiswa isiko ezincane kazwelonke. Ngqo Vitebsk avele anjalo ekubumbaneni kazwelonke:

• Russian;
• Ukrainian;
• Roma;
• European;
• Latvian.

Ukhiye idatha umsebenzi izinhlangano - esiza abantulayo nenhlalakahle, usizo lwezomthetho kanye neminye bakubo, kanye nemfundo kwamasiko ezakhamizi.

Labantu okubakhona labantu Vitebsk

Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana labantu kanye nenombolo ye uvele kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu nesikhombisa. Ngakho, ngo-1641 edolobheni kwadingeka izigodi angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Futhi isibalo sabantu abahlala esifundeni ezisemadolobheni, kakade ngalesosikhathi sasingesona abantu kancane kuka lishumi lamawaka.

I ukusheshisa zokwenyuka kwenani labantu kwaqhubeka waze kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho inani labantu laliphakathi izakhamuzi eziyikhulu namashumi anesithoba amawaka. Kodwa phakathi nempi emzini Vitebsk futhi bakhona wahlupheka kakhulu okungabantu kanye nempahla ukulahlekelwa, okuyinto eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu kwenani lezakhamuzi. Ngakho, kwaba abantu abayizinkulungwane 100, futhi ngo-1920 sase sehle safika ku-80 000 ngo-1917, inani labantu Vitebsk. Ngemuva kokuvela izakhamuzi zaqala ukuhluma. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II wayehlala emzini abantu ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 170.

Ingabe leliphansi kakhulu labantu sabhalwa ngesikhathi sempi futhi umsebenzi. Le nkathi uthathwa njengomgcini nzima kakhulu: adubula nabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu, ukufa izakhamuzi emakamu okuhlushwa, ukuthunjwa kwabantu ngobuningi ophoqelelwe ...

Kodwa ngezikhathi ezinzima baye badlula. Ngonyaka ngosuku okwenzeka ngalo edolobheni, okungukuthi eyinkulungwane Vitebsk, owawusedolobheni 1974, inani labantu laliphakathi kakade abantu 270,000. By kokuwa kweSoviet Union, labantu Vitebsk aqala ukuncipha futhi.

Ukwakheka kazwelonke Vitebsk

Idatha lokuqala ukubunjwa yobuhlanga labantu Vitebsk avele phakathi nesikhathi lokubalwa kwabantu ngo isimo Russian ngo-1897. Isiphetho mayelana uhlanga kwezintathu yabantu okwaxoxwa kwenziwe ngolimi lwendabuko. Izibalo futhi wenza ngemiphumela vo ephathelene nenkolo nezigaba zabantu.

Ngokwe-1641, okuyinto libala zamagama abaphendulayo (lezibizo ngaphezulu neziteketiso abanikazi izigodi), Buhle labantu babe abantu bomdabu - Belarusians. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu sezihlonziwe futhi abameleli isimo Russian. Akekho izigodi, ukuze ahlulele ngokwanoma ulimi yokuxhumana nsuku zonke futhi inkolo, kuyilapho akayena owakhe amaJuda. Njengoba kuphawulwe, e Vitebsk kwazeke ukungabi khona amaJuda, kodwa eminye imithombo wabatshela ukuthi asaphila emphakathini encane, futhi wayesiza ngisho nasekufakeni ekumeleleni isimo amabutho isiRashiya e-1654.

Kubalwa kokuqala jikelele of the Empire, Russian

Ukwakheka kazwelonke lalowo muzi kwathiwa lokuqala kuchazwa ejwayelekile inani labantu base-Russian Empire (1897 iminyaka). Nokho, ngenxa ukungabikho ikholomu "ubuzwe", amaphepha wabhala ubuzwe, esekelwe ulimi lomdabu kwezintathu yabantu okwaxoxwa izakhamuzi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, lezi idatha azibonisi isithombe sangempela, ngoba ngalezo zinsuku, izakhamuzi eziningi okuthiwa ulimi lwabo lwasekhaya bezinye izizwe.

Ngesisekelo izibalo etholwe ngesikhathi kubalwa kokuqala jikelele (1897), kwatholwa ukuhlaziywa Ukwakheka kazwelonke komuzi. Idatha ethulwa njengendlela amaphesenti amakilasi ezahlukene, endaweni zokuhlala ezisemadolobheni. Ngakho, ukwakheka ngokobuhlanga Vitebsk ethulwa idatha elandelayo:

• AmaJuda yakhiwa 50% abantu bakuleli batholakale;
• isabelo Russian zaba 29%;
• Belarusians ayeneminyaka engu-12%;
• NabasePoland wenza 5%;
• German Vitebsk babe 1.5% kuphela;
• abantu ebambe isiLatvia kwaba kancane kuka-1%;
• Lithuanian - esingaphansi kuka 0.1%.

