Uranium ingilazi. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe uranium ingilazi (isithombe)

Uranium ingilazi, Vaseline, mhlanga - amagama imikhiqizo ne ukwengeza udayi ka-uranium oxides. umkhiqizo Radioactive? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba le mikhiqizo ukuphila lwenziwe nokusetshenziswa 92-th isici (ishadi lesikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva), kuyafana ngoba ibhomu le-athomu? It kuvela ukuthi ingilazi kuyingozi kakhulu? Noma akunjalo?

Kuyini Uranium futhi oxides zayo?

Umthaki German Martin Heinrich Klaproth e 1789 wathola "metal entsha" amaminerali black limbiwa Ioahimshtal ezimayini eBohemia (yesimanje Czech Republic), echaza ke njengoba i-uranium. Wacabanga ngobuqotho kwaba metal okumsulwa - ukuhlola lokhu nokucabanga ngokuya wesimanje, akazange alale lapho. Kungani "uranium"?

Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili nje ngaphambili, ngo-1871, uFrederick Uilyam Gershel (sezinkanyezi German owayesebenza England) wathola iplanethi entsha in the Solar System - owesikhombisa. Nanguya izikhathi nanhlanu njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo mass Zomhlaba. Herschel wawuqamba Uranus emva ngesiGreki basezinganekwaneni womshado onke Gaia (Umhlaba).

engamashumi amahlanu kuphela kamuva, ngo-1841, umthaki wemithi French Ezhen Peligo bafakazela ukuthi "kusha, nesishiyagalombili endaweni metal irowu" okuholela Klaproth, lokhu oxide (e ukwakheka - oksijini). Peligot wathola metal okumsulwa, kodwa indaba kokutholakala uranium akuyona lapho engena khona, futhi Klaproth.

Nokho cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka kuze 1896 uranium ingamangalelwanga kule mboni, futhi kuphela ngemva kokutholakala radioactivity izakhiwo ukuthi isici kwakukhona isithakazelo ososayensi. Kodwa kuze 1939, lapho yashicilelwa imiphumela ukulinga ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo, itshe-nsimbi uranium misela kuphela Radium enemisebe.

imininingwane engokomlando

Ukusebenzisa zemvelo uranium oxide yaseYurophu kungokwalabo BC ekhulu lokuqala: zobumba shards embozwe ophuzi ocwebezelayo, wathola lapho bemba yasePompeii.

Phakathi imisebenzi yemivubukulo e-Italy eCape Posilippo (eChwebeni laseNaples) ophuzi KaMose izingcezu atholakele ngo-1912. ingilazi angcolile e isakhiwo equkethwe amaphesenti omunye oxide uranium. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kuhlehlela emuva AD ngonyaka 79

Ukuze kukhiqizwe koqweqwe lwawo futhi ingilazi KaMose naleso sikhathi e-Europe okungenisiwe isuka Afrika.

Ngokusho kwemithombo esekhona ebhaliwe evela China wendawo master glassmakers baye bazama ekhulwini 16-17 ne ukwengeza i-uranium imikhando ukunikeza shades ingilazi umbala. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe uranium ingilazi lesi sikhathi baye kuze kube yimanje.

metal Yemvelo oxides, okuyinto zivame ukuhambisana isizinda ore esiliva e-Europe, babebhekwa glassblowers - imizamo ukushintsha umbala ingilazi sabenza kudala.

Uranium ingilazi: ekuqaleni udwendwe omangalisayo amazwe

Habsburg ezimayini esiliva, elise eBohemia, eziningi zemvelo-uranium imikhando _­ - pitchblende (uraninite). Futhi-ke, inkosi glaziers baye njalo wafuna ukusebenzisa udayi yemvelo ukuze uthole umbala okukhiphayo. Isizukulwane sesithathu lwamakhosi abadumile abaculi Riedel, Franz Xaver Anton, ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, wahlanganyela ngokugcwalisa umbala imikhiqizo ingilazi. Kuphumelele kwaba ngaphezu nqwaba uranium oxides etholwe luhlaza kusuka ophuzi ukuze oluhlaza ezijulile, kanye nokwe-uranium ingilazi ngaphansi imisebe ekuphumeni nokusetha ilanga nokukhanya ogqamile, okwayinika uhlobo imfihlakalo imilingo.

Kusukela 1830, owalandela dynastic Yozef Ridel (umshana Franz sika, owayeshade nendodakazi yakhe), ngemuva kwekufundza tikhatsi letinyenti idatha nomalokazana zokuhlola, uye wazakhela ukukhiqizwa zobuchwepheshe ophuzi (imibala ehlukene), green (emnyama) kanye ne-Ruby uranium ingilazi. Kuze 1848 (unyaka we ukufa Yozefa Ridelya) okukhipha - isitsha sezimbali, izibuko, izinkomishi, puzyrechki, pugovok, ubuhlalu - kuphela anda.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakhosi British ethulwa njengesipho sakhe indlovukazi Victoria lwezibani ezimbili umbala i-uranium ingilazi ukuthi ibhalwe podttverzhdeno. Leli qiniso kunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi hhayi kuphela eCzech Republic, kodwa futhi e-England, saveza okuyinhloko iresiphi imikhiqizo emisha ibala ingilazi.

Izinhloso uranium ingilazi: ekukhiqizweni

Ukwandisa amavolumu ukukhiqizwa kakhulu eYurophu (France, iNetherlands, iBelgium, England) wenza ingilazi ethandwa futhi imfashini. Lowo kuphela izitshalo Czech Republic Ioahimshtal eBohemia kuze 1898 ekhiqizwa amathani angaphezu kuka-1600 imikhiqizo ezihlukahlukene uranium ingilazi.

Kusukela 1830, Gusev isitshalo eRussia nabo waqala ukuveza imikhiqizo efanayo.

Nephuzi uranium ingilazi kwaba ayibizi kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ikhishwe barium yombala ne-calcium lenhlanganisela ne ukwengeza potassium ne boron, okuyinto ayesiza ukukhanya okukhulu ngaphezulu.

Kuze 1896 (kokutholakala radioactivity AA Becquerel) isizinda kanye nokusebenzisa i-uranium-ore ngaphandle komkhawulo, kwakukhona kuphela umthamo ukwehlukanisa Radium kuzo.

Izici

Uranium ingilazi ukumuncwa UV Ukudluliselwa emisebeni amandla endaweni ezehlukene spectrum emisebeni - oluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu emisebeni yesibili asakazeke, akaqhubeki ugongolo sigameko. Le mpahla libizwa fluorescence. Lesi sici akanayo zonke ngesineke imikhiqizo nephuzi, kodwa kuphela i-uranium ingilazi. Photo ababexoxa emisebe ye-UV nezinye kufakazela ubuqiniso bencwadi ka-ukuqoqwa ukubaluleka izinto.

A yingozi endaweni?

Uranium ingilazi nge ngezinga eliphezulu fluorescence kufanele ibe phakathi kuka-0.3 kuya ku-6% uranium oxide. Ukwandisa lokuhlushwa ekunciphiseni luminescence kanye okuqukethwe phambili icala, kodwa kukhulisa radioactivity (emisebeni).

Master glassmakers, njengawo wonke umuntu kuze kube ngo-1939, babengazi ukuthi mayelana ubuthi uranium nemisebe yalo ingozi. Ngqo ngokuthinta imikhando eside uhlale nabo ezindaweni ezisondelene esiyingozi kwaholela izifo njalo angaziwa, ngokuvamile eligcina kokufa okuyinhloko.

Kodwa kusukela imikhiqizo uranium ingilazi basakaza emhlabeni wonke, futhi akekho waba kabi noma ukugula, ngokuba ozayo kubo. Kungani?

Izinga emisebeni lwezihloko eyenziwe uranium ingilazi iphansi - kusuka 20 kuya 1500 Mr / ihora, umkhawulo avumelekile ngemuva - 30 Mr / ihora. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma eziningi uranium ingilazi izinto, kumele ume eceleni kwabo njalo iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ukuthola ukugula ngemisebe.

