Ukuhlolwa kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali. Ukuhlolwa kwengozi komsebenzi wokutshala izimali. Imigomo yokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali

Ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kudinga isomabhizinisi ukuheha utshalomali. Ukwenza lokhu angakwenza, usebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi, isinqumo somtshali-zimali sokuthi kungabe singayitshala noma singatshali yini ebhizinisini elithile sizosekelwe ekuhlaleni ukuhlaziywa okuzimele, ukuhlola amathemba ephrojekthi ethile. Yiziphi izindlela ezingabandakanyeka kulokhu?

Ukulula nokubunzima

Ukuhlolwa kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali, njengoba ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhlobene nobuciko obuhlukahlukene bokucwaninga umqondo webhizinisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hhayi kuphela izakhiwo zomqondo uqobo kodwa nezici zangaphandle, njengezimakethe, izinqubo zezombusazwe, njll, zingacatshangelwa. Ukukhangiswa komsebenzi wokutshala izimali kungacubungulwa ngokubheka ubuntu bomninimabhizinisi, izinga lokuhlelwa kohlelo lwezezimali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, konke okusemqoka kokucwaninga okuhambisanayo, njengokungathi umthetho, wehlelwe impendulo kwisethi yemibuzo elula: ingabe iphrojekthi iyoba nenzuzo, ngezinga elingakanani, futhi nini ukulindela imali?

I-Universal criteria ezokwenza kube lula ukucacisa ukuthi yiziphi izici zokuhlaziywa ezithinta ngokucacile ukuzuzisa esikhathini esizayo kwesinyathelo sebhizinisi, ngisho nasemvelweni wabatshali bezimali abangakaqali. Kodwa-ke, i-toolkit, lapho uhlolo lokuhlola kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali kungenziwa khona, litholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zezixazululo ezithile. Yiziphi izindlela abashalizimali besimanje abahlola ngazo amathemba emibono yebhizinisi?

Imigomo esemqoka

Okokuqala, lezi yizinkomba ezikhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kwezitshalomali. Esikhathini "ifomula" esebenzayo ekubalweni kwamanani athile alo mkhakha, kukhona "okuguquguqukayo" okuyisisekelo - ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangempela, kanye nenzuzo yonyaka (ngezinye izikhathi kuboniswe ngenzuzo, okungukuthi, ngamaphesenti). Kwezinye izimo, indlela yokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali kulolu "fomula" ihlanganiswa nesici esinjengesikhathi sokukhokha. Lokhu kungukuthi, uma sikhuluma, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nonyaka wokuqala wokuqhuba ibhizinisi, khona-ke umfakisicelo angase afune ukwazi ukuthi zingaki izinyanga iphrojekthi izokwenza okungenani iya ku-zero. Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi indlela yokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali ihlanganiswe nesikhathi sesikhathi. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinto ezibaluleke kunayo yonke kusukela ekubukeni kwezomnotho kuhambisana nezikhathi ezithile.

Uma sicabangela indlela yokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali ahlobene kakhulu nesikhathi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa uhlu olulandelayo:

• Inani lamanje lanamuhla;
• Amazinga wokubuyiselwa kwangaphakathi nokuguqulwa;
• Inani elilinganiselwe, kanye nenkomba yenzuzo.

Iyini inzuzo yalezi zindlela? Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, umtshali-zimali uthola isibonakaliso esithile senqubo yedijithali, engavumela amaphrojekthi amaningana angahle abekiwe.

Imodeli yebhizinisi enhle

Bala "izinto eziguquguqukayo" maqondana ne "formula" esinikeze ngenhla, noma efana nayo, umtshali-zimali uzama, ahlaziye, okokuqala, imodeli yebhizinisi ehlongozwa yi-entrepreneur. Okusho ukuthi, ukutadisha ukuthi kube khona izixazululo ezikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngemali engenayo edingekayo ngesikhathi sokuthi umtshali-zimali namanye amaqembu athakazelisayo ajabule ngawo. Izimiso zokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali, ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zohwebo lwebhizinisi, zisekelwe ekusebenziseni izindlela ezikhethekile zokubala izinkomba ezibalulekile. Cabanga ngabo.

Ukubalwa kwezinkomba

Ngokwenzayo, ukubalwa kwezinkomba, njengombuso, kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokwehliswa. Lokhu kungukuthi, ubukhulu bezindleko ezilinganiselwe ezilinganiselwe zentengo kuthathwa noma, uma kufaneleka kakhulu ukusuka ekubukeni kwendlela yokwenza ibhizinisi, isivuno semakethe esijwayelekile semiklamo efanayo. Kunezindlela zokwehliswa ngokusekelwe kumanani ebhange. Okusho ukuthi inzuzo yephrojekthi iqhathaniswa, njengendlela yokukhethwa ngokubuyiswa kwemali efana nayo ebhange lokufaka imali. Ngokuvamile, izinkomba ezinjalo zokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali zibuye zibhekelele ekukhuleni kwamanani noma izinqubo ezihlobene nokubonisa ukwehliswa kwempahla ebaluleke kakhulu kumalimi.

Manje ake siphenduke emfundweni ukuze sizenze. Ake sicabangele ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwamaphrojekthi okutshala izimali kwenziwa kanjani ngokuhlaziya ezinye zezinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla. Ake siqale isikhathi sokubuyisela. Lokhu kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali. Uma, isibonelo, ezinye izindlela zezinkampani ezimbili eziqhathaniswa nazo zifana, ngakho-ke lokho okukhethwa kukho kuvame ukunikezwa lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali kuhamba khona ngokushesha "ku-zero".

Ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sokukhokha

Isikhathi esinikeziwe yisikhathi sesikhathi esiphakathi kokuqala kweprojekthi yebhizinisi (noma i-tranche yezimali ezitshala izimali zomtshali-zimali) nokulungisa umcimbi lapho inani eliphelele lemali enenzuzo elondoloziwe lilingana nenani lokutshala izimali. Abanye ochwepheshe bangezelela isimo esisodwa - isimo esichaza ibhizinisi esivela "kuya ku-zero" kufanele sibe nesimemezelo. Lokhu kungukuthi, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa emva kokuqala kwebhizinisi inzuzo eqoqiwe yalingana nokutshalwa kwezimali, futhi emva kwesikhathi izindleko ziphinde zidlule imali, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokubuyisela asizange sichazwe. Kodwa-ke, kukhona abahlaziyi abangacabangi ngalolu mgomo noma bazicabange ngohlaka lwefomula eziyinkimbinkimbi nenani elikhulu lemibandela.

Ngamaphi amacala umtshali-zimali athambekele ekwenzeni isinqumo esihle ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwesikhathi sokubuyisela? Ochwepheshe bathola amacala amabili amakhulu. Okokuqala, uma, mayelana nalesi sikhathi, inzuzo elingana noma efana nezinga elincane lokunciphisa isaphulelo lizokwamukelwa ngokushesha kunenyanga eziyi-12. Lokhu kungukuthi, ukukhulumisana okwesikhashana, uma izinyanga ezingu-10 zephrojekthi umtshali-zimali uzothola inzuzo ye-15%, elingana no-15% ngonyaka ngonyaka, uzokhetha ukutshala imali kule phrojekthi kunokuvula idiphozi ukuze atshale ezinye izinyanga ezimbili ekukhululweni kwezimali, Okuthile. Okwesibili, isinqumo sokutshala imali ebhizinisini singenziwa uma isitshalomali sithola isikhathi sokukhokha esamukelekayo, uma nje ukuhlolwa kobunzima komsebenzi wokutshala izimali kungabonakali izici ezingathinta ukwehla kwenzuzo. Amacala anjalo ayingqikithi yezomnotho nge-inflation ephansi kanye nokungazinzi okuphansi kwezinga lokushintshaniswa (futhi ngenxa yalokho, inzalo encane ebhange) - bese abatshalizimali bezimisele kakhulu ukucabangela ukutshala izimali ebhizinisini langempela, beka ukunakekelwa okukhulu hhayi kuphela ekuzuzeni inzuzo, kodwa nasezingcupheni.

Noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali, esekelwe kuphela esikhathini sokukhokha, ayanele. Ngokuyinhloko ngoba kulokhu inzuzo engayithola ngemuva kwemali engenayo izindleko ayicatshangelwa. Ngokukhulumisana, kungenzeka ukuthi umtshali-zimali, lapho ethole u-15% futhi ehoxisa imali, uzolahlekelwa ithuba lokuthola elinye i-30% ngonyaka ozayo.

Value Present Present

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, izinkomba zokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi okutshala izimali zifaka umgomo onjalo njengenani elikhona lenamanje. Umehluko phakathi kwenani lemali engenayo elilindelekile nobukhulu bokutshalwa kwezimali okuqala ebhizinisini. Lokhu kungukuthi, kubonisa ukuthi ingqikithi yenani lemali lingakhula. Umtshali-zimali uzokukhetha lokho okushiwo yi-project lapho inani lamanje lamanje elilingana nezinga elifanayo lezingozi kanye nesikhathi esifanayo kulindeleke ukuba liphakeme. Kulesi simo, isikhathi sokukhokha singase singacatshangwa nhlobo (nakuba lokhu kungenzeki kaningi).

Izinga langaphakathi lokubuyela

Izinkomba ezingenhla zokuhlolwa kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali zivame ukuxhaswa yilolu hlobo njengoba izinga lokubuyela ngaphakathi. Inzuzo enkulu yale thuluzi yukuthi inzuzo yomtshali-mali ingabalwa ngaphandle kokucabangela isilinganiso sesaphulelo. Lokhu kungenzeka kanjani? Udaba lokuthi uhlobo lwangaphakathi lokuzuzisa luyavumelana nokulingana nokulinganisa, kodwa ngaleyo ndlela ubukhulu bemali elandelwe kulindeleke buhambisane nobukhulu bezindlela ezifakiwe. Ngokushoyo, umtshali-zimali, ukutshala izimali eziyi-100 000 kulo msebenzi, angaqiniseka ukuthi okungenani uyothola inani elifanayo emva kwesikhathi esithile esithile, kanye "nokukhokha okuthe xaxa" okufanelana naye, ngokususelwa kwisilinganiso sokunciphisa esikhethiwe.

Isilinganiso esishintshiwe

Ukuhlolisisa ukukhangiswa kokutshalwa kweprojekthi kungabuye kwenezelwe ngumgomo njengokwenyuka kwezinga lokubuyiswa kwangaphakathi. Ingasetshenziswa uma, isibonelo, imali engenayo yamanje ingabonakali (ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sesaphulelo esikhethiwe), nakuba ezinye izinkomba zikhona. Isibonelo, izinga elijwayelekile lokubuyela ngaphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, ukukhuluma ngokwemvelo, utshalomali, ukutshala izimali eziyi-100 zamaRuble ngesikhathi esithile, abuyisela nge-premium engu-15% emva kwezinyanga ezingu-10 zebhizinisi, kodwa emva kwezinyanga ezingu-24 inzuzo yenkampani ingu-1-2%. Kulesi simo, kuyadingeka ukulungisa isivuno sangaphakathi, ngokusekelwe esikhathini lapho imali engenayo ingenele ukuhlangabezana nesilinganiso sezinga lesaphulelo, kuze kulungiswe ukulahleka kwenetha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi umtshali-zimali azi: mhlawumbe kungcono ukuthi atshale ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngemali yokukhokha kanye nenzalo ezinyangeni ezingu-10 futhi akhulise izinkulungwane ezingu-15 kunokufaka imali ekuhambeni kwezinyanga ezingu-24 futhi akhulise kuphela ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1-2 kuphela.

Inkomba yokuzuza

Ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali, njengomthetho, kuhilela ukufakwa ekuhlaziyweni komkhakha onjalo njengenkomba yenzuzo. Le parameter ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi kungakanani, ngokulinganayo, bonke abatshalizimali (noma kuphela uma yonke inhloko-dolobha yayo) izothola ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile esinqunyiwe, ngokususelwa kumthamo wokuqala wezimali eziqondisiwe.

Imigomo efanele

Ngenhla sibheke imigomo enengqondo, yokwenyuka lapho ukuhlolwa kwezimali komsebenzi wokutshala imali kungenziwa khona. Nokho, kukhona, futhi, nemigomo yemfanelo. Kunzima ukuveza ngezibalo (nakuba ngezinye izindlela, kungenzeka). Kodwa kaningi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuthi "amafomula", lapho imingcele efundwe yilezi zicatshangelwa. Iyiphi indlela esingayikhuluma ngayo? Ochwepheshe bathola isethi yabo elandelayo.

Okokuqala, iphrojekthi yebhizinisi efundwayo kufanele ibe nokulinganisela, kucabangele izimo zomgomo ezimakethe, ukuhlangabezana nemigomo ebekiwe. Okwesibili, izinhloso zomabhizinisi kanye nokulindela kufanele kube ngokwanele ezinsizakalweni ezitholakalayo - abasebenzi, impahla ehleliwe, imithombo yezimali. Okwesithathu, ukuhlolwa okubalulekile kwezingozi zeprojekthi yokutshala izimali kufanele kwenziwe ngezinga elifanele. Okwesine, lebhizinisi kufanele libale umthelela ongakwenzeka wokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zebhizinisi ezindaweni ezingezona ezoqoqosho - umphakathi, ezombangazwe ezingeni lesifunda noma kumasipala, ezemvelo, nokuhlaziya imiphumela yesithombe.

