U-Ivan Fedorov Isikhumbuzo eMoscow. Incazelo lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fedorovu

Wadala ngo-1909, lesikhumbuzo sekuphindze sibe ngemahlahlandlela letinye Fedorov - kungenye Luhambo eMoscow, lapho amakhulu izivakashi nezakhamuzi ithunyelwa nsuku zonke.

Ivan Fyodorov

U-Ivan Fedorov kwaba ungowokuzalwa Empire Russian. Nakuba wazalwa endaweni eMoscow yesimanje , cishe konke ukuphila kwakhe ayihlala emazweni Grand Duchy of eLithuania nase-Ukraine, e Lviv, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyingxenye ye-sifundazwe Russian kanye Commonwealth. Kwaphela isikhathi eside wasebenza ukushicilela indlu eMoscow, uvule imali yenkosi, edume Ivan Fyodorov, iphrinta kuqala. lesikhumbuzo lakhe ekuqaleni eyakhelwe eduze isakhiwo.

Noma kunjalo, kubhekwa umsunguli wokunyathelisa. I-Russian umbuso inkathi u-Ivan IV okokuqala wanyathelisa incwadi yenkolo, "Umphostoli." It Fedorov kungokwalabo wokuqala emlandweni endlini ke sibeke kokuphrinta.

Wazalelwa isazi ephakathi kwengu-1510 futhi 1530. Kukhona inguqulo kosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe ngo ensimini Vileyka wesifunda, Minsk esifundeni.

Ngakho-ke, namuhla izinkumbulo kufushane kakhulu. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuphila Fedorov ukuthi wafundiswa e Krakow, wayesemshadweni ngolunye usuku impohlo. I-City University ine nerekhodi lakho.

Ekuqaleni wazimisela azinikele enkonzweni kaNkulunkulu futhi kubhekwe idikoni esontweni St Nicholas ezibiyele Gostunskii.

imisebenzi Ukushintsha

Lokho Fedorov wasebenza Ukuphrinta egcekeni u-Ivan IV, idatha kungukuthi walondoloza ngoyebo. Yena udumo ukushicilelwa amapheshana ambalwa engaziwa ekhishwe eMoscow.

Uqinisile unyaka owodwa 1563 ku 1564 wasebenza Fedorov ne umsizi wakhe Petrom Mstislavtsem kwethi "Umphostoli". Kule ncwadi, lo wokuqala ukubeka isitembu wakhe Ivan Fedorov. lesikhumbuzo lakhe limelela ekhasini lokuqala "Umphostoli." Ngemva konyaka, iphrinta kuqala ishicilela incwadi entsha - ". Breviary"

Ukuphila eLithuania nase-Ukraine

Ngemva kokuhlaselwa boyars printshop Fedorov nomngane wakhe sebehamba Duchy of Lithuania. Kube bahlala Chodkiewicz, Hetman yaseLithuania, futhi iqale ukusebenza naye. Getman wathenga futhi ngavula indawo endlini ukuphrinta ngabo.

I izindlu eduka, futhi zikuphi, kukhona incwadi "ukufundisa ivangeli" futhi "Psalter nge Chasoslovtsem". Eyesibili hlobo "Umphostoli" Fedorov mikhondo kakade e Lviv. Ukuze le ncwadi, wabhala nokushicilela yakhe yokukhuluma ezethula. Ngesikhathi isimemo siqu ePrince of Lase-Ostrog ixazululwe iminyaka eminingi kuleli dolobha, lapho ishicilela sokuqala seBhayibheli yomhlaba LamaKatolika. Ngathola isikhathi uvakashela eVienna futhi Krakow. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, mina kwakuhambisana izinkanyiso laseYurophu yesayensi.

Washona e Lviv, lapho wangcwatshwa.

ukuphrinta

Njengesikhonzi-Church of the ekilasini ephansi, Ivan Fedorov ukukhetha ukuphrinta ezivamile ngaleso wemibhalo yenkolo isikhathi. Waphinde wanyathelisa izincwadi eziningana yolimi ukuze abantu bafunde ukufunda nokubhala.

