Umqondo nezinhlobo zokhetho. Umthetho weRussia Federation ukhetho

Ukhetho ukhetho lweziphathimandla ngabantu. Le nqubo yiyona ndlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokubamba iqhaza komphakathi emphakathini wezepolitiki kanye nomphakathi. Namuhla emazweni amaningi emhlabeni kukhona ukhetho oluthile noma olunye, ngenxa yokuthi amandla asemthethweni akhiwa futhi ashintshwe.

Umbono Wezinqumo

I-suffrage iyi-subset eyinhloko yamalungelo omthethosisekelo ogunyazwe emthethweni omkhulu - uMthethosisekelo. Ngaphandle kwalo, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga umphakathi okhululekile. Ukuvotela - ukusetshenziswa kokhetho olusebenzayo ilungelo labakhileyo kulelizwe (ilungelo lokudlulisela igunya kulabaphathi).

Ngokweqile, umqondo wokhetho ungenakunyaniswa ngokungahambisani nemibono yesistimu yokhetho kanye nomthetho wokhetho. Ezweni ngalinye, kuvota njalo kwenziwa ngokusho komthetho osungulwe.

Umthetho wokukhetha we-Russian Federation

EmaRussia anamuhla, ukhetho lwamaphini akhethiwe wephalamende jikelele kanye nendawo, umongameli, amagoli amadolobha kanye nezinhloko zezifundo ze-Federation. Kunemithombo eminingi ye-suffrage yezwe. Lezi zenzo ezijwayelekile (imithetho) elawula ukuziphatha kokuvota.

Umqondo wokhetho kanye nendawo yawo empilweni yezwe kunqunywe nguMthethosisekelo weRussia Federation, ngama-charter of regions, izindawo, amadolobha, kanye nezinhlaka zamaRiphabhulikhi ezingamalungu we-Federation. Lo mthetho kuyo yonke inkathi yomlando wamanje weRussia Federation uhlala isisekelo sesistimu yakhe yokhetho.

Kukhona nezenzo ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile. Okokuqala, lokhu yi-Federal Law eyamukelwa ngo-2002. Inhloso yalo enkulu ukuqinisekisa izakhamizi zaseRussia ukuthi kulondolozwe amalungelo abo okhetho. Lo mthetho we-Federal uchaza izinqubo zokuvota, kanye nemigomo yomkhankaso. Ngeminyaka yokuba khona kwayo, lo mbhalo uhlangabezane nezinhlelo ezimbalwa futhi uhlela. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwakho konke ukuguqulwa, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sahlala silingana.

Ukuguquka komthetho wezokukhethwa kuyisikhathi. Ihlelwe njengempendulo kwimvelo yezombangazwe ezishintshayo. Isibonelo, ngo-2004, ukhetho lwababusi lukhanseliwe, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva babuyiselwa. Ukuhlela okukodwa kungenziwa ngama-oda akhethekile nezimiso zikaMengameli weRussian Federation. Eminye imininingwane yemithetho yokhetho ikhona ekusebenzeni kweKhomishini Election Central kanye no-State Duma. Ngakho-ke, ukhetho lubuye lusekelwe ezinqumweni nasezinqumweni zabo.

Ukhetho oluqondile kanye olungavamile

Amazwe amaningi athathe ukhetho oluqondile kanye nentando yeningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inceku yomphakathi inquma ngokuqondile isakhamuzi. Iziteshi zokuvota zisebenza ngokuvota. Umuntu ohlala kuleli lizwe ukhetha ukukhetha kwakhe enkulumweni. Intando yabantu ihloswe ngokubalwa kwalokhu okuqinisekisiwe.

Ngaphezu kokuqondisa, kunezikhetho eziqondile, ezibhekene nazo. Isibonelo esidume kunazo zonke sesistimu enjalo yi-United States. Uma kwenzeka ukhetho olungavamile, umvoti udlulisela amandla akhe kubakhethi (futhi ke basakaza intando yabavoti babo futhi baqede ukhetho). Lolu uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi oludidayo, olwamukelwa emazweni ahlukene ngezindlela eziningi ngenxa yokunamathela kumasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US, umongameli wezwe ukhethwa hhayi izakhamuzi, kodwa yi-Electoral College. Ngokufanayo, ikamelo eliphezulu lephalamende laseNdiya lakhiwa ngezigaba ezimbili.

Ukhetho olungehlukile nolunye olungakhethi

Izindlela ezimbili zokhetho (okunye okungeyona enye engezona ehlukile) ziqaphele uhlobo lwendlela yonke yokukhetha, kungakhathaliseki ezinye izici zayo. Kuyini isimo sabo kanye nokwahlukana kwabo? Okunye kubheka ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lokukhetha phakathi kwamakhethi amaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhamuzi zikhetha izinhlelo eziphikisanayo nemibono yezombangazwe.