Izinzuzo zokuzuza

Eqinisweni, izinombolo ezifakwa endaweni "amafomula" zivela kuphi ukuze zithole imigomo enengqondo ngokubheka ukuthi ukukhangiswa kokutshalwa kwephrojekthi kungahlolwa kanjani? Kungaba nemithombo eminingi yedatha. Ake sizame ukunquma ukuthi imvelo yabo ingaba yini. Ochwepheshe bathola amaqembu amabili ayingxenye yezici ezithonya "eziguquguqukayo" ze "amafomula" ngokuphathelene nezinkomba ezizwakalayo-lezo ezithinta ubukhulu bezinzuzo nalabo okubiza ukuthi kuncike. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyahlukahluka njengoba nje into efanayo ingakunikela ngesikhathi esifanayo ekukhuleni kweholo elilodwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphoqa ibhizinisi elinye. Isibonelo esilula yizinga le-ruble. Ukukhula kwalo kunenzuzo kakhulu kwabathengisi - inzuzo yabo ngemali kazwelonke yaseRashiya iyakhula. Kanti, abathumeli kumele bahlawule ngokweqile. Ngaphandle kokuhweba kwemali, yiziphi ezinye izici ezingashiwo njengesibonelo?

Lokhu kungase kube ukwanda noma ukwehla kwamandla esigabeni esithile semakethe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imiqulu yokuthengisa izokhula noma iyancipha. Njengomthetho, lokhu kubangelwa ukuvela kwabadlali abasha embonini, ukuhlangana, ukuphazamiseka, njll, kwezinye izimo - inqubomgomo yombuso. Esinye isici ukukhula kwezindleko zenkampani ngenxa yezinkampani zokwehla kwamandla emali, izinguquko emakhakheni okuzinza kwabathengisi nabalingani. Esinye isibonelo umthelela wezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe - ukwethulwa kwamathuluzi athile okuthengisa noma ekukhiqizeni kungathinta kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwemali engenayo ebhizinisini. Njengomthetho, imishini emisha ihilela ukunciphisa umjikelezo wezobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo ungena emakethe ngokushesha. Ukulinganisa izindleko zeprojekthi yokutshalwa kwezimali ngezinga elingcono lokukhiqiza lingase liphakeme kunalokho okusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, okuyizinto ezithembekileyo, okunamandla kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuguquguquka kwezimpahla.

Izinqubo ezengeziwe

Kukhona nezinkomba zokuhlola amaphrojekthi okutshala izimali, okungekho ubuningi bezomnotho njengoba kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko kumigomo yokucwaninga. Lokhu kungukuthi, sifunda ukuthi inkampani ibhalisa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokubaluleka kwezimpahla ezihleliwe kuqhutshwa njalo, ukuthi umqulu ugeleza kanjani ngaphakathi kwenkampani kanye nezinhlangano zomlingani nezakhiwo zikahulumeni zenziwe ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho kwemiklamo yokutshala izimali ezingeni le-macro kungenzeka. Okusho ukuthi kukhona ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezithinta amathemba ebhizinisi, ngokusekelwe kokuhlanganiswa kwemakethe kazwelonke noma omhlaba wonke. Kwezinye izimo, izici ezithile zomthetho zicatshangelwa. Lokhu kungukuthi, uma, ngokwesibonelo, ezingeni lemithombo yomthetho ezingeni likahulumeni, ukulungiswa kwangasese kungenzeka esimweni somthetho wamasiko (isibonelo, ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwezimpahla ezivela phesheya), khona-ke umtshali-zimali angathola ukuthi akufanelekile ukutshala imali ebhizinisini elinjalo, naphezu kwalokhu Ukuthi izinkomba ezibalwa zokuzuza kanye nenzuzo zithembise kakhulu.

Ngeke kwenziwe kuphela ukuhlolwa kwezezimali komsebenzi wokutshala izimali, kodwa, isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kobuntu bomnikazi webhizinisi ezingeni lezokwelapha, izixhumanisi zalo, izincomo zabanye abadlali bemakethe. Okungenzeka uma kwenzeka umtshali-zimali enza isinqumo esekelwe ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu obhekwa njengomuntu ozobambisana nabalingani bebhizinisi.

Kungenzeka nokuthi amathemba okutshala izimali azohlolwa ngokusekelwe ezincomeni zabanye abahlanganyeli bemakethe, izilinganiso zemboni, imvamisa yokuba khona kwezimpawu zenkampani kanye nabenkampani kumaphephandaba. Uma kungumbuzo wezimboni ezinkulu - umtshali-zimali, njengombuso, usebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe yokuhlola iphrojekthi yokutshala izimali.