Umbuso weJerusalema: Isisekelo nokuphila eMbusweni

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi iMpumalanga Ephakathi namuhla ingenye yezindawo ezikhathazeka kakhulu emhlabeni wethu, futhi izinsongo zomphakathi waseYurophu zivela lapho. Kunombono wokuthi izimpande zalezi zenzakalo kufanele zifunwe ezinyangeni zamakhulu, ngoba ziyi-Echo of the Crusades. Yingakho, ukuze baqonde izizathu zokulwa phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga, kanye nokuthola izindlela zokuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula, abanye abacwaningi batusa ngokucophelela ukutadisha umlando. Isibonelo, uMbuso waseJerusalema, i-Edessa County kanye nezwe elingumakhelwane banesithakazelo, lapho amaKristu avela eYurophu kanye nenzalo yawo ekugcineni afunda ukuhlala ngokuthula nabantu baseSulumane basekhaya.

Umbhalo wokuqala

Umbuso weJerusalema wabonakala ebalazweni lomhlaba ngo-1099 ngenxa yokuthunjwa komuzi ngabakwa-Crusaders, lapho uMsindisi ebethelwe khona. Bafika esifundeni ekubizweni kukaPapa Urban II, lapho umbusi waseByzantine u-Alexei owokuqala ekhuluma ngesicelo sokuvikelwa kwamaKristu avela eTurkey. Lokhu kwadalwa yi-Battle of Manzikert. Ukunqotshwa kweByzantium kwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-Armenia nasengxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Asia Minor, okusho izazi-mlando ukuthi kwakuyisiqalo sokuphela kwalombuso omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona amahemuhemu mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kokubili kweSunni neShia ngokumelene namaKristu asePalestina.

Ukuzivikela kwama-coreligionist kwakungesiye kuphela isizathu esenza uPapa abusise amasosha e-Crusade. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ukuzinza okukhulu kwaqalwa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, futhi izinkulungwane zama-knights aqeqeshwe kahle zashiywa ngaphandle komsebenzi, okwaholela ekuxabaneni ngezikhali ezincane kunazo zonke. Ukuthumela kwabo eMpumalanga Ephakathi kwahlinzeka ukuthula, futhi kwanikeza nethemba lokuvuselelwa kwezomnotho esikhathini esizayo (ngenxa yezintambo).

Ekuqaleni, ukukhululwa kweJerusalema kwakungeyona ingxenye yezinhlelo zamaKhrisithi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bashintsha, futhi ngoJulayi 15, 1099 idolobha lithathwe futhi ... liphangiwe.

Isisekelo

Umholi ongenamkhawulo wabantu abahlukunyezwayo yiGottfried Bouillon, owaziwa ngeminyaka yonke yasendulo kuthiwa yizo zonke izici zelungelo lobuqotho eliqotho emithethweni yamaKristu. Ngemva kokusekela umbuso waseJerusalema, abakwa-barons kanye nokubala bayamxusa ngesicelo sokuba umbusi wokuqala wombuso omusha. Ukuhlala eqinisile ezimisweni zakhe, uGottfried wenqaba umqhele, ewugqugquzela ukuthi akakwazi ukuwugqoka lapho uMsindisi ngokwakhe egqoka umqhele wameva. Into kuphela ayivumile ukuthi wayamukela isihloko esithi "Umvikeli we-Holy Sepulcher."

Ukubusa kweNkosi yokuqala yoMbuso waseJerusalema

UGottfried Bouillon wafa ngo-1100 ngaphandle kokushiya inzalo yesilisa. Umfowabo uBaldwin washesha wabulala futhi waqala ukubusa iJerusalema, nakuba ayengenalo ukuvinjelwa nokukhululeka kwakhe, njengoba ayematasa ethatha izikhulu zobuKristu zaseTarmea, iTel Bashir, uRavendan no-Edessa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, edolobheni lokugcina wamukelwa ngumbusi uThoros futhi washada nendodakazi yakhe. Wehla emlandweni njengendlovukazi yokuqala yaseJerusalema, i-Arda Armenian. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokubulala uyisezala wakhe nokwakha isizinda sakhe sase-Edessa, uBaldwin wahlukanisa, okwaletha ulaka lukapapa.

