Ukuqhathanisa yemikhumbi ngwenya of Russia nase-US: kabani bunamandla?

Phakathi Melika neRussia isikhathi eside kuwumshikashika cishe yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi. I izingalo uhlanga kuyinto njalo engumngane izwe mncintiswano. Umholi Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke ukuhlonza kanye kuhlulekile eminyakeni. Ukuphakama embonini ukuzivikela wemboni njalo babesuka isimo eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngo ezifana izimboni ezithile njengoba ngwenya imikhumbi, okwamanje uyohlala endaweni yokuqala e-United States.

Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi izinto abazange bahlale ukuthi kubusa amaSoviet entendeni labetibambile umkhiqizi yasekhaya. Ngenxa isisekelo esinamandla, adalwe Abaklami Soviet, ngisho nakuleli qophelo esisekelweni ngoxhaxha Russian kunezimo ezingavamile, abangenalo analogue emhlabeni. Ngakho ngemva zonke, iqembu lakhe ngwenya kunamandla - Russia noma US? Ngubani winner emncintiswaneni - a Russian noma American wedwa ubuchwepheshe.

Okusalungiswa lokuqala ngwenya

Qhathanisa, imikhumbi kabani ngwenya unamandla (Russia noma USA), owaqala ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Khona-ke isihloko impikiswano kwaba ngwenya okokuqala ngezinjongo ezempi. Long ayikwazanga ukunquma ababeyoba unjiniyela sokuqala ngqá leli thuluzi.

Abaklami futhi abahloli lokuqala isitsha kwamanzi Wayengubani uKorneliyu Drebbel. Lena physics kanye unjiniyela waseHolland. Ukuhlola ukuthuthukiswa kwakhe esichithwa yoMfula iThames. Lo mkhumbi kwaba isikebhe. isikhumba sakhe kwaba isikhumba ofakwe ngamafutha. Ukuphathwa kanye nokunyakaza kwenziwe ngenxa amaphini. Kwakumelwe ibangana esikhaleni kwamanzi. Amatilosi kungabandakanya maphoyisa womathathu abagwedli nambili. Ngokusho idatha zomlando phezu ukuhlolwa ubehambele khona Korol Yakov I. Imininingwane eyakhelwe umkhumbi ukuze bavunyelwe kuye endaweni kwamanzi amahora ambalwa. Umkhawulo we ukucwiliswa ukujula ilingana ngamamitha amahlanu.

Kodwa ukuqhubeka waphazanyiswa kokufa Drebbel. Esikhundleni sakhe futhi continuer imibono lalingesinye usosayensi waseFrance utlole liyisiqondiso esiwusizo ekwakheni imikhumbi ngwenya. Ngokusho izincomo zakhe, sikebhe kumele kwenziwe metal (mhlawumbe ithusi), kufanele zifane uhlobo izinhlanzi Nokho, emaphethelweni kumele kube abukhali. Ukuze uthuthukise kule yunithi ngendiza ntathu akudingekile.

Ukuthuthukiswa lamazwe imbangi

Qhathanisa ngwenya Russian ne-US Navy iqala amadivaysi kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazakhiwe nge umehluko kwamashumi amahlanu. Inikeza ilungelo bathi ekuqaleni komlando ngwenya kuwo womabili la mazwe mayelana efanayo.

Modern Russian ngwenya imikhumbi kungenxa yokungabikho compatriot yakhe efim Nikonov, kusukela lapho umkhumbi futhi waqala ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe nezindlela zokwakha ngwenya. It wayengumbazi elula emzaneni eduze eMoscow Pokrovskoye. Wayefuna ukuba uqaphele design yakhe ekuphileni futhi wathumela isicelo uPetru mina, lapho iphrojekthi ehlongozwayo ye ngwenya. Umqondo womuntu oyedwa isitsha imfihlo, okuzoba okudiliza imikhumbi isitha ukuthi kakhulu bakhangwa inkosi. On imiyalo yakhe, Nikonov kwaba Petersburg waqala ukwakha kudivayisi. Iphrojekthi owavusa iminyaka emithathu. Esikhathini Isivivinyo wokuqala engaya kuwo uqobo ngu-Peter I. isikhathi esifushane, ukulungisa nokwenza ngcono iphrojekthi, umbazi abanamakhono bazivumelanisa flamethrowers umkhumbi neziqhumane. Inkosi, ngibona impumelelo enjalo, ezihlongozwayo ukuqala ukwakhiwa elikhulu isitsha ukucushwa okufanayo. Kodwa nokuthi lolu empeleni wabona uPetru kuphela mina futhi ngemva kokufa njengomhlatshelo ukuthuthukiswa isikhala kwamanzi wanqamuka. Ungalokothi igcwaliswe isikebhe ebolile elachithwa.

izinqubo Ukuthuthukisa ekukhiqizeni

Ukuqhathanisa izimoto kwamanzi yeRussia ne-United States akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhuluma impumelelo lososayensi nonjiniyela, elaba isisekelo sokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi lesimanje. Ngokokuqala ngqá iphrojekthi wethulwa ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu nane yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Umphathi msebenzi waba K. A. Shilder, owayeyilungu unjiniyela zempi ukuqeqeshwa.

