Umculi uBak Lev Samoilovich: biography, ubuciko

I-Bakst Lion i-Byelorussia, isiRashiya emoyeni, owahlala iminyaka eminingi eFrance, eyaziwa emlandweni njengomculi ovelele waseRussia, umklami wezemidlalo, umklami wesiteji. Umsebenzi wakhe ulindele ukuthambekela okuningi kwekhulu lama-20 kwezobuciko, kuhlanganisa izici zokucabangela ubuciko, isimanje kanye nokufanekisa. I-Bakst - omunye wabaculi abahle kakhulu futhi abahlanjulisiwe baseRussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, babenethonya elinamandla hhayi kuphela ezifuywayo, kodwa nakwezomnotho wezwe.

Umndeni nobuntwana

I-Bakst Lev Samoilovich wazalwa ngo-1866 emndenini wamaJuda wama-Orthodox edolobheni laseBelarusian laseGrodno. Umndeni wawunkulu, nezinsisekelo zezinzalamizi. Uyise wayeyisazi seTalimmu, wayesebenza ngokuhweba, imali yakhe engenayo yayingaphansi, ngakho indodana yakhe yayivame ukuhlala nomkhulu wayo ePetersburg. Wayecebile ngokwanele, wayengumdwebo wefashini, wayethanda ukuphila okunethezeka nokuphila komphakathi, wahola indlela yokuphila yaseParis, ayeyithanda kakhulu umzukulu wakhe. Wayengumdlalo omkhulu wendawo yaseshashalazini futhi wafaka lo mbono kaLeo. Kuhloniphe umkhulu wakhe ukuthi le nsizwa ithatha isibongo sikaBakst, isinciphisa kancane, esikhundleni sayo-iRosenberg yangempela, okwakubonakala ingekho nhlobo. Ngesikhathi esemncane, umculi wesikhathi esizayo wayethanda ukudlala ngaphambi kwezigcawu zodade zomsebenzi wakhe, lo mfana wayenombono onobudlova nokubonakala okubonakalayo kokudweba.

Ukukhuluma nokufunda

Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 wayinqoba umncintiswano wesithombe esingcono kakhulu sika-A. Zhukovsky esiteshini sokuzivocavoca. U-Bakst Lion uphuphe ukudweba, kodwa uyise akazange aqaphele umsebenzi onjalo wokuziqhenya empilweni njengomdwebo, futhi isikhathi eside umfana kufanele asebenze ngasese emzimbeni ebusuku. Njengoba ingxabano yokugcina, ubaba wanquma ukucela iseluleko kumdwebi uMdwebi Antokolsky, imidwebo yomdwebi wesikhathi esizayo wathunyelwa eParis. Futhi lapho impendulo itholakele, ukuthi emisebenzini ithalenta yomlobi ibonakala ngokucacile, ubaba wanikezela.

Ngo-1883 insizwa ethile yangena eSt. Petersburg Academy of Arts njengomcwaningi wamabhuku . U-Lev Bakst, owaziwa naye ubuciko manje, wafunda nabafundisi abanjengoChrisyakov, Asknazia, Wenig, wabonisa imiphumela emihle iminyaka emine. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokulahlekelwa ukuncintisana kwe-Academy ngemali yesiliva, le nsizwa ishiya esikoleni. Umsebenzi wakhe ususiwe ohlwini lwababambiqhaza ngenxa yokuthi bonke abalingiswa esithombeni esihlokweni seBhayibheli babenezici zamaJuda. Lo mculi akakwazanga ukuma. Amakhono okudweba kwezemfundo, atholakala esikoleni, ayoba usizo kuye esikhathini esizayo.

Ukusesha indlela yokubuciko

Ukushiya izifundo zakhe, u-Bakst Leo uphoqeleka ukuba afune imali, ubaba wakhe washona, futhi kwakudingeka asize umndeni, owawuhlanganisa nomkhulu wakhe. Wasizwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngisho naphakathi nokufunda kwakhe waqala oxhumana nabo endlini yokushicilela, lapho aqala khona ukwenza izincwadi ezingabizi. Ukujabulisa lo msebenzi akazange akhulume, kodwa imali yaletha. Ngo-1890, uvakashela abazalwane baseBenois, bethula iBakst ibe yingqikithi yentsha eqhubekayo yokudala. Ngaphansi kwethonya labo, lo mculi uthanda i-watercolor. Yile ngqungquthela, eyokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ibe yinhlangano yobuciko "World of Art", yakha imibono yeBakst nesiqondiso sayo emidwebo. Ngo-1891, uLobert waqala ukuya kwelinye izwe, waya eJalimane, e-Italy, eBelgium naseFrance, ehambela iminyuziyamu. Kusukela ngo-1893 kuya ku-1896 wafunda esikoleni sama- French artists eParis. Ngalesi sikhathi, uLeo uthola udumo njenge-watercolorist omuhle.