Noma kunjalo, njengoba engumapolitiki ohlakaniphile, uBaldwin owokuQala wandisa uMbuso weJerusalema, wathatha imizi eminingi yamapulazi, waba umbusi wase-Antiyokiya kanye nesifunda saseTripoli. Futhi, kuye, inani lamaKatolika landa.

UBalduin wabulawa ngo-1118, akazange ashiye izindlalifa.

Amakhosi oMbuso waseJerusalema ngaphambi kweMpi Yesibili

Umlandeli wabantwana abangenabantwana uBaldwin the First, odlula umfowabo eFrance, waba yisihlobo sakhe, i-Earl ye-Edessa de Burke. Wabuye wandisa imikhawulo kahulumeni. Ngokuyinhloko, u-de Burke wakwazi ukwenza umbusi wakhe we-Antioch e-princedom - uBoehmund osemusha owesibili, umzukulu weNkosi yaseFrance, futhi ngonyaka ka-1124 wathathwa waya eThire.

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba afakwe esihlalweni sobukhosi, ukuze aqinise isikhundla sakhe esifundeni, uBaldwin de Burke washada nendodakazi yenkosana yase-Armenia uGabriel-Morphy (bheka uJean Richard, "ILatin-Kingdom of Jerusalem", ingxenye eyodwa). Wanika umkakhe amadodakazi amathathu. Omdala wabo, uMelisenda, waba ngowesithathu nenye yezinduna ezidume kakhulu zaseJerusalema. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ubaba wakhe wathatha zonke izinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhwenyana womfelokazi uFulk of Anjou - akazange amhlukanise futhi adlulisele isihlalo sobukhosi kubantwana bakhe kusukela emshadweni wakhe wokuqala. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uBaldwin II wamemezela umzukulu wakhe obizwa ngegama lakhe, kanye nendodakazi yakhe ababambisana nabo.

Ngemuva kokubulawa kweFulk ekuzingeleni, uMelisenda waba umbusi oyedwa wombuso futhi waba ngumphathi wesonto nobuciko.

Ngemva kokuba umuntu omdala, indodana yakhe endala uBaldwin the Third wanquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokwenza ukuthi umbuso waseJerusalema wamaKhrisithi ube ngaphansi kwakhe. Wabhekana nonina, owabaleka nomfowabo omncane u-Amory. Ngenxa yokungenelela kwabafundisi, indodana yanikeza umuzi kaNablus ngaphansi kokulawulwa kukaMelisenda, kodwa waqhubeka nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezombusazwe ukuze kuzuze umbuso.

I-Second Crusade

Ngemuva kokuwa kuka-Edessa ngo-1144, uMelisenda wathumela umlayezo ku-papa ecela usizo ekukhululeni lesi sifundazwe. Akuzange kukhishwe, futhi ummonti wamaphoyisa wamemezela ukuqala koMncintiswano wesiBili . Ngo-1148, amasosha avela eYurophu, eholwa yiNkosi yaseFrance Louis Seventh, umkakhe u-Alienora Aquitaine kanye noMbusi waseJalimane uConrad, bafika eLatin-Kingdom yaseJerusalema. Njengoba eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, lo mfana osemusha uBaldwin the Third ubonise ukulinganisela okwanele, esekela isikhundla sikamama nomphathi wakhe, owayekholelwa ukuthi i-Aleppo kufanele ihlaselwe ukuze ivuselele ngokushesha ifulege loMbuso waseJerusalema phezu kuka-Edessa. Nokho, amakhosi afika ayenamapulani ahlukene kakhulu. Bahlose ukuthumba iDamaseku, naphezu kokuthi umbuso waseJerusalem wamaNcintiswano wawunesibopho esihle sokusebenzisana nalesi sipala-dolobha. Ngenxa yalokho, "izivakashi" zaseYurophu zanqoba, okwaba nemiphumela emibi kumaKristu aseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Eya eDamaseku Damas Conrad naseBaldwin ayizange ifinyelele noma yini futhi yaphoqeleka ukuba ihoxise ukuvinjezelwa. Ukufuduka kwamaKristu kwaphefumulela izitha zabo, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu empini yokulwa yoMbuso waseJerusalema. Ngakho emva kokuba uLouis noConrad namabutho abo bashiye eMpumalanga Ephakathi, isimo lapho seye saba nzima kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Amory Okokuqala

UBaldwin III waba nobunzima ekuphethweni kwesivumelwano neDamaseku, futhi ukunqoba ayewuthole ngo-1158 eLwandle lwaseTiberiya kwabuyiselwa leli gunya lakwaleli zwe. Lokhu kwavumela inkosi ukuba ishade nomshana kaMbusi waseByzantium - uTheodore Comnenus. Ngemva kweminyaka engama-4, inkosi yafa, mhlawumbe isuka enobuthi, ishiya izindlalifa.

Ngemva kokufa kukaBaldwin, uMbuso Wesibili WaseJerusalema wawuholwa ngumfowabo, owenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngaphansi kwegama lika-Amory the First. Ngo-1157 washada no-Agnes de Courtenay - indodakazi ka-Count Edessa Josselin nomzukulu weNkosi yase- Armenia uKostandin owokuQala. Isonto alifuni ukubusisa lo mshado, njengoba intsha yayinomkhulu-omkhulu, kodwa bazingelela. Le mbhangqwana yayinezingane ezintathu: uSybil, uBaldwin no-Alix. Noma kunjalo, u-Agnes akazange abe indlovukazi, nakuba ngekhulu leminyaka elizayo amakhosi oMbuso woMbuso waseJerusalema ayengabantwana bakhe.

U-Amory owokuQala uqondise imizamo yakhe yokubamba izindawo eGibhithe nokwandisa ithonya lakhe kulelizwe, elikwazi ukulilawula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wahlanganisa umshado wesibili nomshana ka-Emperor Byzantium Maria, eqinisa izibopho nalesi simo. Wabeletha indodakazi yakhe u-Isabella.

Isimo eMpumalanga Ephakathi sashintsha kakhulu ngemva kukaJanuwari 1169, uCaliph al-Adid wamisa uSafa-ad-Din owayengaziwa kakhulu njengelungu le-vizier. Ngo-1170, lo mfelokazi wahlasela amazwe aseMbusweni waseJerusalema ngebutho futhi wathatha u-Eilat. Zonke izikhalazo zika-Amory the First kuya enkosini yaseYurophu zahlala zingenasabela. Ngo-1974, ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngaphandle, wavimbezela uBanyas, owayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi isihluthulelo emasangweni aseJerusalema. Engakutholanga impumelelo futhi ebambe umkhuhlane we-typhoid, wabuyela enhloko-dolobha yakhe, lapho afela khona. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wanikeza umkakhe uNablus uMaria kanye nendodakazi yabo ejwayelekile u-Isabella, futhi wamisa indodana kaBaldwin, ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engu-13 nje kuphela, njengendlalifa.

Abaphathi boMbuso waseJerusalema: inzalo ka-Amory owokuQala

Ngena esihlalweni sobukhosi, lo mfana oseBaldwin Owesine wayephethwe ngokuphelele ngunina u-Agnes de Courtenay. Ngokushesha wagula ngochoko, futhi lokhu kugula kwaholela ekufeni kwakhe (eneminyaka engu-24). Nokho, kusukela ngesikhathi sokuthola umuntu omdala kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, inkosi encane, naphezu kokugula kwakhe, yakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ingumbusi ohlakaniphile.

Njengoba kusobala ukuthi le nsizwa yayingenakushiya inzalo yakhe, udadewabo uSybil wayeshade noGuillaume de Monferrat. Ngakho, waba yisihlobo seNkosi yaseFrance noMbusi woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma. Umshado awuzange uhlale isikhathi eside, njengoba umyeni washona ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva komshado, engaboni ukuzalwa kwendodana yakhe uBaldwin.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inkosi enochoko yayinqoba ibutho likaSalah al-Din empini yaseMonzhizar. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuxabana kwakhe namabutho amaSulumane akuzange kuphele kuze kube sekupheleni kokuthula ngo-1180. Khona-ke uSybil ongumfelokazi wayethandane noGuy de Lusignan. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha umkhwenyana omusha walahlekelwa isimo senkosi, ozimisele ukwenza indlalifa yakhe indodana encane kadadewabo - uBaldwin de Monferrat.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1185, emva kokufa kukayisekazi wakhe, lo mfana waba yinkosi, kodwa wabusa iminyaka kuphela. Khona-ke leli zwe laqala ukubusa umyeni wesibili kamama wakhe - uGuy de Luzinyan, uSybil owamnika umqhele esidlangalaleni umqhele, wasususa ekhanda lakhe. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokubusa kukaBaldwin de Monferrat, umbuso we-Ardennes-Anjou wawunombuso wabaNqola eMbusweni Ongcwele kusukela ngo-1090 kuya ku-1185 (uRichard, "ILatin-Kingdom of Jerusalem," ingxenye yokuqala).

Ukulethwa kwedolobha

Ekubuseni kukaGuy de Lusignan, kwavela izinhlekelele ezimbi, okwaholela izwe. Konke kwaqala nge-Battle of Hattin ngo-1187, ngesikhathi ibutho loMbuso waseJerusalema lihlukunyezwa ngamabutho eSalah ad-Din. UGuy de Lusignan ngokwakhe wathathwa eboshiwe, futhi ngo-1187 uSybil kanye no-Knight-crusader uBalian de Ibelin baphoqeleka ukuba bahlele ukuvikela iJerusalema. Amandla ayengalingani, futhi kwacaca ukuthi amaKristu ayevimbekile ayesongelwa ngokuqothulwa. U-Balian de Ibelin wabonisa ukuthi ungumeluleki okhono kakhulu, esebenzile ukuzinikela kwedolobha ngamagama ahloniphekile. Ngemva kokuphuma kweJerusalema, uSibylla wabhalela uSalah al-Din incwadi yokucela ukukhulula umyeni wakhe futhi wakwazi ukuhlangana naye ngo-1188.

Umbuso waseJerusalema weNqabayokulinda ekhulwini lama-13

Ehlobo lika-1190, u-Sybil namadodakazi akhe bafa ngesikhathi sezinhlupho. Nakuba umyeni wakhe uGuy de Lusignan eqhubeka ezithatha njengenkosi, u-Isabella waba umbusi wezwe, indodakazi ka-Amory the First kusukela emshadweni wakhe wesibili. Uhlukanisile nomyeni wakhe wokuqala futhi washada noConrad waseMontferrat. Lo wesifazane wathola isiqiniseko sesihloko sakhe, kodwa wayengenaso isikhathi sokukhanda, njengoba ebulawa ngababulali ababili. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-8, u-Isabella, okhulelwe nendodakazi yakhe uMaria, washada noHenry Champagne, elalela iseluleko sikaRichard the Lionheart. Umshado waphela ngokufa komlingani engozini. U-Isabella waphinde washada nomfowabo kaGuy de Lusignan, owaziwa ngokuthi u-Amory wesibili.

Inkosi nendlovukazi yafa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1205, okusolakala ukuthi ivela enobuthi ngezinhlanzi ezincane.

Baphumelelwa yindodakazi endala yeNdlovukazi uMaria de Monferrat. Washada noJean de Brienne washona ngemuva kokubeletha. Indodakazi yakhe u-Iolanthe yakhishwa, kepha uyise wayilawula izwe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 wayeshade noMbusi woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma. Emgodini, uFrederick wesibili wathola isihloko seNkosi yaseJerusalema futhi waqala ukujoyina leli qembu. EPalermo, indlovukazi yazala indodakazi kaConrad nendodana yakhe. Ngo-1228, emva kokufa kwakhe, uFrederick wangena eZweni Ongcwele, lapho ekhishwa khona. Lapho akatholanga lutho olungcono kunokuba aqale impi ne-Templars, ezama ukuthumba i-Akra, lapho inzalamizi yayiyikho. Nokho, maduzane umbusi washintsha umqondo wakhe wanquma ukuthatha izikhali zakhe kuye, eshiya iningi lamaKristu embusweni waseJerusalema cishe ayinakuzivikela.

Ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eYurophu ekusithekeni kwakhe, wabeka uhulumeni kuBalan Sidonsky.

Ukushintsha kwesihloko

Iphuzu emlandweni wokubusa kwamaKhrisathi ezweni eliyingcwele kwakuwukuthatha umbuso ngamaKhwarizmians ngo-1244. Noma kunjalo, phakathi namakhulu ambalwa ambalwa alandelayo, amanye amadolobha aseYurophu angama-Israyeli azuze ifa lenkosi yaseJerusalema. Ngo-1268 ikhanseliwe. Watshintshwa isihloko seNkosi yaseJerusalema neCyprus. Umphathi wakhe wokuqala nguHugo weThathu, indodana ka-Isabel de Luzinyan. Washintsha ingubo yezandla zaseCyprus, wanezela kuwo izimpawu zoMbuso waseJerusalema. Inzalo yakhe yafaka lesi sihloko kuze kube ngu-1393. Ngemva kokushintshwa, ngoba uJacques the First waba inkosi yase-Armenia.

Ukuphila kwabantu abavamile kumaKristu kusho ezweni eliNgcwele

Lesi sizukulwane esisha, esizalwe ePalestina, sasiyibheka njengezwe lakubo futhi sasiba nesimo sengqondo esibi ngokuqondene nabasekeli bezinkolo, ababesanda kufika eYurophu. Abaningi bazi izilimi zendawo futhi bashada abesifazane abangamaKristu, abesifazane bezinye izinkolo, ukuze bathole izihlobo ezinganikeza ukusekelwa ezimweni ezinzima. Kulokhu, uma abahloniphekile behlala emadolobheni, khona-ke abantu bendawo - ikakhulukazi amaSulumane - bahlanganyela kwezolimo. Ibutho lalibizwa kuphela ngamaFranks, futhi amaKristu aseMpumalanga ayebophekile ukuba awanike ukudla.

Kuzobuciko, imikhiqizo yezincwadi kanye ne-multimedia

Umsebenzi owuthandwa kakhulu ngoMbuso weJerusalema kwakuyifilimu kaRidley Scott ethi Kingdom of Heaven, ekhuluma ngokulwa noSalah ad-Din nokuzinikela kweJerusalema. Ezinye izenzakalo ezisuka emlandweni wesifundazwe se-Crusaders zabonakala emidlalweni yekhompyutha. Isibonelo, ku-Assassin's Creed. Ngendlela, insimbi entsha ye-Stainless steel 6.1 iyatholakala namhlanje. Umbuso weJerusalema (izwi, injini, izinhlobo zezwe nesimo sezulu zibuyekezwa) kukhonjiswe khona ngempela, futhi isifunda ngasinye sinemithombo yaso.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ngubani owabusa phezu kwalezi zinkolo okuthiwa uMbuso weJerusalema, esifundeni sase-Edessa nase-Antiyokiya, futhi yiziphi izenzakalo ezenzeka eMiddle East emva kokuqothulwa kweNkathi yokuQala yokuqala futhi ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa ukulawulwa kwamaKristu angaphansi kwalesi sifundazwe.