Umlando yebhange. Ibhange: kanjani sidalwe?

Amabhange ukunikeza abantu izinzuzo elingenakuphikwa. Zinqwabelanisa izimali, ukuqhuba ukuthengiselana ehlukile yokukhokha, ukubolekisa kanye ukukhonza izigaba ezahlukene izibambiso. Kulesi ukubuyekeza, umlando ukuvela amabhange ezocatshangelwa.

Umsuka amabhange

I loan sharks wokuqala kwaqala ukuvela ngisho endulo. Banika abantu babo ezikweletini eziyigugu nesibopho ukubuyela kubo emva kwesikhathi esithize kanye nenzalo. Ngemva kwalokho waqala ukwakha izikhungo zezimali ukuthi imisebenzi ehlukene nge izinto eziyigugu. It wayevela njengoba umlando yebhange.

Bank ( «banko») elihunyushwe kusuka izindlela Italian "imali etafuleni". Uthi isidumbu sokuqala kakhulu ngomqondo wesimanje waqala Genoa Bank (1407). ENgilandi, isikhungo sokuqala zezimali wadalwa 1664, bese ngokushesha waqala kwenziwe ukuhweba kanye nenqubomgomo yezomnotho. E-US, lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1781 (nge obhekwe Bank of Philadelphia).

Ukuvela amabhange eRussia

Umlando ukuvela amabhange ezweni lethu elisuka kusuka 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin wenza umzamo ukusungula inhlangano okukhulunywa ngakho, kodwa imizamo yakhe awazange kugunyazwe uhulumeni. Umqondo lagcwaliseka e 1733, ngesikhathi uhulumeni Anny Ioanovny, okuyinto bavunyelwe ukukhipha credit. Ngo 1754, lapho u-Elizabethe Petersburg kwakha umbuso Merchant Bank. Software babebhekwa njengabantu amagugu noma ifa kanye serfs, kanye isiqinisekiso abantu abacebile. Ngo-1757, nokusakazwa izikweletu yethulwa e-Russia. Ngo-1769, ngesikhathi uhulumeni uCatherine II kwangena imali yamaphepha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umlando iziphathimandla zezimali Russian ukuthi eyayihambisana ezintsha.

Ulwazi mayelana ukwakheka ngamabhange

Umlando iqala nge ngamabhange esidlule. Inhlangano yokuqala yasungulwa ngo 1817. Yayihloselwe zabathengisi futhi kwenziwe enana ukuthengiselana, izinkokhelo. Kamuva kwafika ikhono ukukhipha yesikhathi esifushane udumo wemboni ukukhiqizwa, abahwebi kungathatha loans for ukusebenza dolobha imali, izinto zokukhiqiza, amaholo. Kancane kancane ukwandisa imigomo credit.

ERussia, ibhange wokuqala commercial uvele Petersburg (1864). Inhloko-dolobha yaso ogunyaziwe 5 million. ruble. Ngokusemthethweni ukubhalisa amabhange kwaqala ngo-August 1888. Ingathinta isimo somnotho isimo, kodwa okokuqala wasebenzisa ukuzethemba aphansi kakhulu futhi abantu abaningi akazange alinge ukutshala imali yabo lapho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo sashintsha, futhi amakhasimende babé ngokuvamile kusebenza ngamabhange, ngakho baba ethandwa kakhudlwana. Ngisho ezweni lakithi ngokusebenzisa nyaka kwakukhona 43. Esikhathini esizayo, kule nombolo liye lenyuka.

Kamuva, imithetho emibili uyingane yokutholwa, okuyinto ukwazisa mayelana nemibandela kuvulwa ebhange kanye izindlela zokuvimbela. Sathathwa ekukhishweni isenzo ohlelweni Banking ezimbili abaphuma, eliholwa Central Bank baqala ukukhuluma. Umlando okwengeziwe kwahambisana by intuthuko entsha: izinhlangano commercial wathola isimo ezimele ukuheha imali. Basuke ngokomthetho bavunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele inqubomgomo credit, kanye ukuba isithakazelo sabo amanani. Okulindile inhlangano safike ilungelo afeze exchange angaphandle ukuthengiselana ku idokhumentari isisekelo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlando ngamabhange ocebile izinguquko, isakhiwo zemizimba wezimali uhlala njalo.

Ukwakhiwa kohlelo yasebhange. 1st futhi izigaba 2nd

Russia kwasilela kakhulu amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ngakho ukuthuthukiswa amabhange iphutha ngezigaba eziningana. Eyokuqala iqala nge ukumiswa koMbuso Wakwa-Loan Bank (XVIII leminyaka) futhi ihlala kuze 1860 njengoba ukuthuthukiswa umnotho wokwanda edingekayo wesikweletu izindawo kakade 1754 amabhange ngoba izikhulu futhi abathengisi Kwamiswa. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi imali awazange wabuya, ngakho kulezi zinhlangano wayeka nemisebenzi yabo.

In esigabeni sesibili (1860-1917g.) Ingabe esungulwe the State Bank of Russia, ngesikhathi esifanayo abavule eziningi umphakathi credit. Ngo-1872, ohlelweni yasebhange lalinabashumayeli umhlaba ezisemadolobheni umphakathi nezinhlangano ezizimele. Kodwa ngo-1880, kwakukhona ingatsha 49, 83 credit imiphakathi, 729 yokonga izinhlangano loan, ngamabhange 32. Kwase kunamahhovisi, kukhona exchange izitolo, zezohwebo.

Ukwanda uhlelo yasebhange. isigaba 3rd-5th

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala uvinjelwe ukukhula asebenzayo we imisebenzi yasebhange, kodwa ngemuva kokuphela ubutha, yena kancane kancane wasimama. Isigaba sesithathu wafika ngo-1917 futhi waqhubeka kwaze 1930. Emva kabusha isakhiwo nolwasebhange State Bank of the RSFSR (1921). Ingabe esungulwe, izinkampani isitokwe ngokuhlanganyela, wemboni nemizimba lesifunda zezimali. Kwakheka eziningi isitoreji entsha imali.

Ngo esigabeni sesine (1932-1987g.) Kube yasebhange futhi short-term ukubolekisa lonke kusistimu lokutshala izimali. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukonga yemali wayesema 968 billion. Hlikihla. futhi ukhiqize lokuqala mortgage ngezimali ejensi, ukuhlinzeka ukubolekisa kuvikelwe ingcebo.

Isinyathelo sesihlanu ivela 1988 kuze kube sesikhathini samanje. Kule nkathi kwakukhona kancane kancane athuthuke kohlelo yasebhange. Sekuvele okuthuthukile, kusukela isibalo sezikhungo amagatsha kuleli zwe nakwamanye. inqubomgomo yasebhange Central yayihloselwe ukuzinza uhlelo yasebhange.

has kanjani Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

Umlando "Alfa-Bank" iqala nge 1990. Kwaphela iminyaka emine, kwamiswa ingqalasizinda, amakhasimende kuqala futhi ozakwethu. Ngo-August 1995, inkinga emakethe interbank. Siyabonga ukulungisa inqubomgomo yezezimali kanye indlela afanele ukuphathwa kwempahla, ukuqinisa ukuzinza kwezezimali, le nkathi akazange kuthinte "Alfa-Bank", okuyinto uyaqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo ukuze uthole ukuthembeka kanye nabalingani Russian angaphandle.

"Alfa-Bank": idatha zomlando kusukela 1997

Ngo 1997-1998, i-isikhungo sezezimali okubuzwayo ayesezikhundleni okusezingeni eliphezulu kuzo zonke ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe izinhlangano zokulinganisa ngowokuqala phakathi izimbangi zayo ekhishwe Eurobonds. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa nebhizinisi, "Alfa Capital" (utshalomali eqinile). Kwakubonakala njengoba ejensi eqashisa ngamafulethi LLC "Alfa-Bank". Ngo-1999, ukukhula lubonakale lebhizinisi kanye nekwentiwa ncono inethiwekhi lesifunda. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, "Alfa-Bank" uyaqhubeka ehlukahlukene, futhi emakethe yasekhaya kwakukhona lokuhweba "Alfa Insurance".

kwenza "Alfa-Bank" ngemva 2002 kanjani?

Ngo 2003-2007, indaba "Alfa-Bank" is kulekelelwa ezintsha: ukunwetshwa amagatsha, Ukukhishwa Eurobonds subordinated, ukudalwa inguqulo entsha yama "Alfa-Forex" ikhasi lewebhu. igatsha lokuqala ezithile zendlela entsha okudayisa wavula ngo Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. Phakathi nale nkathi walibumba isevisi yasebhange Inthanethi "Alpha-uchofoza" ayemisa "Alfa TV" futhi wethula uhlelo video umhlangano. Thuthukisa isimo isilinganiso esikweletu imiklomelo entsha wathola.

Ngo 2008-2012, kwakukhona ezintsha: ukukhululwa kwe amakhadi okukhokha MasterCard futhi Umembossed, uphume uhlelo target ngezimali ezinkampani ukudiliva wholesale izimoto, kwakheka uphawu credit card, amahhovisi amasha avuliwe. Kube isicelo yasebhange Smartphones kanye Android, ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi ngcono ziye kwethulwa. Ngiye ngakhonza neqembu eziningi imiklomelo kanye nemiklomelo.

Mfushane idatha zomlando mayelana Bank of Moscow

Bank of eMoscow, omlando wakhe sihlehlela emuva entwasahlobo ka-1994, ekuqaleni bhalisiwe njengoba commercial. Kamuva, le nhlangano ithole imiklomelo eminingi, futhi aqala ukuwuthwala igama "Bank of Moscow" ngo-2004.

Ngo-April 2010, ngemiyalo yezikhulu Yuriya Luzhkova ebhange kusukela isabelomali idolobha kwabelwe 7.5. Bln ruble sokukhishwa ukwabelana, 47% awo kudayiselwa VTB. Bank nokudayisa Ezezimali wathola 2010 Award "lwezezimali Olympus" futhi ngek "emakethe utshalomali collective" ngowesithathu mncintiswano yonyaka. Yilokho indaba savela kanjani Bank.

manje Bank of eMoscow umelwe ezifundeni cishe eziningi zaseRussia. Kusukela ngomhla ka-04.01.2014 ezindaweni ezisebenza iyunithi 172, futhi ngo-eMoscow nesifunda 136 Amahhovisi elise. Inhlangano inethiwekhi ngaphandle kwezwe: e-Ukraine kukhona "BM Bank", e-Estonia, "i-Estonia Credit Bank."

Idatha Central Bank of the Year 1990-2003

History of the amabhange has ulwazi Central Bank. Wabumba 13/07/1990 futhi ekuqaleni ngokuthi uMbuso Bank of the RSFSR. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kwafika ukuze ukusungula inhlangano yawo ibe esemthethweni yenhlangano yezimali.

Ngonyaka 1991-1992, kwakhiwa i inethiwekhi olubanzi lwezinhlangano kwezohwebo, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ohlelweni akhawunti, kwakhiwa RCC (imali isiphetho izikhungo), owethulwa computerization. Unyaka wezimali odlule kwaba ukuqala ukuthengwa nokudayiswa zezimali angaphandle futhi izingcaphuno ukufakwa ngokumelene ruble.

Bank Umlando (Bank of Russia) has idatha elandelayo: ngonyaka 1992-1995, yasungula uhlelo lokugada kanye nokuhlolwa izinhlangano kwezohwebo ukuze usimamise uhlelo yasebhange. Nge nokuqala kwezinkinga zokuwa komnotho kwezomnotho (1998), i-Bank of Russia kabusha ukuze sithuthukise umsebenzi izidumbu commercial futhi zezimali ukwandisa zezimali zabo.