Ukukhethwa okungezona okunye kuncishiswa ukuba kube yinye iqembu (noma isibongo) kuloluvoti. Namuhla, uhlelo olunjalo luye lwanyamalala cishe kumkhuba ovamile. Noma kunjalo, ukhetho olungakhethi luhlala emazweni anehlelo elilodwa lenkampani, lapho amandla angaba obunyeni noma obumbene.

Iningi lohlelo lokukhetha

Ezweni lanamuhla kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokhetho. Nakuba izwe ngalinye linomkhuba walo oyingqayizivele, izindlela eziningi eziyinhloko zingabonakala. Isibonelo, enye yezinhlelo zokuvota ezivame kakhulu yindlela enkulu. Ekhethweni elinjalo, insimu yezwe ihlukaniswe yizifunda, futhi ngamunye wabo uvoti (ngezinhlu ezikhethiwe zokukhethwa).

Inqubo enkulu ikakhulukazi iyasebenza ekukhetheni iPhalamende. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhulu ziza emzimbeni omele, ezimele izithakazelo zazo zonke izifunda zezwe ngaphandle kokungafani. Njengomthetho, lowo ozobhapathizwa uvela esifundeni, lapho yena ngokwakhe uzalwa khona. Ngesinye isikhathi ephalamende, abaphathi abanjalo bayoba nomqondo ocacile ocacile wezintshisekelo zabantu ababavotele. Yile ndlela umsebenzi omele ngayo owenziwa ngendlela ehle kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuhambisana nesimiso sokuthi eqinisweni ephalamende ayiyona iphiko lamavoti, kodwa labo abamkhethile futhi banike amandla amandla izakhamizi.

Izinhlobo zesistimu iningi

Iningi lenqubo lihlukaniswe yaba ama-subspecies amathathu. Esokuqala yisimiso seningi eliphelele. Kulokhu, ukuze anqobe, lowo ozobhalwa kumele aqoqe ngaphezu kwengxenye yamavoti. Uma kusukela okokuqala ukhetho olungenakukwazi ukuthola, ukhetho olwengeziwe lubekwe. Bahlanganisa abantu ababili, okuyizinto ezingamanani amavoti amakhulu kakhulu. Uhlelo olunjalo luvame ukulinganisa ukhetho lomasipala.

Isimiso sesibili sibheka iningi labantu. Ngokusho kwakhe, noma yikuphi ukuhlomula ngezibalo ngaphezu kwabaphikisi kunokwanele ukuba umuntu ozobhalwa aphumelele, noma ngabe lesi sibalo asinqobe umgwamanda we-50%. Isimiso sesithathu esiphathelene neningi elifanelekayo alivamile kakhulu. Kulesi simo, inani lamavoti adingekayo ukunqoba lisekwe.

Isistimu yokhetho yokulandelana

Izinhlobo ezivamile zokukhethwa zisekelwe ekumelelweni kweqembu. Ngokusho kwalesi simiso, imisebenzi ejwayelekile yokukhetha uhlelo. Yakha imizimba ekhethiwe yamandla ngokusebenzisa izinhlu zeqembu. Ngenkathi ekhethwa esifundeni, lowo ozobhapathizwa angaphinda abonise izintshisekelo zenhlangano yezombangazwe (isibonelo, amaKhomanisi noma abakhululekile), kodwa okokuqala unikeza izakhamizi uhlelo lwakhe.

Endabeni yezinhlu zeqembu kanye nesistimu ehambisanayo, isimo sihlukile. Ukuvota okunjalo okhethweni kuqondiswa izinhlangano nezombusazwe, hhayi ngopolitiki ohlukile. Ngemuva kokukhethwa kwamakhetho, amaqembu abhala izinhlu zabo zokukhetha. Emva kwalokho, emva kokuvota, inhlangano ngayinye ithola izihlalo eziningana ephalamende ngokulingana namavoti akhishwe. Izikhalazo ezifakwe ohlwini zifika emzimbeni omele. Okuthandwayo kunikezwa izinombolo zokuqala: osopolitiki abaziwa kabanzi ezweni, izibalo zomphakathi, izikhulumi ezidumile, njll. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokhetho zingabonakaliswa ngenye indlela. I-Majoritarian - ngabanye, abalingana - bahlangene.

Izinhlu zeqembu elivuliwe futhi elivaliwe

Uhlelo olulinganiselwe (kanye nesistimu enkulu) lunezinguqulo zalo. I-subspecies ezimbili eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuvotela ohlwini lwezinhlangano ezivulekile (iBrazil, Finland, eNetherlands). Ukhetho olunjalo oluqondile luyithuba lokuvotela hhayi kuphela ukukhetha uhlu lweqembu, kodwa futhi ukusekela ilungu elithile leqembu (kwamanye amazwe, amabili noma ngaphezulu angase asekelwe). Kanjalo ukulinganisa kwezintandokazi zezakhamuzi. Esimisweni esinjalo, leli qembu alinakuzikhethela ukuthi yimuphi umumo okufanele ukhethe ePhalamende.

