Ubuthi - ke ... Incazelo, ngezigaba, izimbangela, ukwelashwa, imiphumela

Lapho udle ubuthi kukhona ukwephula nokusebenza kwezitho zawo, okungaba kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina. Ubuthi - kokunikezwa kwe-imisebenzi ebalulekile zomzimba ngenxa ukuxhumana ezinobuthi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona usongo lwezempilo ngisho nokuphila. Ubuthi - okuyinto njalo empilweni yesimanje. Futhi awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi nethuba ngokushesha uthole kudokotela. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi izimpawu ubuthi kanye nezimiso usizo lokuqala.

Izizathu nokudlanga ubuthi

Le nkinga sekuneminyaka ngaso sonke isikhathi: umuntu ayengakwenza amakhowe ngephutha okubulalayo noma i-carbon monoxide, kanye isisebenzi - ekukhiqizeni chemical enobungozi. Namuhla, Nokho-chemistry ngokwayo siqine ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi amathuba ubuthi liye landa izikhathi eziningi nge inani amakhemikhali yasendlini. Ukusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ekuphileni kwansuku zonke sekuvame ukuze abantu musa noma ucabange mayelana nokungaba yingozi yalezi insipho amalungiselelo ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali zezitshalo noma inkathazo isinambuzane. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi izinto zigcinwa endlini ezindaweni kalula izingane. Ezinye zazo manje abanalo iphunga, ezifana dichlorvos, esetshenziswa njengoba ikhambi for izimpukane.

Ingozi efanayo ukusebenzisa nenza amalungiselelo wezokwelapha. Kunzima uzulazule yebanga elikhulu izidakamizwa itholakale njengamanje, futhi ngamunye kubo has imiphumela engemihle, okuyizinto incike kumuntu. Imithi kufanele aqoke kudorhodere emva okuyikona, okungadingi njalo empeleni.

systematics ubuthi

Standard Ukwahlukanisa ubuthi ingemukelwa ngenxa ezihlukahlukene ezinobuthi, imvelaphi yabo kanye nokusungulwa zamakhemikhali, le nqubo wabe umzimba kanye lo mshini wezenzo, kobukhulu nokunye. izimpawu Ukuhamba futhi ancike uhlobo ubuthi, kodwa kukhona izici ezivamile, okuyinto ungafaka lomkhuba zokudakwa, - isicanucanu, uhudo, ukuhlanza, futhi izinga lokushisa kanye nabanye. Ngo indlela umzimba olungenayo avelele:

• imuncwe - ukulethwa ubuthi ngesikhathi ukuphefumula;
• ngomlomo, uma ezinobuthi babe ngomlomo;
• percutaneous, ukungena ubuthi ezimbotsheni zesikhumba noma izilonda;
• umjovo.

Ngu ubunjalo umthelela ubuthi emzimbeni yilezi:

• ubuthi acute, izimpawu impendulo evelele zomzimba ne isenzo ubuthi olulodwa;
• subacute ubuthi nge izimpawu kancane ezinzima futhi ezenzeka sebuningini ukuxhumana izinto elimazayo;
• hyperacute, umphumela yabo ukufa isisulu;
• ubuthi ezingamahlalakhona zenzeka ngenkathi kancane kancane ushevu umzimba ifika ngemithamo emincane futhi ungenayo i-izimpawu ngokwanele libizwa.

Ngokusho izinhlobo ezinobuthi ushevu zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana.

Ushevu ne-carbon monoxide negesi ukhanyisa

I-carbon monoxide ibizwa ngokuthi i-carbon monoxide - gas Ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga, ebheka ingozi yayo extreme - umuntu akusho ngisho uzizwe ubuthi igesi, ngenkathi ngokushesha uqala umsebenzi yayo ebulalayo. I-carbon monoxide sibopha-mpilo okuningi ngokushesha okuningi nge-hemoglobin ukwakha carboxyhemoglobin, ivimbela umoya-mpilo emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Ngu sesibopho ukuthobisa iprotheni we imisipha yenhliziyo, i-carbon monoxide kuvimbela umsebenzi inhliziyo futhi iqhaza yayo oxidative izinqubo emzimbeni kwephula esele kwamakhemikhali.

