Ukuxoxa izinsimbi acid. Basabela kanjani sulfuric acid ezisansimbi

Chemical ukusabela acid ne metal kuyinto ethize amakilasi idatha compounds. Ngokuhamba hydrogen yayo i-proton ne walulama ngokuhlanganyela anion esidi indawo a seka metal. Lesi isibonelo ukuthi bayavuma ukwakha usawoti, futhi nakuba kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ekusebenzisaneni abangazilaleli zokusebenzisa lesi simiso. Baqala njengoba redox hhayi ephelezelwa kwemvelo hydrogen.

Izimiso ukusabela ezisansimbi acid

Zonke wezinto acid wasithukuthelela imikhondo metal ekwakhekeni nosawoti. Okungabalulwa, mhlawumbe, kuphela enhle metal ukuphendula aqua regia, ingxube hydrochloric futhi acid nitric. Okunye ukuxhumana of acid ezisansimbi kuholela ekwakhekeni nosawoti. Uma acid is neither sulfuric kanzulu noma nitric acid, umkhiqizo wajinge wanamatsela njengoba hydrogen yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa lapho ukusabela bagxila sulfuric acid, ukusabela okuphuma ezisansimbi ngokuvumelana nesimiso yenqubo redox. Ngoba kwathiwa Ucwaningo ezikhonjwe ezimbili izinhlobo ekusebenzisaneni izinsimbi ejwayelekile futhi acid eqinile wezinto ezingaphili:

• ukuxhumana ngezinto nge acid ababuthakathaka;
• ukusebenzisana kanzulu acid.

uhlobo ukusabela lokuqala lwenzeka nanoma yimuphi acid. Okuwukuphela bagxila sulfuric acid kanye nitric acid ngasiphi okuhlushwa. They phendula uhlobo lwesibili futhi kuholele kumiswa nosawoti kanye nemikhiqizo nokwehlisa sulphur kanye nitrogen.

izinsimbi ejwayelekile ukusabela nge acid

Izinsimbi ngokufanele kwesokunxele hydrogen ochungechungeni ejwayelekile electrochemical, kuthiwa wasithukuthelela alulaze sulfuric acid nezinye acid of lokuhlala ezahlukene ngaphandle nitrogen yakha usawoti kanye ukuzihlalela hydrogen yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Izinsimbi, thola indawo kwesokudla emgqeni electronegativity hydrogen, awukwazi ukuxubana acid eshiwo ngenhla bese uxhumana kuphela nitric acid kungakhathaliseki okuhlushwa, nge kanzulu sulfuric acid kanye aqua regia. Lena nokuxhumana ejwayelekile ezisansimbi acid.

izinsimbi ukuphendula kanzulu sulfuric acid

Lapho okuqukethwe sulfuric acid e isixazululo ezingaphezu kuka-68%, ngokwezibalo kubhekwa njengento okumele kanzulu wasithukuthelela izinsimbi kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele hydrogen. ukugeleza ukuphendula isimiso ezisansimbi womsebenzi ezahlukene kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Lapha, i-ejenti oxidizing kuyinto athomu nesibabule anion sulfate. It kuyehla kube kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, 4-Valence oxide noma nesibabule yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Ukusabela nge alulaze nitric acid

Buhlanjululwe nitric acid iyaphendula zensimbi, wahlela kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele hydrogen. Phakathi ukuphendula insimbi asebenzayo ukukhiqiza ammonia, okuyinto ngokushesha ancibilikisa futhi ixubana nitrate anion simise elinye usawoti. Nge izinsimbi umsebenzi isilinganiso acid ihlangana ukukhululwa nitrogen yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuncane asebenzayo ukuphendula ukuqhutshwa ukukhululwa 2-Valence oxide nitrogen. Ngo izinhlobo eziningi nesibabule yokutakula imikhiqizo amaningi yokusabela olulodwa. Izibonelo ukusabela ohlongozwayo ihluzo isicelo ngezansi.

Ukusabela nge kanzulu nitric acid

Kulokhu nitrogen izenzo njengoba oxidant. Zonke ukusabela abangu uphelelwa usawoti kwetinhlavu kanye ukukhululwa kwe -nitrous nitric. Isikimu redox ukusabela ezihlongozwayo ihluzo isicelo. Kulokhu, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ufanelwe ukusabela ka-aqua regia oluxube kancane esebenzayo. ukuxhumana okunjalo ezisansimbi acid nonspecifically.

Reactivity of izinsimbi

Izinsimbi ukuxubana acid kalula ngokwanele, nakuba zikhona inerts eziningana. Lokhu amatshe ayigugu kanye izakhi, nge high standard ezingaba electrochemical. Kunezindlela eziningana izinsimbi okuyinto esakhiwe ngesisekelo lesi Inkomba. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-electronegativity. Uma isizinda ishiywa therein hydrogen, kungaba ukuxubana alulaze acid.

Kukhona kuphela eyodwa ngaphandle: yensimbi kanye ne-aluminium ngenxa ukwakheka phezu a oxides 3-Valence ayikwazi basabela ne acid ngaphandle bafudumale. Uma ingxube is ukufudunyezwa ke ekuqaleni ukusabela metal oxide ifilimu, bese ubizwa ziyoncibilika acid. Izinsimbi, thola indawo kwesokudla hydrogen ku electrochemical umsebenzi uchungechunge ayikwazi basabela nge wezinto ezingaphili acid, kuhlanganise ne alulaze sulfuric acid. Okuhlukile ezimbili lo mthetho: lezi zinsimbi kuthiwa ziyoncibilika kanzulu alulaze nitric acid kanye aqua regia. Lesi sakamuva singabangela kuphela siyochithwa steel, ruthenium, Iridium futhi osmium.