Ngo-2003, kubhekwa inhlangano laqala ukwenza iphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa yasebhange kokuqondisa nokubika Prudential. Ukuze aphebeze lokho overpricing bokuzenzela noma underpricing izindinganiso saziso ngonyaka ozayo kwavunyelwana eziningi neziqondiso.

Bank Central: ukuthuthukiswa kusuka 2005 kuya 2011

Ngo-2005, Central Bank, omlando wakhe iyathakazelisa eziningi, uzibekele le migomo elandelayo: ukuze aqinise ukuvikelwa izithakazelo zimali, ukwandisa ukuncintisana, ukuvimbela umsebenzi ngokungafanele kwezohwebo, uqinise ukuqiniseka abakweletwayo, emabhange kanye zimali. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu kusukela esibucayi, mortgage abolekise futhi ukunciphisa zezimali ezimakethe zamazwe omhlaba useshintshe komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. isikhungo lwezezimali uye wagxila amabutho ayo ukuvimbela ucabanga mass izinhlangano.

History of the Bank of Russia yazisa ukuthi ngokuphindaphindiwe usike zenzalo ngo-2009, kuhlanganise refinancing (kusuka 13% kuya ku-8,75%). Kwakheka yokweseka emakethe interbank ngesikhathi tetemnotfo. I Bank of Russia uye walungiselela ayeyiboleke nezinye izindikimba zezimali ngaphandle zokuvikeleka, kodwa ngemva konyaka isinqumo lashintsha. Encishisiwe zenzalo (kusuka 8,75% kuya 7,75%). Kusukela maphakathi nawo-2010 kwaqala ukuvela wenzuzo zenzalo kukhuphuke ngo 0.25%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgomo wezimali baba baqinisa. Yilokho indaba savela kanjani Bank. I Bank of Russia ngesikhathi samanje uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa izindlela zezimali kanye nokuqalisa izinhlelo ezintsha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi usesimweni esizinzile.

Umlando amabhange ukuthuthukiswa: credit isilinganiso

Amakhasimende nizomthatha yibhange imali, kudingeka ufunde ulwazi lemininingwane mayelana nokuthi ke. Ingabe impendulo hhayi kuphela ezibalulekile ezivela ababoleka wangaphambilini, kodwa futhi isilinganiso credit: ayanda njengoba linjalo, njengeliyiZwi isikhungo sezezimali eziqinile. Konke lokhu kungatholakala ku izinsiza web efanele, kodwa ingxenye idatha, njengoba ka-May neka-June 2014 inikezwa ukubuyekeza samanje.

Zikhona amabhange ukuthi ukukhipha loans amakhasimende nge abampofu Umlando wokukhokha kwemali?

Umuntu bangafaka isicelo amabhange naphakathi angadingi ulwazi izinkokhelo odlule esitebeleni. Ngokuvamile kuba inhlangano abasha, ogama Inhloso ukuheha amakhasimende ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela. Abakwazi ukunikeza isizumbulu semali, ngisho nabantu embi credit umlando, kodwa sikwenze ukuze okusezingeni eliphezulu protsenty.Sovremennuyu ukuphila kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle kokuba anikezwe isikweletu. Ngezinye izikhathi, iklayenti abakwazi ukukhokhela ngesikhathi lemali edingekayo (ukushintsha umsebenzi, ukunciphisa, ukuncishiswa inkokhelo, nokunye. D.), Futhi ngisho noma izikweletu kamuva izobuyiselwa kudatha yokukhokha oyifakile database ekhethekile, ekwazisa mayelana kungathembeki we yisakhamuzi. Uma futhi kuyodingeka ukuthatha loans, noma ngabe ingase iqondiswe amabhange nge umlando omubi wokukweleta kunzima kakhulu athathe isikweletu futhi. Nokho, kulesi simo kuyinto.

Banking ubuchwepheshe hhayi emi namanje futhi ishintsha njalo. Ngakho, izinga inkonzo ngcono, lula ukuthengiselana eziningi zemali, ngcono ukuthembeka kohlelo. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kweminyaka engu-5, ohlelweni Banking kungenzeka ifike ezingeni elisha.