Ukhanyisa igesi inhlanganisela igesi ezivuthayo owakhiwa ikakhulukazi e-hydrogen ne-methane admixture ne-carbon monoxide kuze kufinyelele 8-14%. Kumiswa It is ekukhiqizeni uwoyela noma amalahle ukugaywa. Ukhanyisa igesi ngaphambi kokuqala egumbini ovuthayo leminyaka elidlule. Iphinde isetshenziselwe uphethiloli. Emithonjeni ezinobuthi okuyizinto-carbon monoxide, kungaba:

• imililo emikhulu;
• ukukhiqizwa, lapho i-carbon monoxide iqhaza zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo;
• qeda amagesi emigwaqweni;
• izindawo gasified umoya abampofu;
• ezifuywayo, okugeza izitofu kanye fireplaces elinamakholomu avaliwe.

igesi elinobuthi ngokushesha kubangele ubuhlungu bekhanda. ubuthi Sinzima kungaphumela ekufeni. Ngenxa PMP ngoba ubuthi kudingeka ngokushesha ukuletha umuntu umoya opholile kanye nokuphumula ukubiza i-ambulensi, futhi uma kudingeka, ukwenza umuntu afakwe emishinini yokuphefumula.

ukudla okunobuthi

Lezi zihlanganisa eziningi izifo ukuthi zinezikhathi izici ezivamile:

• ukuqala okungazelelwe ne-acute lesi sifo;
• ubudlelwano phakathi nesenzakalo lesi sifo futhi ukusetshenziswa umkhiqizo othize;
• akukho izimpawu nobuntu ukutheleleka;
• ukuthuthukiswa lesi sifo ngesikhathi esifanayo iqembu labantu;
• isikhathi esincane isikhathi sokuphumula lesi sifo.

Ngakho, ukudla okunobuthi - ngokuvamile akuyona isifo oyingozi esithathelwanayo esibangelwa umkhiqizo oqukethe into enobuthi. Ukudla ushevu ngo umsuka zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:

• microbial kuphakama at ukusetshenziswa imikhiqizo equkethe nezilwanyana ezincane noma ubuthi babo;
• non-microbial kubangelwa izitshalo noma izilwane, ezinobuthi ngokwemvelo, noma kwezinye izimo;
• ukudla okunobuthi bemvelo engaziwa.

Izimpawu ze-imvelaphi, kungakhathalekile ubunjalo ushevu avele Ukugodola, ubuthakathaka, ukuhlanza, imfiva, uhudo.

izinyathelo zosizo ukudla ukudla okunoshevu

Ubunjalo ukuphathwa ukudla ukudla okunoshevu kuxhomeke endleleni ngokushesha nangokunembile ukuhlolelwa lesi sifo futhi izinyathelo zokuqala Benziwe. Ngokuvamile bephathwa ekhaya. Ngezinye izimpawu zokuqala ukugula kufanele kube isisu sikhanyise. Uma ubuthi omdala, kudingeka baphuze mayelana ezimbili amalitha isixazululo alulaze potassium permanganate noma isixazululo of baking soda ukuze abangele ukuhlanza futhi isisu ahlanzekile. Ukuze ukumuncwa kwadingeka isikhathi ugxile esiswini odongeni ubuthi nesineke kufanele unike carbon isebenze. Uhudo kunobungozi zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ngakho udinga phuza uketshezi. Uma izinga lokushisa ongawi phansi, kanye nesifo sohudo kanye nokubuyisa uqhubeke, udinga ukuthatha isiguli udokotela.

Libhekisela ukudla okunobuthi kanye botulism, elibangela ukulimala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Uphawu lokuqala - ubuthakathaka jikelele nesiyezi, kanye ukuvuvukala, uhudo, nakuba kungekho lokushisa evamile. Uma kungenjalo ngokushesha ukunikeza usizo, lesi sifo bachubeka ngokushesha futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kungaholela ekufeni. First Aid (PMP) lapho ubuthi kuyafana nganoma yisiphi ubuthi ukudla. Nokho, isiguli Kufanele ufake serum ekhethekile ngokumelene botulism, ngakho-ke kufanele ngokushesha ayiswe esibhedlela.

ubuthi-zinambuzane

Namuhla izinto ziyafana nangaleso izindlela okwandile ukhula ukulawula, izinambuzane, namagundane, ezisetshenziswa ukulima ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lezi izinto ahambisana yokusetshenziswa, okuyinto uchaza imithetho yokugcina yabo kanye nokusetshenziswa. Nokho, ukwephulwa esihleliwe imithetho, ukubonakaliswa ukunganaki uma usebenza nabo ngezikhathi kuholele ubuthi ezinzima emsebenzini nasekhaya, lapho imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eziyingozi zivame egcinwe endlini bengabheki mayelana amathuba kuletha imiphumela emibi.