Ukuphela we-uranium ingilazi yokukhiqiza

Ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, i-uranium akuyona zesayensi nesithakazelo. Kuphela ngo-1939, lapho imodeli yasungulwa chain reaction, ukukhulula oluningi kakhulu amandla, esekelwe uranium basungula umfuziselo ibhomu lenuzi. Bese lelisetulu sidzinga kutfutfuka idiphozithi yanoma uranium-ore.

ukukhiqizwa uranium ingilazi awuzange wayeka engu-50 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili.

Yonke imali uranium emhlabeni wonke, wona abhaliswa nje, futhi e-England ngesikhathi abakhiqizi 'Vaseline ingilazi "zashaqwa izinto zokusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela kodwa imikhiqizo futhi aqede.

Kuze kube manje, lo ingilazi uranium ikhiqizwa izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu e-United States kanye Czech Republic. Njengoba udayi esetshenziswa uranium mpilo, okuholela kwandzisa uranium for fuel zenuzi. Izinto ezenziwe uranium ingilazi, kanye neminye imikhiqizo, kuba ngaleyo ndlela ngempela eqolo, kanti luhlala zithandwa kakhulu.

Indlela ukucacisa ingilazi uranium?

Uma ubuyekeze ngokucophelela amasheya elidala (kwamaSoviet) izitsha sideboards kukagogo, kuleli zwe, egunjini eliphezulu ophahleni, ungathola ophuzi noma oluhlaza isitsha esobala, okuzokwenza cishe ziyavutha elangeni ekuseni. Imivubukulo ingavuthi ophuzi noma oluhlaza usawoti nabahamba, izitsha zomlotha kagwayi, isitsha sezimbali, izibuko, izinkinobho, ubuhlalu, ngisho eelenye umnyango ubudala (window) isibambo.

Ngezinye izimakethe zigcwele babe konke okungenhla. Ukuhlabana, ungaba umnikazi wekhasi rarities okumnandi.

Qinisekisa ukuthi kuba uranium ingilazi izinto, kubalulekile ephethe ilambu UV futhi esiphikisayo Geiger. Ukuze wenze abaqoqi yangempela.

uranium kwakudala

Ngenxa yokuthi le ingilazi uranium abangu ngobuningi, lulokhu inqwaba izingcezu nephuzi. Kwezinye izimo abanesithakazelo zomlando, ngezinye izikhathi - Antique, collectible.

Isitsha sezimbali eyenziwe uranium ingilazi kwisikhangisi zemibukiso emazweni amaningi, wenza izitayela ezahlukene, kusukela Biedermeier (nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka) kuya Art Deco (lamashumi amabili).

Ukuze abaqoqi isithakazelo futhi imifanekiso izilwane nezinyoni kusukela uranium ingilazi, amabhodlela kanye izinkomishi, tableware - amapuleti, Saucers, Saucers, izinkomishi, azibekela iwayini.

imikhiqizo Uranium e-US

Emazweni abakhuluma isiNgisi, i-uranium ingilazi zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i "upharafini liquid" ngenxa yokufana umbala kuya eponymous wamafutha ezivamile. Glass, ngaphandle ecacile, nephuzi, a zenyathi - zomkhosi (ngemibala ifaka), Ukucindezeleka ingilazi (yonke imikhiqizo, kungakhathaliseki isitayela, eyakhululwa ngo-US ngesikhathi Ukucindezeleka Omkhulu), uthuthuva (opaque ugodo ephuzi), jade (ugodo opaque oluhlaza), Burmese (opaque ngenxa yemibala yawo sakuba ophuzi).

Kukuphi lapho esetshenziswa amaphilisi kusuka uranium-ore?

Na ₂ U ₂ O ₇ - sodium uranate - abadwebi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi sombala ophuzi. Ukuze yokudweba zobumba futhi izitsha zobumba (enamels ocwebezelayo) ngemibala omnyama, onsundu, oluhlaza futhi ephuzi yasetshenziswa uranium oxides idigri ezahlukene namachibi. Uranyl nitrate lalisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ezithombeni - ukuthuthukisa ezingezinhle futhi tinting, ukudaya okuhle brown.