Umklamo bomkhumbi kuhlanganisa imivimbo ekhethekile, ngosizo okuyinto ukuhamba umshini ngaphansi kwamanzi. Nge design yabo sathathwa isimiso Bionics, okungukuthi ukudala imishini yezobuchwepheshe Baye bangeniswa akhawunti imithetho yemvelo. Kulokhu, unjiniyela yabhekisela isakhiwo izinyawo likhale sika. Amadivayisi anjalo sezibekwe ngababili nhlangothi zombili zomzimba. Ukuze agijime lezi "izinyawo", kwakudingekile ukuba senze umzamo amatilosi-abagwedli. Kwaba kubonakala kuphatheke kabuhlungu kakhulu, ngoba ijubane wayengekho umxhwele kakhulu ngesikhathi imizamo Amazing crew. Wayebona sikhule lungene isigamu sekhilomitha ngehora. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono inqubo futhi wenze it khiqiza kahle kakhulu futhi kahle futhi kube nezindleko eziphansi, umphathi womsebenzi babehlele ukusebenzisa amadivaysi kagesi. Kodwa kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale umkhakha wayehamba ukushesha, futhi kakhulu kuvimbela ukwethulwa imibono emisha.

Isikebhe esasihamba ngaso a isitayela samasosha. Ezandleni zakhe abangu yokuqalisa iziqhumane. izinkinga eziningi phansi lo mbono, futhi sesimanje umkhumbi wavinjwa.

Ukusetshenziswa injini ngoxhaxha ngwenya

Isigaba esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa yemikhumbi ngwenya iyisingeniso ku umklamo lwemikhumbi izinjini. Eyokuqala ukwenza isinqumo weza umsunguli I. F. Aleksandrovsky. Ukuqalisa imibono yakhe, wakhetha injini eyehlayo on air onomfutho. Umsunguli uye waqaphela umqondo wakhe umkhuba. isikebhe senziwa ngokuvumelana mklamo wakhe. Kodwa lo msebenzi ngokwayo akuphumelelanga ikakhulukazi, ngoba umkhiqizo namanje abampofu. isivinini Engine kuvumelekile esisekelweni ifindo isigamu ukubhukuda amakhilomitha amahlanu nje kude.

Inqubekela ukuqaliswa imibono bafinyelela omunye nje umsunguli Russian S. K. Dzhevetsky. Ukuqhathanisa yemikhumbi ngwenya yeRussia ne-United States inika ilungelo bathi kulesigaba bezinto Russian baye esenze intuthuko, ngoba Drzewiecki wathola yesikebhe sakhe injini okuyisa umsebenzi ibhethri. Ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaba akubanga ahlukile izitsha ezinjalo, okungase ukuthutha kusuka ugesi. Lapho lolu phiko ongafinyelela ngesivinini ifindo ezine.

"I-Zip" isikebhe kwadalwa umsunguli efanayo. Sici Its main iyona Ukuqhathanisa ngoxhaxha ngwenya yeRussia ne-United States waphinda unika phambili Russian (mkhumbi kuphi emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho), it is a injini olulodwa. I ethile kuphela idivayisi kuyinto trace ngesimo Bubbles, okuyinto yena kushiya. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ezingeni eliphansi ukugqiba ngeke isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi.

Ngenkathi umkhakha ngenkuthalo uya ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza amandla ukufaka. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi izikimu kanye nezimiso ezifana Kwamiswa, ezisetshenziswa ekuklanyweni izikebhe kuze kube manje. Ukuthuthukiswa kwenziwe izingalo wemboni. Drzewiecki zakhiwa torpedo amashubhu, okwakukhona ahlomile ngwenya imikhumbi inkathi ende yesikhathi. Kodwa backwardness izimboni ezifana Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka motor umkhakha, akuvumelekile ukudala wempi agcwele.