I-Bakst-portraitist

Umculi weLobert Bakst waphoqeleka ukuba aqhubeke eqhuba imiyalo engamjabulisi. Waphumula futhi wahlela izinhlelo zakhe emifanekisweni, ebizwa kancane kancane. Babonisa indlela enhle yomdwebi, ikhono lakhe njengomshicileli kanye nokukwazi kwakhe ukungenela kwengqondo yezinhlamvu. Ukuqala ukudweba imidwebo ngo-1896, wayebuyele kuloluhlobo kulo lonke impilo yakhe. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu i-portraits ka- A. Benois, I. Levitan, imisebenzi evuthiwe yekhulu lokuqala lama-20, imifanekiso kaZ. Gippius, I. Rubinshtein, uS. S. Diaghilev onenanny, J. Cocteau, V. Zukini. Iningi lefa lomdwebi lomculi lenziwe ngemidwebo, wenza imidwebo yalabo abamthandayo, abadweba izithombe abajwayele ukuzijwayeza nabangani bakhe.

Umdwebi we-Bakst

U-Leo Bakst, odwetshwayo ngokumangalisayo, wazama okuningi ngekhono elihle kakhulu. Wayengabhala imivimbo eminyene, futhi angadala ingubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngosizo lwe-glaze. Usebenze kancane kunhlobo lwezwe, kodwa imisebenzi etholakalayo ibonisa umbono womculi ovelele. Emisebenzini "Eduzane neNix", "Olive Grove", "I-Sunflowers ngaphansi kweSanga", ukukhanya nomoya wemvelo kuyabonakala, umbono wokubheka umlobi udluliselwa. U-Lev Bakst, umbukiso wakhe namuhla ongabutha inani elikhulu labalandeli bomsebenzi wakhe kunoma yimuphi umuzi emhlabeni, akazange azizwe eqiniseka kuye njengomdwebi. Naye kalula wanconywa yithonya esuka ngaphandle futhi akazange ahlakulele indlela yakhe yokubhala. Kodwa izinto ezingenakuziphendulela ziyimisebenzi yakhe "isidlo", "ku-cafe", "ama-horror yakudala".

I-Bakst nemidlalo yaseshashalazini

Amalenta akhe amaningi uBap Lev Samoilovich wabonisa emisebenzini yaseshashalazini. Wayethanda kakhulu leli fomu lobuciko. I-Lev Bakst, umbukiso wezindawo zendawo yokugqoka nezembatho ezihlale zihambisana nesosha, zisebenza kakhulu futhi zijabule kakhulu emidlalo yaseshashalazini kaS. S. Diaghilev. Udweba ngokuhlakanipha amabhallets Shakherezada, Cleopatra, Narcissus, Firebird. I-Bakst yaba ngumbhali wangempela wezemibukiso, ehlanganisa inhloso yomqondisi endaweni, ukukhanyisa, izingubo. Kusukela ngo-1910, lo mculi uhlala eParis futhi ubambisana ne-theater S. Diaghilev. Kubambisana naye ukuthi iBakst yenza inguquko yangempela ekubukeni kanye nokuklanywa kwezemidlalo.

Amathalenta ahlukahlukene

U-Bakst Leo akazange azibonakalise ngokwakhe ekudwebeni nasekubukeni, eqinisweni, wayengumklami. Wayevame ukuza nezambatho, hhayi nje ngesiteji. Nguye owasungula i-logo, njengoba i-logo ingasho namuhla, ngomagazini iThe World of Art. Wakha umklamo wangaphakathi we-ladies 'boudoir, ngokubeka iDiaghilev Entreprise. I-Bakst iphinde isebenze ekudalweni kwemboniso. Esebenzisa izembatho zemidlalo , uLeo wathola ithalenta lomlingisi, wathola imidwebo yezingubo zabesifazane futhi waba umfashini wezimfashini weqiniso kule isitayela se-Art Nouveau. Wabuye waba umfundisi omuhle. U-Elizaveta Zvantseva wamemela uBakst esikoleni sakhe sobuciko ngo-1900, lapho ezama khona ukusiza amathalenta amasha ukuthola isitayela sakhe ekudwebeni. Nguye owokuqala ukubona ithalenta kumfundi wakhe - uMarc Chagall.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

U-Lev Bakst, odwebayo owawuthola impumelelo enjalo futhi wamletha udumo olukhulu, akazange aphumelele empilweni yakhe. Uthando lwakhe lokuqala ngomdlali wesifazane waseFrance uMarcel Jossé wayengajabuli kakhulu. Kwaphela kuphela ngenxa yokuhamba komculi waseParis. E-Petersburg, uthandana nendodakazi kaP. Tretyakov, owayengumfelokazi enesandla sakhe ngaleso sikhathi. I-Bakst yamukela ama-Lutheran ukuze ashade nomthandi. Umshado awuphumelelanga, nakuba indodana yomculi, u-Andrei, yazalwa kuwo. Abashadile basebenzisa isikhathi esiningi ekuhlukaneni futhi ekugcineni bahlukanisa ngo-1910. Kodwa waqhubeka engabangane nomkakhe owayengumkakhe nomyeni wakhe, ngo-1921, isimemo sakhe, bakwazi ukuhamba eSoviet Union futhi bahlala eParis.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uBakst wasebenza kanzima eParis, eMelika, eNgilandi, lokhu kwanciphisa impilo yakhe, futhi ngoDisemba 28, 1924, wafa ngokuzumayo.