Leyo mikhumbi lokuqala babenzelwa izincwadi cishe ezindinganisweni yesimanje. Umbhalo ekhasini elilodwa ibekwe imigqa amabili nanhlanu. Ziyakwazi kucishe A4 format yesimanje. Incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa has izihloko wasezansi, nezinkomba ngisho umbhalo ongezansi futhi umbhalo ongenhla imfashini ngaleso sikhathi e-Europe. Bathatha phezu futhi kukhona Ivan Fedorov. lesikhumbuzo wakhe ubonisa umqulu ne izinhlamvu ezifanayo.

imibala emibili yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi zokunyathelisa. Ngaphambi kunyatheliswa incwadi kwadingeka ukuba ufunde ngokucophelela umbhalo, ukulungisa amaphutha, ukushintsha ezinye izifenqo. isahluko iphayona ngalinye elisha ehlotshiswe ezimfishane yasekuqaleni futhi amafonti zokuhlobisa.

umshini

Ngalolu ithuluzi ziyaphawuleka, kulandele imini nobusuku ngasebenza Fedorov, cishe akukho idatha. Ngemva kokufa umshicileli uhlala kuphela incazelo yokuthi yini kwaba kuso. Wabekwa oluqanjwe ubuchwepheshe Italy. Ukuze kwakhe kuhamba ukuhlabana izingxenye lokhuni. Izincwadi ezabhalelwa iphepha sicindezelwe ngokusebenzisa ipuleti, ithusi ezinkulu isikulufa bendiza. Kwatholakala endaweni efanayo kanye uzimele izinhlamvu. Umshini kuhlaziywe cishe 104 kilograms. Zisetshenziswa kalula Ivan Fedorov. Itshe lesikhumbuzo okubonisa umshini i umbono lekhulisiwe.

History of the lesikhumbuzo

Kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abhebhezela inkumbulo okukhulu Ivan Fedorov, baqala ukuqoqa ngo-1870. Initiators kombuthano babe abameleli eMoscow Archaeological Union. Nakuba imali futhi yahlanganiswa kunalokho ngokushesha, umbuzo ukuthi ngubani sizosebenza ebaziwe, lisavuliwe.

Isikhumbuzo ukuze Ivan Fedorov, lapho iphayona kusobala ukuphakama kwakhe okugcwele, yasungulwa ngo-1909. Imali ke eqoqwe engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo kwathiwa eqoqwe ruble 29 000, i-sum engakaze ibonwe ngaleso sikhathi. Umncintiswano abaklami Okugweda okokuqala kuhlulekile. IKhomishana akawuthandi iyiphi inketho ezihlongozwayo imisebenzi.

Ngemva ezikhethwe ngokucophelela umsebenzi engcono abaculi of eRussia nakwamanye amazwe babhaliswa umqophi Sergey Mihaylovich Volnuhin and umklami Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov. amaphrojekthi Esikalini Klyuchevskii ngokuwina mlando umdwebi Apollinaris Vasnetsov.

Incazelo lesikhumbuzo ukuze Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fyodorov wema lesikhumbuzo e ukuma esithandayo ngenkathi usebenza. Esandleni washo ephrintiwe ibhodi iqoqo izincwadi. Ngamanye isandla sakhe asiphathele azenzile nje ikhasi kusuka incwadi "Umphostoli." I ebaziwe is wazenza ngethusi.

Incazelo lesikhumbuzo ukuze Ivan Fedorov ngeke ephelele uma ungakhulumi izingubo zakhe. Nakuba umshicileli wayengumuntu ongokomoya, Okugweda kusenzo ayegqoke izingubo zakhe zezikhulu evamile kulabo izikhathi: elingenamikhono eside buttoned izinkinobho, kuzo lezo umuntu angabona ibhulukwe esakhiwe ku amabhuzu.

Izinwele iphayona ahlanganiswe iribhoni, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukugxambukela ngesikhatsi kokuhlinzwa.

I isinyathelo lihlotshiswe elingenamikhono izingalo Fedorov e isandla nesihlangu ne zokuqala. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo izinhlamvu libonisa ithiphu encane, njenge umcibisholo. Ngaphansi kwesithombe master has a isignesha "Nikoly Chudotvortsa Gostunskogo igosa Ivan Fedorov".

I umqophi awuzibe incwadi "Umphostoli" futhi bagqoka usuku kokuqala kwalophiko ngaphansi kwegama umshicileli.

Indawo

Indawo lapho kwamiswa itshe lesikhumbuzo Ivan Fedorov, anginikhethanga ngengozi. Eceleni kwakhe, wake waba indlu yokunyathelisa, okuyinto uxhaswe Ivanom Groznym. