Umlando imali. Imali: umlando nesenzakalo

Imali - okulingana jikelele yenani lezimpahla nezinkonzo, oyingxenye uhlelo lwezimali ezweni ngalinye. Ngaphambi ukwamukelwa of yesimanje zinhlobo, baye eminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulesi ukubuyekeza, uyofunda ngalokho umlando wokuqala imali ngokusebenzisa lokho izigaba Yenzeka futhi kanjani ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la imali?

ubudlelwane Market waqala ukuthatha ukuma emuva lé ngawo-VII-VIII ekhulwini BC Nakuba abantu ekuseni ayaxhumana imikhiqizo engadingekile, futhi olinganise setha kuye ngezimo. Njengoba sekunama-division yezenhlalakahle zomsebenzi enana zaziya ungakhululekile, futhi okhokho bethu, baqala ukusebenzisa imali njengoba izinto ezahlukene.

ERussia njengendlela yokukhokha esetshenziswa noboya izilwane noboya-ebizwa ngo lasendulo Greece - Izinkomo ezinkulu kanye nezincane, nezimvu, namahhashi, izinkunzi. ENdiya yasendulo, China, ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika futhi Philippine Islands - zasolwandle eqoqwe kuchungechunge. Ngesikhathi Yuliya Tsezarya asetshenziselwe le nhloso izigqila. Izakhamuzi lwemali Brazilian kwadingeka izimpaphe flamingo. Ngo-Melanesia esetshenziswa pigtails onga - cobbles itshe. Kwamanye amazwe, izindlela zokukhokha Yekhanda womuntu.

Ukuguqula imali yokuqala

Kancane kancane, ezinye zezimali kwathathelwa indawo abanye, kungakhathaliseki entandweni yabantu. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ngetimphi nengucuko wathatha beka kwenkinga okukhulu. Inhloko Belarussian yama-Jalimane engabandlululi banikwa ikhilogremu usawoti, ucabangela lo mkhiqizo eqolo. Kamuva, njengoba imali esetshenziswa ezahlukene insimbi: ithusi, ithini nomthofu kuphela, yensimbi. EGrisi lasendulo, nemigoqo yensimbi ezibhekwa medium engcono zokwenana. Manje umbuzo uwukuthi, Ingabe uqhubeka kanjani ukushintsha imali.

Umlando ukuvela imali lisitshela ukuthi ngokushesha yaba eyigugu kuwo wonke igolide okulingana nensimbi esiliva, ukuthatha ifomu ubucwebe. Basuke okwamanje ezingaphezu kuka okufane enhle, futhi aesthetically ukujabulisa, ngakho ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla nezinye izinhlobo imali. Esikhathini BC XIII ekhulwini bona zahlukaniswa imigoqo mass ezithile. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho ngowokuqala isisindo unit. enesisindo uthuli legolide sasingama sisekhaya isikhathi eside yokufeza umsebenzi ukwelashwa e-India, China, Egypt nakwamanye amazwe.

Qala ukukhiqizwa zemali

Nge ukuqhubeka ubudlelwane emakethe abantu kubalwa zemali ezakheke ehlukahlukene, elula kunazo zonke kwaba round. U-Alexander Omkhulu waba ngowokuqala ukwakha isithombe sakho ku-ke - kusitshela umlando imali.

Imali kusukela ingxubevange yemvelo (isiliva negolide) uvele ngaphambi BC VII ekhulwini ULidiya esimweni, elise-Western Asia. Kukhona manje eyiTurkey. Izinhlamvu zemali baye babe the best ithuluzi lokushintshisana sibonga izidingo ezifanayo elakhiwe:

• compactness;
• amandla;
• ukuqina;
• amanzi kanye umlilo ukumelana;
• ukungakwazi ukudala manga;
• lula ukudala amasampula bezinhlangano emali;
• rarity.

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka amaningana e emzini waseGrisi Aegina waqala ukwakha izinhlamvu zesiliva okuyinto zingafani ifomu kusukela Lydian. Kancane kancane emisha chithi saka emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuvela imali yephepha

Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana indlela kwakukhona imali yephepha. Umlando usitshela ukuthi BC mina ekhulwini medium exchange kuyinto nezimagqabhagqabha isikhumba. EChina, wasebenzisa ngalezi zinjongo, izikhumba ezimhlophe ezinyamazane kanye amagxolo omuthi nokusebenzisa nezimpawu ezikhethekile. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, ifomu ekuseni banknotes uvele sibonga ukutholakala wesitoreji izindawo ukuze exchange of izinsimbi ekwamukeleni.

Ngokusho iphrojekthi Dzhona Lo imali yamaphepha kuqala engunyaza eFrance ngo 1716. Yilokhu sokucasuka ekukhiqizweni imali yephepha. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII baye uvele US phakathi kwekhulu XVIII - e Prussia nase-Austria, futhi ekugcineni - eFrance. Ngesikhathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, baye basakaza kuwo wonke amazwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo Russian yemali

Umlando Ngemali eRussia ingena eside esidlule. Imali yokuqala eyafika ilandelana ngayo kithi evela emazweni Arab BC XIX leminyaka futhi ngokuthi dirhams. Igolide nesiliva kukhona izindlela zokukhokha ngisho Kievan Rus, ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Prince Vladimira Svyatoslavicha (ekupheleni X ekuqaleni XI leminyaka).

Igama elithi "uhlamvu" kwahlanganiswa isiRashiya ngesikhathi kubusa Petra Velikogo kuphela. Kulapho okhokho bethu baqala ngenkuthalo funa igolide, kodwa wathola kuphela ukolweni omncane e ukucutshungulwa imikhando esiliva. Umthombo zatholakala e 1745 ezimayini Kolyvan-Voskresensk. Umlando Ngemali eRussia nolimi kusukela isimo izenzakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa igolide yasungulwa uhlamvu lwemali esiyisikhumbuzo nge value of ruble 5 "Iz Rozs yombhalo oqoshiwe. Kolyv ".

Umgomo wezimali e-USSR

monometallism Golden esasikhona ezweni bekwaba ngu-1914. Ngemva Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe ukuba ikhava isimo isabelomali kusilela nenkinga amakhadi esikweletu, okungakwazi umklomelo oluyigugu metal. Out of kwegazi ngokuphelele zonke izinhlobo zemali ezisele ubunikazi yomphakathi, kodwa ezikhathini Soviet ziye zaba medium exchange futhi. Eminyakeni 1922-1944 wakhululwa silverware (ukulinganisa 10, 15, amasenti 50, 1 RUB) nethusi (1, 2, 3 no-5 amasenti). UHulumeni waseSoviet wethula uhlelo ayenza lezi zinhlamvu, futhi ekugcineni ezweni lethu sizoqhubeka ukuthuthukisa umlando imali.

Imali kusuka igolide, ithusi nesiliva lalikhishwa metal okuyinto zazimbalwa. Lokhu kwaxoxwa ngakho okunye kule minyaka 1910-1911, lapho-Ministry of Finance kanye Mint uhlelo esikhundleni izinto ezibizayo nickel Alloys. Khona-ke saqala ukwenza umkhiqizo wokuqala nickel, kodwa wamiswa ngenxa ezempi nenguquko. Kule ndaba, engxenyeni ye 1920, ithusi nethusi-nickel ingxubevange yesibili wakhethwa ukukhiqiza imali entsha. Umlando imali kwenezelwa umcimbi omusha: Icala kwenziwe nge entsha ayenza lezi Ukwakheka (10 kuya ku-20 amasenti ngokulinganisa), okuyinto ukusakaza ekupheleni 1931. It Wabe izinhlobo izinto ezisetshenziswa namuhla ukwenziwa imali Russian.

Evolution banknotes eRussia

Imali yephepha uqala ukuvela lapho uhulumeni waseRussia Umbusikazi uCatherine II ngo-1769. Bona ayefana ncamashi namarisidi yasebhange futhi isetshenziselwe ukukhokhela amaholo izikhulu. Nakuba izikweletu kwadingeka le amamaki wamanzi, izinga izinombolo nombhalo ukuphrinta kwaba ongaphakeme, ngakho abakhwabanisi buthule kokuzihlanganisa kubo. Kwakudingekile ukuba esikhundleni yonke amanothi imihle eziqinile, yingakho ngemva kwempi ne Napoleon futhi ushintshe umlando imali.

imali entsha imodeli uvele 1818. umhlobiso yabo yaziwa nangabanye imihlobiso eMbusweni isitayela, futhi umbhalo. 1897 is tinekucina kohlelo lwezezimali, ngoba imali yephepha benana kalula igolide.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha zokukhiqiza imali yamaphepha eRussia

Kusukela maphakathi XIX leminyaka yasetshenziselwa ukuphrinta metallographic kusukela oqoshiwe, elaba isisekelo yasebhange yokunyathelisa yesimanje. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi okukhulunywa lwenzelwe idivayisi lokuqala "orel ukuphrinta" oveza amanothi elikhanyayo. Ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa okwamanje njengoba ayikuvumeli imali engamanga.

Umlando ukuvela imali lisitshela ukuthi owokuqala eyiphepha 500 ruble ne-portrait sikaPeter Omkhulu futhi uMthethosivivinywa 100 ruble ihlelo isithombe uCatherine II wavela ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Ngemva inguquko kwempi naphakathi nayo kwakukhona ukuphazamiseka uhlelo lwezimali. Kulezi nezikhathi, abantu abaningi kungenzeka ukudala imali engamanga eziningi angenamkhawulo. Ngakho ayehle kakhulu amandla emali sasiqhubeka saba sibi kakhulu emnothweni wethu. UVladimir Lenin kwadingeka hhayi kuphela nep nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezomhlaba kanye yemali, kodwa futhi wabeka kwegazi igolide, bese uMgcinimafa amanothi. Kamuva, imali yamaphepha entsha nge izindlela yokuvikela engunyaza.

idatha zomlando we imali e-Ukraine

Ngasekuqaleni ezweni Ukrainian, okhokho bethu wasebenzisa zemali ngesiGreki. Kamuva, kwakukhona imali yoMbuso WaseRoma, eyayisetshenziselwa ekuqongeleleni ingcebo ukukhiqizwa ubucwebe. Siyabonga ukudayisa elala abathengisi abangewona ama-, lwemali ukusabalala e Podolia, Carpathians, Transnistria kanye nezinye izifunda. Ngenxa bomnotho nezombusazwe yombuso waseRoma, eyavela ekhulwini III, zokuxhumana wanqamuka. Esikhathini V-VII ekhulwini wangena kwegazi lwemali zaseByzantium Arab.

Phakathi amandla Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha (iminyaka 918-1015) umlando imali Ukraine kulekelelwa umcimbi omusha: saqala ukwenza zemali lasendulo - zesiliva ezingu (isisindo afinyelela ku 4,68 g) kanye zlatniki (isisindo 4.4 g). Ayesebenza umfanekiso isikhulu sobukhosi nge trizubtsem, kuyisibonakaliso abajwayelekile Rurik. Ekupheleni XI ngekhulu le "hryvnia" kuqala, sasenziwe ngesiliva.

Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu XVIII Ukraine kwaba ingxenye yoMbuso isiRashiya, futhi ngenxa yalokho uhlelo lwayo yemali siye sashintsha ngokuphelele. Lwemali ukuguqulwa ubudlelwane kuyinkimbinkimbi abahlali ayengaphansi State namanye amazwe. Ngemva isimemezelo Ukrainian Yabantu Republic (1917), kwanqunywa ukuba ukwethula kwegazi iphepha hryvnia, okwakukhona esisemthethweni kazwelonke iyunithi yemali ngo-1996.

Inqubomgomo yezimali ka-United Kingdom nase France

Okokuphrinta - UK lwemali, wasebenzisa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kumiswa isimo. Ngekhulu IX-X 240 ekhiqizwa therefrom na, ngokuthi "sephawundi". Ngemva kweminyaka engu-400 ayesekhona babe amakhilogremu igolide. Ngakho, uhlelo bimetallic yemali ukusebenza kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. I ezingqubuzana eFrance, uMkhandlu wokuQala nowesiBili neMpi Yezwe kakhulu buthaka uhlelo lwezimali, kodwa wabuyiselwa ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngakho-ke kwamiswa kuleli zwe, umlando imali.