Zinambuzane kukhona organic chlorine ezibangela, i-phosphorus, i-mercury, compounds ithusi noma amagama ahlobene of carbamic acid. Lezi izinto kungathinta izibilini ezihlukahlukene izindlela, kodwa, noma kunjalo, imiphumela iyoba nzima kakhulu. ubuthi Chemical kunikeza lezi izimpawu zokuqala njengoba ukujuluka, amathe ngokweqile, ukungahlaliseki. Abakwazi ke ungene Ukudlikizela, ukuhlanza. Isisulu kufanele ubonane nodokotela masinyane, kanti ngaphambi kwalokho ukunikeza izinyathelo zosizo lokuqala. Uma ushevu uthola esikhunjeni, geza endaweni ngamanzi. Ngemva contact kanye nesihlungu ngaphakathi emzimbeni kumele bente lavage esiswini (nge ngalo mbandela wokuba leyo umuntu ezazi). I nesisu zihlanzwe enemas. A ushevu ukuvimbela ukumuncwa ku umzimba kumele anikeze sorbents abathintekayo - carbon ocushiwe futhi impahla esigubuzele, isib, "Almagel" e ukungezwakali kwawo - isitashi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho iwukudambisa ushevu izinyathelo okumelwe uzithathe kakade esibhedlela, njengoba isisulu kuyadingeka ukuze ufake ikhambi, ekukhethweni zazo lincike ohlotsheni ejenti zamakhemikhali. Chemical ubuthi - into kuyingozi kakhulu, ngakho lapho esebenza izibulala-zinambuzane akufanele bayakhohlwa imithetho ukuphepha kanye izinto zokuzivikela.

ubuthi acid

Uma isikhumba ingcoliswe, kubalulekile ngokushesha ukuyihlanza ngamanzi abandayo. Lapho udle ezishile acid kwenzeka mucosa ngomlomo, amalaka, esiswini, futhi uma kukhona ubuhlungu oyingozi. Yini ngokuvamile kwenzeka ushevu amaphesenti angu-80 acetic acid kabani izimpawu izwi siplost, edema yamaphaphu futhi dyspnea. Ngaphezu esivuthayo esikuthola izidakamizwa ezinobuthi kanye nomthelela izitho zangaphakathi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu avele ukuhlanza futhi imfiva, ubuhlungu acute esiswini, okungase kubangele ukushaqeka, kukhona ingozi ukwehluleka kwezinso nokufa.

Zosizo lokuqala izinyathelo isisulu ngaphambi kokufika ambulensi zimi lavage esiswini. Ngokucophelela, izingxenyana ezincane ukuze amnike ukuphuza amanzi abandayo, ungase futhi zigwinye ice yizicucu amancane, wambeka phezu esiswini sakhe. Thela esiswini kungaba ubisi noma amanzi nge amaqanda qanda - ilitha ubisi ngamunye kufanele kungezwe amaprotheni nambili. Ifanele egeza ezimbili amaphesenti magnesia slurry, kodwa noma kunjalo abakwazi ukunikeza isixazululo of baking soda - phakathi acid soda chemical yokusabela kwenzeka lapho kumiswa amagesi, okuyinto ingcindezi obonakele odongeni esiswini kungadala ngisho yona ukudabuka.

ubuthi alkalis

Lapho ushevu ne alikhali livela ukoma ngokweqile, amathe ngokweqile nokuhlanza. Njengoba abe nesikhundla esithe xaxa angena, kushe futhi uba namandla ezijulile. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungase kwenzeke isisu ukopha noma ukungasebenzi kwezinso. Lapho ammonia ubuthi Ungase futhi zenzeka umonakalo umgudu kanye edema ngenxa yalokho yamaphaphu. Ukunikeza usizo uma ushevu ne alikhali kuyinto lavage esiswini ngokuba namanzi amaningi. Olunye usizo kungaba udokotela, ngakho ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kuyadingeka ukuletha abalimele esibhedlela. Ezimweni umile Kwenziwa esebenzisa ukugeza uphenyo nge amanzi noma ubisi nge amaqanda qanda. Lolu hlelo neutralized nge alikhali. It kungenziwa wageza futhi nezixazululo ezibuthakathaka citric noma acetic acid.

ubuthi by izidakamizwa

Izidakamizwa eklanyelwe ukwelapha lesi sifo futhi ubuyisele impilo yabantu, ungakwazi ngokwabo kubangele ukudakwa ezinzima. Ubuthi lokho kwenzeka, uma umuntu lidlule umthamo kuboniswa udokotela, noma imithi okuxubile. Ngokuvamile abantu baqale self-ukuphatha izidakamizwa, wahlanganyela self-medicate. Kwenzeka ukuthi izidakamizwa inika aphendule ngamazwi aqatha nomzimba.

Kuzo zonke lezi zimo zenzeka ukudakwa acute, kobukhulu kanye nemiphumela okuyinto sincike uhlobo imithi, isimo impilo isisulu, umthamo kanye nesikhathi ukuchayeka into emzimbeni. Eyokuqala izimpawu ubuthi kukhona isiyezi, ubuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza okungapheli kanye nemfiva. Khona-ke yisisu kungaba uqale, nokulahlekelwa ukwazi, ngemva kwalokho isimo lohlaselwayo iyovele ibhebhetheke, kungase kube nemiphumela engahlosiwe.