Submarine "Dolphin"

Qhathanisa Russian ngwenya imikhumbi ne-United States kungaba ngokuqondile kule yunithi. Lo mkhumbi lakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili yi Bubnov futhi Goryunov Baltic Shipyard Petersburg. Uhlelo ngamandla laliyizingxenye ezimbili. Esokuqala kwaba injini eyehlayo on uphethiloli, kanti eyesibili - i motor ngogesi. Ukuthuthukiswa babunamandla kakhulu futhi inoveli, ukuthi lobuchwepheshe izici bebakhulu umshini American "Fulton".

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, ukuthuthukiswa Russian ngwenya imikhumbi esezunywa kakhulu. Njengoba yenziwe ngu abaqeqeshiwe. Kusukela ukuthuthukiswa project, imboni isibe uhlobo ezweni okunokwethenjelwa amabutho ukulwa. Uhulumeni ukusekela ngokugcwele kulo mkhakha. Futhi emva kusungulwa ibheji esikhethekile ngwenya isikhulu isifiso sokukhonza la mabutho matasa ngokwengeziwe ngokomoya njengoba kwenkululeko igunya iyonke.

Modern Navy Russian

Okwamanje Navy we Russian Federation siqukethe ukwahlukana ezinhlanu. Ngamunye wabo yakhiwa surface futhi ngwenya amabutho. Thola izingxenye ezilandelayo amayunithi sebutho:

1. Baltic Fleet. Kumila oyinhloko le ngxenye Itholakala iBaltic. I Flagship yiyona ngumbhubhisi "Ukuqhubeka". Submarine amabutho Baltic zinezikhathi ezintathu udizili ngwenya. By the way, ngokufaniswa Russia nase-US ngwenya imikhumbi (2016) luveza ukuthi lolu hlobo apharathasi ukhona kuphela endaweni Russian. E-United States kusukela ukukhiqizwa kulolu hlobo izitsha Sekuyisikhathi eside esishiywe dengwane.
2. Northern Fleet. Kumila oyinhloko le ngxenye ungaphakathi Severomorsk. Kuyinto Flagship esindayo zenuzi missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Petr Veliky". Russian Northern Fleet ngwenya izici ezihlukahlukene enkulu izindlela. Ngesisekelo lesi sigaba ezintathu vasi esindayo ngwenya Cruisers nesishiyagalombili ballistic missile ngwenya. Imikhumbi-ngwenya enyakatho yeRussia imikhumbi onobuhle betfulelwa cruise ezicitshwayo (amayunithi 3), esisetshenziselwa-athomu (amayunithi 12), udizili (amayunithi 8), injongo ekhethekile (amayunithi 2).
3. Black Sea Fleet. Kumila oyinhloko le ngxenye kuyinto e Sevastopol. Kuyinto Flagship missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Moskva". ingxenye Underwater imelelwa ngwenya ezimbili udizili.
4. Pacific Fleet. Kumila oyinhloko le ngxenye ungaphakathi Vladivostok. Kuyinto Flagship missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Varyag". Submarine amabutho babe esele 5 missile ngwenya Cruisers, 6 ngwenya yenuzi ne cruise kweminsalo, 7 multi-purpose ngwenya yenuzi nokuhlasela 8 udizili onobuhle.
5. ICaspian weqembu lemikhumbi. Kumila oyinhloko le ngxenye kuyinto Astrakhan. I Flagship yiyona umkhumbi patrol "Tatarstan". Le yunithi akanayo ukubunjwa ngwenya yayo amabutho.

izimoto Multi-purpose

Qhathanisa Russia nase-US ngwenya imikhumbi (2016, njengabanye iminyaka, akazange asilethe ngempumelelo enkulu kule ndawo) uvumela wonke ukuhlola ezingaba zamabutho asolwandle. Enye yezimoto ezibaluleke kakhulu, emi imishini yezobuchwepheshe yempi noma yimaphi amandla onamandla zasolwandle - kungcono isikebhe, bebhekene nenkinga ukuxazulula imvelo wezindlela. Inhloso yalezi imikhumbi - ukubhujiswa isitha ebusweni nemiklamo kubabulali ukunqotshwa ku izakhiwo ugu. Njengoba izikhali ezisetshenziswa cruise ejikijelwayo torpedoes. Kuye uhlobo izikhali ngwenya yilezi:

• ne cruise kweminsalo;
• nge torpedoes;
• ne cruise ejikijelwayo torpedoes.

US Navy Submarine Force has a inombolo enkulu ngwenya sidalwe wezindlela. Lugxile izitsha ezinjalo umqondo Imininingwane lempi Melika. Uma uthatha ngezigaba uhlelo ehlukene, njenge izinga ke abakwazi ukuhlukanisa khona umholi ecacile. Lokhu kungenxa onekusasa lobuchwepheshe wawo womabili la mazwe.

Izikebhe tekusebenta-Tactical US

Yeka indlela okuyingozi US Navy ngwenya, ngakho lokhu lolu hlobo ngwenya. Ngesisekelo US Navy kuyinto ngamashumi amahlanu anesithoba onobuhle yalolu hlobo. Iningi lazo (okuyinto imikhumbi amathathu nethoba) labika balance sheet abangu namanje ngonyaka ayisikhombisa lesithupha ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Baziwa njengezakhamuzi "Los Angeles" futhi basonta kubantwana kuso isizukulwane sesithathu. Ngokusho uhlobo izikhali basonta uhlobo exubile. Bahlanganisa anti-umkhumbi micibisholo "inhlendla" futhi torpedoes. It is kuhlelwe ukuba bahlehla kancane kancane ebuzalwaneni umkhumbi kwegazi futhi esikhundleni sawo onobuhle amasha. It is kuhlelwe afeze sesimanje namathathu banesifo esibi.

Wena ukugembula kwesizukulwane sesine izikebhe. Lokho bazobambisana esikhundleni "Los Angeles". Lezi zihlanganisa onobuhle ezifana "Virginia" futhi "Sea Wolf". Lesi sakamuva yasungulwa nineties. ukwakhiwa kwalo kuwufanele ezine nengxenye-dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Kodwa intengo ulungisiswa nemingcele lobuchwepheshe. Inama a eziyinkimbinkimbi enamandla cruise ejikijelwayo torpedoes. Futhi, isici ezingeni eliphansi umsindo sasikhipha. Ukukhululwa ngemodeli ngayinye isikebhe siba ephelele. Nokho, ukuqhathanisa Russian ngwenya imikhumbi kanye US (2017) kunikeza zinelungelo lokusho ukuthi yasekhaya "Ash" akuyona kunabayeni "Sea Wolf" Uchungechunge lokuqala.

US inzuzo

US kanye Russian ngwenya imikhumbi for 2016 akuyona nje ukwakheka ambalwa, kodwa futhi isizukulwane imodeli. ngwenya American "Virginia" lwenzelwe ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa "Sea Wolf". Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, izici lobuchwepheshe we "Seawolf" okuningi ngaphambi umlandeli wakhe. Uma siqhathanisa lezi onobuhle ababili American nge "Ash" yasekhaya, kuba endaweni ethile phakathi. Izici kanye nezinzuzo ngwenya Russian ikhwalithi izikhali. "Movement" ekusebenzeni kwakhona ingcono kakhulu American "Tomahawk" cruise ezicitshwayo.

Phakathi onobuhle Russian kuphela "Severodvinsk" kuyinto ezingeni the best izikebhe American. Kodwa eyodwa kuphela, kodwa esebona ukwakhiwa amaphrojekthi ezintathu ngaphezulu. Kodwa ngesikhathi lapho iyokwakhiwa iMelika ufake isigaba esisha ukuthuthukiswa.

udizili onobuhle

Russian ngwenya imikhumbi (isithombe ngezansi) ethulwa iqoqo udizili onobuhle enamandla. Loku kuyehluka US wemboni yasekhaya. E-United States, odabeni oluphathelene nokukhululwa lolu hlobo izikebhe walahla ngisho phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. ERussia, ngwenya okunjalo akukhona kuphela ngeke sishiye balance sheet, kodwa basaqhubeka ngenkuthalo ukukhiqiza futhi zizilungise kanjani. Iningi izitsha lolu hlobo uyisibonelo ethuthukisiwe ye "Warszawianka". Ngo ubuchwepheshe yawo ziphansi ngwenya yenuzi, kodwa izingalo - neze.

kuqale udizili "Kalina" sihlelelwe athumele esikhathini esizayo. umehluko Its injini eyehlayo ngaphandle oksijini. umfuziselo okunjalo kungaba esikhaleni kwamanzi isikhathi esingangenyanga, futhi ngeke kudingeke ukuthi oshaka.

Ngakho, i-US Navy manje esiqongweni ukuthuthukiswa. Navy eRussia nabo lags ngemuva ngokuya izinga, nakuba okwamanje ngaphansi asebenzayo umsebenzi ucwaningo nezimpi eziningana. Nokho, akwaziwa ukuthi hlobo luni ukuthuthukiswa kuyoba yimpumelelo kakhulu.