Izinhlu ezivaliwe zisetshenziswa eRussia, Israel, i-European Union neNingizimu Afrika. Kulokhu, isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokuvota kuphela iqembu eliyithandayo. Abantu abathile abawela ephalamende banqunywa yinhlangano yezombangazwe ngokwayo. Ovoti kuqala kuwo wonke amavoti ohlelweni jikelele.

Imikhiqizo kanye ne-Cons of System Proportional

Zonke izinhlobo zokhetho zinezinzuzo nezinkinga. Uhlelo olulinganiselwe luhle kakhulu ukuthi amavoti asezakhamuzi awadluli nje. Ziya emcimbini ovamile weqembu futhi zithonya i-ajenda yezopolitiki. Kunesimo esibalulekile kulo mthetho. Ezweni ngalinye umngcele othize uyamukelwa. Amaqembu angadluli lo maka awahlanganisiwe ephalamende. Ngakho-ke, okulungile kakhulu kulokhu kukhethweni kwa-Israyeli, lapho umngcele obuncane u-1% kuphela (eRussia 5%).

Ukungahleleki kwesimiso esinqunyiwe ukuphazamiseka okuncane komgomo wentando yeningi. Uhlu lwabakhethiweyo abahluleka ukuxhumana nabo. Uma iqembu lithatha abazobhapathizwa, akudingeki ukufakazela ukufaneleka kwabo kubantu. Ochwepheshe abaningi bahlambalaza izinhlu ezivaliwe zokuvezwa kwabo kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene. Isibonelo, kukhona "isimiso sokungcebeleka". Ukusebenzisa, amaqembu abeka phambili ohlwini lwawo oluvaliwe lwabantu ababonakalayo (izinkanyezi ze-movie, umculo wesigaba nemidlalo). Ngemuva kokhetho, lezi "locomotives" zishiya izibopho zabo ngokuqondene nabasebenzi abadumile. Kunezimo eziningi emlandweni lapho ukusondelana kwamaqembu kuholele ekubusweni kobudlova ngaphakathi kwenhlangano kanye nokubuswa kwehhovisi lobukhosi.

Izinketho ezixubile

Uhlelo lokukhetha lungabandakanya imigomo emibili eyisisekelo (iningi nokulinganisa). Ngalokhu kulungiselelwa, kuzocatshangwa kuxutshwe. E-Russia, ngesikhathi ukhetho lwephalamende, ukhetho olunjalo oluqondile lusebenza namuhla. Ingxenye yama-deputies inqunywa yizinhlu, enye ingxenye ngesigungu esisodwa sokugunyazwa. Uhlelo lokuvota oluxubile luzosetshenziselwa ukhetho ku-State Duma ngoSeptemba 18, 2016 (ngaphambi kokuba lisetshenziswe emakhethweni kahulumeni waseDuma kuze ku-2003 kubandakanyeke). Ngonyaka ka-2007 no-2011, kwakukhona isimiso esivumelana nezinhlu zeqembu elivaliwe.

Uhlelo oluxubile lubizwa nangokuthi amanye amafomethi wesistimu yokhetho. Isibonelo, e-Australia, ikamelo elilodwa lephalamende likhethwa yizinhlu zeqembu, kanti elinye libe ngamabandla angamunye. Kukhona futhi uhlelo oluxubile oluxhunyiwe. Ngokusho kwemithetho yayo, izihlalo ezisePhalamende zisatshalaliswa ngesimiso somuntu oyedwa, kodwa ukuvota kudlulela kulolu hlu.

Izinzuzo nezinkinga zomgomo oxubekile

Noma yiluphi uhlelo oluxubile luyavumelana nezimo zenkululeko. Itshintsha njalo futhi inikeza leli zwe izindlela eziningana zokwakha umzimba omele. Iziteshi zokuvota kuleli cala zingaba yisisombululo sokhetho oluningana, ukuqhubeka ngokuvumelana nemigomo ehlukene. Isibonelo, eRussia, ukuvota kwezinga lomasipala kuqhutshwa phambili kule fomethi.

Ukhetho oluxubile luyisici esibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni uhlelo lwezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe babheka ukuthi kuyisivivinyo esingathí sina emazweni anombuso wentando yeningi ohlulekile. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezahlukana ziphoqelelwe ukuba zenze ama-coalitions. Kulesi simo, iningi leqembu ephalamende alitholakali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuvimbela ukwamukelwa kwezinqumo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe esinjalo sibonelo esibonisa ukuxhaswa komphakathi lapho kunamaqembu amaningi anezintshisekelo ezahlukene. Uhlelo olukhethiweyo lokukhetha kanye nenani elikhulu lamaqembu amancane laliyisici seRussia ne-Ukraine ngawo-1990.