Impendulo umbuzo yini okumele uyenze uma anobuthi izidakamizwa incike ketshezi esebenzayo, labo ababebanga ukuba ubuthi, kuyindlela yokuvimbela iyadingeka. Usizo lwabezokwelapha kungaba udokotela, ngakho-ke, kudingeka ngokushesha shayela i-ambulense. Nokho, kungaba ezinye izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezithathwe ngaphambi ukufika kwalo:

• uma ubuthi, kubalulekile ukunikeza isiguli baphuze izingilazi ezimbalwa amanzi afudumele;
• It is eyayenziwe ntombazane ukuhlanza;
• uma kudingeka, kufanele okuphindaphindiwe lavage esiswini;
• emva ekuhlanzeni esiswini kuyadingeka ukuze linike isisulu amaphilisi ambalwa namalahle isebenze;
• kufanele inikwe ethintekile ukuphuza ngokweqile kungaba isixazululo ezimbili amaphesenti baking soda.

Udokotela kufanele ngokuthi, ngisho noma kubonakala sengathi ubuthi lula, ngoba isimo isisulu singazelele ukuwohloka ngqo.

utshwala ubuthi

Utshwala ubuthi - umphumela enobuthi emzimbeni ka ETHYL utshwala kanye nemikhiqizo yayo ukuphuka. Angabulala nezinye alcohols - methyl, isopropyl nezinye, okuyinto zinobuthi anamandla, kodwa kuyoba ubuthi zamakhemikhali. Ethanol ukudakwa kwenzeka kancane kancane lokuhlushwa yayo emzimbeni, futhi ekhaya ukunquma degree of kobukhulu akakwazi, Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile uholwe izigaba womuntu zokudakwa, okuyizinto abathathu.

1. Isigaba sokuqala libhekene ukudakwa lula, lapho lotshwala ETHYL egazini ifinyelela amaphesenti amabili. Noma kunjalo, izimpawu sobala kokuqala utshwala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko - kukhona kwesasa, abafundi osuke usuvulekile, futhi uthola kancane iyadida.
2. Isigaba sesibili iqala lapho emibili kuya kwemithathu amaphesenti okuqukethwe Ethanol egazini. Man akuseyona uyakwazi ukulawula inkulumo yakhe kanye nokunyakaza, futhi ekuseni azizwa isicanucanu, ubuthakathaka kanye nezinye izimpawu ubuthi, kuhlanganise ukuhlanza.
3. isigaba Okwesithathu - olusindayo, emakamu utshwala egazini iba amaphesenti ephakeme kunaleyo ezintathu, okungase kuholele ekubeni uthunyelelwe anobuthi yingozi. Kuleli zinga, kungenzeka nokuvaleka kwemigudu yokuphefumula, ukuquleka, kuze ukuboshwa inhliziyo. Konke kuncike inani utshwala idliwe umzimba ozivikela.

Utshwala ukudakwa - Kuyaziwa kakhulu, futhi bonke abantu kufanele bazi ukuthi yini okumele uyenze uma anobuthi ne ethanol. Uma isimo kobukhulu ngokulinganisela, kubalulekile ntombazane ukuhlanza bese iphume esiswini ngokuba namanzi amaningi ahlanzekile ngaphandle manganese noma isiphuzo. Ngemva kwalokho kufanele uthathe noma sorbents - kungaba amaphilisi amaningana amalahle.

Ngo ubuthi ezinzima izinyathelo zosizo kuzohluka ngokuphelele - noma kunjalo, musa ukubanga ukuhlanza ukuba isisulu kuminze, futhi kungenzeka lavage esiswini. Kuyaphuthuma ukubiza i-ambulensi, inqobo nje uma kuziwa, ukuhlinzeka zonke usizo kungenzeka isiguli - usibeke ezinsikeni zawo nokuhlanza emlonyeni ngamathe, isikhwehlela, uma kunesidingo, ukunikeza umuntu afakwe emishinini yokuphefumula. Ezinye izenzo ezidingekayo engenziwa kuphela esibhedlela.

Iningi ubuthi kungenxa sengqondo sokungakunaki izidingo isitoreji noma ukusetshenziswa ezintweni ezahlukene enobuthi noma ukuhambisana namazinga sanitary imikhiqizo ukudla. Ukuvimbela ushevu, kubalulekile kuqala yonke imfundo ezempilo ukulawula ukuqaliswa imithetho yenhlanzeko.