Imali aphethwe namuhla in kwegazi France - euro. Nokho, kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imali yephepha siqala 1716. Phakathi Revolution (1790), uhulumeni wesikhashana ikhiphe assignats futhi usiyala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, basuke kahle, futhi ngo-1800, uNapoleon wasungula Bank, likhipha Franks. Lokhu kwenzakala lwemali esitebeleni kunazo ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngemva kokubuyiselwa kohlelo lwezezimali phezu Franks zase zisatshalaliswa. Ngo-1997, ababange besaba khona Convertible, futhi France iyiswe euro.

Ukwakhiwa wesikweletu imali

Credit imali uvele kanyekanye ne intuthuko emsebenzini wokukhiqiza impahla. Umamukeli unikezwa isamba esithile yisimo ukuzinikela buyiselo yayo imigomo yokuqala. Okubukwe abezindaba uhlobo ayidaliwe aphume kwegazi, futhi nokusakazwa dolobha. Uzimisele yini exchange angaphandle izinqolobane umbuso, futhi isibalo loans. Kodwa nini, kanjani imali credit?

Umlando ukuvela credit amanothi owaqala ngokuvukela Waqale wadala e-Italy Ephakathi. Kwabe sekufika izikweletu. Ngo XIX-XX leminyaka ke kwaduma ukusebenzisa amasheke. Sabe owethulwa nemali electronic futhi amakhadi epulasitiki.

Izici imalimboleko

Obolekayo kunikezwa loan uma uyakwazi njalo ukwenza izinkokhelo. Lonke ulwazi cash namarisidi singenelwe umlando credit. Uma umuntu engasakwazi ukufeza izibopho zayo, kuyoba nomthelela ikhono layo ukuze athathe isikweletu esikhathini esizayo.

Ubhekene nesimo esifanayo? Ungabi kabi, ngoba kukhona amabhange ngubani ukubolekisa ngemali ngaphandle kokuhlola umlando credit. Bheka izikhungo omusha wezimali kwezohwebo, efuna ukunqoba isikhundla emakethe ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela. Nakuba Sinenkosi senzalo kuyoba kakhulu kunalokhu, kodwa iklayenti alahlwe yicala ngasekupheleni buyiselo imalimboleko, unekhono uthole imali-mboleko. Nakani zinhlangano: "Vanguard", "Zapsibcombank", "Tinkoff Credit Systems", "Baltinvestbank".

Umlando "Yandex"

Okwamanje, yokukhokhelana electronic iyathandwa. Inikeza zezimali zokuhlala phakathi kwezinhlangano, uvule wakhe akhawunti. Lwemali iyona ruble Russian. Yonke imisebenzi kwenzeke web esibonakalayo ekhethekile ngesikhathi sangempela. Yileyo indlela uhlelo lusebenza, "Yandex".

Umlando nesenzakalo kohlelo lihlotshaniswa umbono kwezinhlelo imali electronic. Uhlelo ibilokhu tekusebenta kusukela 24.07.2002. AmaRashiya sisheshe sizazise izinto zawo ezingcono, ukuthandwa emisha eqala ukukhula ngokushesha. Kancane kancane ke athuthukile, futhi kamuva eminyakeni emithathu baba litholakale kubasebenzisi amathuba amasha ukusebenza ngokusebenzisa esibonakalayo. Ngo-2007 inkampani "Yandex" luye lwaba umnikazi egcwele hlelo. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, uye wasebenza nozakwethu 3500, futhi kamuva isikhathi esithile lasakazekela emazweni ehlukene CIS. Ngo-2012, ukwanda kwenani wallets ngogesi.

Impumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuze kube manje - ikhono ukudlulisa imali okwe-elekthroniki okuya akhawunti asebhange, noHezekeli. Le nkampani njalo sisebenzela ukuthuthukisa inkonzo ukuze abasebenzisi bangabheka phambili uhlelo ethuthukisiwe "Yandex".

Umlando imali kushintsha njalo ngenxa izimo esimweni esithile. Ngenxa yokuthi ezinye amazwe uqhubeke ukugxambukela nomunye, maningi amathuba okuba buthaka izinhlelo zabo zezimali. Iziphi izinguquko kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo, kunzima ukucabanga.