Ulimi labantu edolobheni

Ngesisekelo yokubala abantu izakhamuzi '(2009), ulimi unina iningi labantu bavotela Vitebsk Russian (60.5% isibalo izakhamuzi ababehlala emzini). Oluphethe ulimi Belarusian kwaba cishe engamashumi amathathu nane amaphesenti. Ukwakheka ubani akanayo ulimi lwendabuko noma abantu ulwazi nezinye izilimi, kuhlanganisa ezinhlanu kanti amaphesenti angu kwesigamu sabantu bezwe jikelele.

Uma thina acabangele ngaziphi izilimi ukuxhumana izakhamuzi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke Eqinisweni, ungathembela idatha elandelayo:

• isibalo sabantu abangakwazi ukuxhumana ngesiRashiya ekhaya, kucishe 92% abantu sebebonke;
• ulimi Belarusian esetshenziswa cishe 3% womphakathi ezisemadolobheni;
• abantu abakhuluma ezinye izilimi noma benqaba ukudayisela ukhombise siwulimi olukhulunywa zokuxhumana, kuze 5.5%.

ulimi Okwesibili, okuyinto usunike iningi lezakhamuzi, kuyinto Belarusian - 24.6% (kulabo abayizikhonzi ekhaya ukhuluma Russian) kanye Russian - 1,5%.

Isikhwama zokuvikeleka komphakathi labantu emzini Vitebsk

Ukuvikeleka Isikhwama inikeza izakhamuzi zawo eziningi nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. Izindlela lapho amasevisi anikezwa zokuvikeleka komphakathi izakhamuzi:

• ilungiselelo kwezimpesheni kwanoma iyiphi zinhlobo;
• ukuqokwa sabantu izinzuzo, ukukhulisa izingane;
• ukweseka izakhamizi, efuna umsebenzi;
• ukusungulwa linanincane lemacophelo e pay;
• usizo isicelo izakhamizi emsebenzini bani umsebenzi kuyinkinga;
• ezinqala ekutholeni nokuqeda ukwephulwa eziyisiprofetho ezazithinta ezempilo nokuphepha.

Imindeni noma abazali abangabodwa, nezinzuzo zezenhlalo zinikezwa ngesisekelo kwemali lengenako past izinyanga eziyishumi nambili.

Isimo Ungase futhi ukusiza izakhamuzi abazithola nesimo esinzima, ezithinta ukusebenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke futhi ubuso. Izinkokhelo ezenziwe izingqimba emphakathini sengozini sabantu.

izinzuzo Social enikeziwe ukuze izakhamuzi kwabancane, okuyinto inikezwa ngezinga wesithathu ukukhubazeka noma abantu abangekho isidingo sabele band, kodwa edinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ngokusho ngihlolwa.

isimo samanje kanye nezakhamuzi Vitebsk

Kusukela ngo-January 1, 2017 labantu Vitebsk kuyinto 369.9 ayizinkulungwane. Abantu. Ngemva ukwehla eside kunombolo izakhamuzi zomuzi wakubo ekugcineni zaqala ukuhluma ngezinga elilingene. izakhamuzi eziningi zalezi zindlela Belarusians (80%), kancane esingaphansi izimpilo Vitebsk Russian (12.7%) kanye Ukraine (1.3%). Phakathi abameleli bezinye izizwe eziningi kakhulu la maJuda nabasePoland. Namhlanje ngo-Russian ukukhuluma 60% izakhamuzi Vitebsk, Belarus ngokuthi izihlobo 33.8%, nezinye izilimi (noma umama ongaziwa ulimi) - 5.6%.

Umuzi ihlukaniswe ngezigodi ezintathu zokuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundeni ezisemadolobheni lakhiwe ngemalunga lamatsatfu iholide emzaneni lapho bendawo bathenga Cottages ukwakha izindlu zasemaphandleni. Zomlando, ibhizinisi kanye isikhungo nezamasiko isifunda Oktyabrsky, lapho iningi izikhungo kamasipala. izindawo Industrial tibheke ikakhulukazi endaweni sesitimela, okuyinto sihlanganisa okungenhla somhambi zokuhlala. Pervomaisky isifunda - a kwezindawo zokulala, izikwele ethule, amapaki oluhlaza kanye nengqalasizinda. Ngokomlando, endaweni ahlukaniswe kumalungu afanayo amabili behlukaniswe yimifula Western Dvina futhi Luchesa.

Vitebsk Modern - idolobha wemikhosi. Minyaka yonke, kuthatha indawo phezu amabili imicimbi yamasiko. Lo mcimbi obaluleke kakhulu yilona "Slavic Bazaar".

Umuzi ine izikhungo eziningi zemfundo. Abaningi babo ezikoleni zamabanga (38), uhlelo lolimi (9) kanye nezikole eliphezulu (5) Amakolishi (11), izinkulisa (93). Izikhungo amazinga aphezulu amahlanu kuphela, kodwa Vitebsk ingenye amanyuvesi ngobukhulu yezokwelapha, inyuvesi Belarusian kuphela, oveza bezilwane. Ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe kahle zemfundo izikhungo nezindawo zemidlalo, ngoba ngaphezu zokuzivocavoca ezivamile, amanyuvesi kanye nezikole babe okubhukuda, emadolobheni amancane Gymnastic kanye enkundleni wezemidlalo.