Uhlelo zokuphefumula: the nokwakheka kwezitho. Pleura - kuyinto ... Pleural ingaphakathi ukukhanya

Njengoba wazi, ngaphandle komoya umuntu akakwazi ukwenza imizuzu engaphezu kwemithathu. Ngalesi-mpilo esitokisini, ziyoncibilika igazi, batholelwe mpilo, futhi kuza ngenxa yendlala zobuchopho, okuyinto kubonakala nakwisyncope, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu - ikhoma ngisho nokufa. Yiqiniso, abaqeqeshiwe ngendlela abantu abathile bakwazi ukuthi banwebe isikhathi airless amaminithi abafinyelela kwabahlanu, eziyisikhombisa, noma ngisho eziyishumi, kodwa umuntu ovamile akunakwenzeka ukuba namandla okuwunikela. izinqubo umzimba okwenzeka emzimbeni, adinga ukuphakelwa njalo izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo, futhi lo msebenzi ukusingatha kahle umgudu wokuphefumula.

izigaba ukuphefumula

Oxygen exchange phakathi umzimba kanye imvelo senzeka ngezigaba ezine:

1. Air kusuka imvelo bangaphandle lingena emaphashini futhi igcwalise konke isikhala esitholakalayo.
2. Diffusion amagesi, kuhlanganise nomoya-mpilo, ngaphesheya odongeni alveoli (yamaphaphu iyunithi kwesakhiwo) egazini.
3. I-hemoglobin kuqukethwe abomvu egazi ashaye oluhlanganisa kakhulu oxygen futhi uyazifeza ke wonke umzimba. A amancane okuyingxenye ancibilikisa egazini zinjalo.
4. Oxygen eshiya hemoglobin nemisho lemagalagala sidlula odongeni uyisitsha amaseli izicubu kanye izitho.

Qaphela ukuthi kule nqubo ihilela kuphela umgudu wokuphefumula lapho besanda kuqala, lonke kuncike uhlobo ukugeleza kwegazi, impahla yayo, futhi ezingeni kwezicubu umzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaphu kukhona ahileleke ukushisa exchange, excretion of ezinobuthi, ukwakheka izwi.

nokwakheka

Yonke imigudu yokuphefumula kuhlukaniswe ezimbili, kuncike isikhundla isihlobo kwezitho.

umgudu Upper aqukethe acinene futhi izimbotshana temlomo, nasopharynx, oropharynx, emphinjeni kanye pharynx. Futhi esikhathini esiningi ukumela umgodi ezakhiwe ezindongeni amathambo skull noma zezinzwa musculo-skeleton.

Lower ipheshana zokuphefumula kuhlanganisa amalaka, kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi. Alveoli kule ngezigaba akufakiwe, njengoba ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye parenchyma wamaphaphu engxenyeni esibulalayo of the amashubhu bronchial kanyekanye.

Kafushane mayelana ngamunye iyunithi ephambili we ipheshana zokuphefumula.

ingaphakathi acinene

It imfundo osteochondral, esemgwaqweni ngezihluthu Yekhanda. Siqukethe izimbotshana ezimbili ze-non-yokuxhumana (sokunene nesobunxele) kanye ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwabo esakha Yiqiniso tortuous. Ngaphakathi ingaphakathi acinene embozwe ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, kokuba inqwaba yegazi. Lesi sici sikusiza ukuba nomusa emoyeni ogeleza inqubo lapho ephefumula. Futhi khona cilia encane ukuhlunga uthuli ezinkulu, impova nezinye udoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba umgodi acinene kusiza umuntu ukuhlukanisa iphunga.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, emphinjeni kanye pharynx ngezamadodana ukudlula umoya sekuqala ukufudumala ku amalaka. Isakhiwo elingenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula izitho kuyinto eduze okuhlobene anatomy Yekhanda futhi cishe ngokuphelele phinde it Uhlaka zemisipha.

umphimbo

amafomu Human Voice ngqo amalaka. Kwakulapho elise yezwi kuthiwa isixwayisi ngesikhathi therethrough ukudlula komoya. Lokhu kufana string, kodwa ngenxa izici of isakhiwo (ubude, ukujiya), amakhono abo akugcini ithoni olulodwa. izwi Linikeza is iyakhula ngenxa budebuduze izimbotshana intracranial noma sinuses, onikeza impendulo ethile. Kodwa izwi - ke abuzange. Isho umsindo kuphela aba khona uma uphonsa esihlelwe operation lwazo zonke izinto ephambili ye elingenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula nesimiso sezinzwa.

I uqhoqhoqho noma umphimbo, kuyinto tube okuyinto kulolu hlangothi siqukethe uqwanga, kanye nezinye - of nemisipha. ubude bayo - eziyishumi nanhlanu ngamasentimitha. Ezingeni owesihlanu vertebra thoracic sehlukaniswe bronchi ezimbili eziyinhloko: kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Isakhiwo izitho zokuphefumula ephansi ikakhulu emelelwa uqwanga, obuhlanganisa ukwakha tube, ukuhlinzeka emoyeni kuze parenchyma ukujula wamaphaphu.

Ukuhlukana umgudu wokuphefumula

Pleura - igobolondo mncane yangaphandle yokukhanya, emelelwa izicubu serous zezinzwa. Ngaphandle, kungaba uthathwe enamathela brilliant avikelayo, futhi akusiyo ikude iqiniso. Ihlanganisa izibilini bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi itholakala phezu kwangaphakathi kwesifuba. Anatomically ezimbili pleural ovelele: omunye ihlanganisa ukukhanya ngokwawo, futhi ezinye imigqa ingaphakathi ngalo ingaphakathi esifubeni.

ungqimba visceral

Lokho ingxenye igobolondo okuyinto phezu kwezitho zangaphakathi libizwa pleura visceral noma yamaphaphu. It is ngokuqinile soldered kuya parenchyma (isisindo langempela) kwamaphaphu, futhi kungenziwa kuphela ahlukaniswe ukuhlinzwa. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa le sisondelene, futhi ukuphindaphindwa zonke wabuka umzimba kungenziwa imisele uhlukanisa ukukhanya libe izabelo waqonda. Lezi zingxenye abizwa ngokuthi hhayi kuphela njengoba interlobar pleura. Coming ngokusebenzisa bonke ubuso emaphashini, i-ezicutshini ezizungezile impande yamaphaphu, ukuvikela ilungu lezitsha zalo, imizwa kanye bronchus enkulu, bese ihamba odongeni esifubeni.

parietal leaf

Kusukela endaweni sokushintshela, ucezu ezicutshini ibizwa ngokuthi "parietal, futhi parietal pleura." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okunamathiselwe ke manje hhayi parenchyma wamaphaphu futhi izimbambo, imisipha intercostal futhi fascia yabo futhi diaphragm. Isici esibalulekile ubhekwa yokuthi kulo lonke serosa uhlala wonke, naphezu umehluko amagama kwendawo. Anatomy for kanjalo kubeka isimo sabo ukuhlukanisa costal, diaphragmatic neminyango mediastinal, njengengxenye pleura phezu phezulu wamaphaphu ibizwa ngokuthi Dome.

ingaphakathi

Phakathi ezimbili amaphepha pleura Kunegebe ezincane (hhayi okweshumi kasikhombisa ukwedlula we milimitha), lokhu ngalo ingaphakathi pleural ka emaphashini. Ligcwele imfihlo okudala ngqo serosa. Ngo umuntu evamile enempilo ukhiqiza nsuku kuphela namamililitha ambalwa ketshezi. uketshezi Pleural kuyadingeka ukukwehlisela amandla ukungqubuzana phakathi amashidi sezicubu zezinzwa ngesikhathi ukuphefumula.

isimo sokugembula

Ngokuyinhloko izifo pleural kukhona ukuvuvukala ngokwemvelo. Njengomthetho, kuba kunalokho kwetintfo kuka isifo ezimele, njengoba umthetho, kubhekwa odokotela ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izimpawu zokwelashwa. TB - yingalesosizathu ezivamile kungani pleura avuvukele. Lesifo kangaka labantu. In the version zakudala we ukutheleleka okuyisisekelo kwenzeka ukudlula emaphashini. Isakhiwo umgudu wokuphefumula okubangela ukuvuvukala yoguquko kanye umsunguli we parenchyma ku serosa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho sofuba Kubasunguli ukuvuvukala pleura kungenzeka neoplastic, izinqubo sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba, komzimba, i-pneumonia, kubangelwa Streptococcus, Staphylococcus nokulimala pyogenic flora.

Pleurisy ngokwemvelo eyomile (fibrinous) kanye exudative (exudative).

ukuvuvukala ezomile

Kulokhu, lo vasculature ngaphakathi zezinzwa amashidi ichichima exuded therefrom imali ezincane okusamanzi. It folds phakathi komgodi pleural futhi yakha uquqaba obukhulu zazo imali kwi ephashini. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kulokhu kuhlasela eziningi kangaka ukuthi akhiwa kalula emhlabeni igobolondo kanzima, okuyinto kuvimbela umuntu ukuba ngiphefumule. Lokhu inkinga ukulungiswa ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa engenakwenzeka.

ukuvuvukala exudative

Uma uketshezi pleural ikhiqizwa ngamanani amakhulu, bese omunye ukhuluma effusion pleural. Ke, ngesikhathi, ihlukaniswe serous, oluhambisana futhi ubovu. Konke kuncike uhlobo ketshezi, esemgwaqweni phakathi zezinzwa izicubu amashidi.

Uma ketshezi kucacile noma kancane hazy, ophuzi - kuba effusion serous. Iqukethe amaningi futhi esincane kwamanye amangqamuzana. Kungaba kuze kube sezingeni lokuba ayizwayo yonke esifubeni ingaphakathi, ukugxisha izitho umgudu wokuphefumula futhi kuphazamisa umsebenzi wabo.

Uma udokotela wabona ngesikhathi wokubhoboza zokuxilonga, kwalelo bhokisi uketshezi libomvu, kusho ukuthi kukhona ukulimala bomkhumbi. izizathu ezahlukene: ovela isilonda ezijulile ukwa avaliwe izimbambo ne displacement izinsalela zigcwale amanzi tuberculous wamaphaphu izicubu ingaphakathi.

Ukuba khona exudate in a inqwaba amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kwenza kube namafu, nge Tint ophuzi. Lokhu ubomvu, okusho ukuthi isiguli isifo esibangelwe igciwane nge eziyingozi. Ubovu pleurisy ngenye ngokuthi empyema. Ngezinye izikhathi ekuqongeleleni uketshezi ukuvuvukala futhi unike inkinga ku imisipha yenhliziyo, okubangela pericarditis.

Njengoba singabona, umgudu wokuphefumula siqukethe hhayi kuphela yamaphaphu. Lihlanganisa ekhaleni nomlomo, pharynx futhi amalaka ngezintambo, kuqhoqhoqho, bronchi, amaphaphu, Yiqiniso, pleura. Lena isitho eziyinkimbinkimbi, nesebenzela ngokushelela, ngokuletha oxygen umzimba kanye nezinye amagesi emoyeni. Ukuze alondoloze lokhu indlela ukuze, kuzomele alandele njalo esifubeni X-ray, ukugwema izifo sibi zokuphefumula, futhi njalo ukuthuthukisa amasosha omzimba wabo. Khona-ke, umthelela ongemuhle imvelo buzoba buncane ezithinta umsebenzi zokuphefumula.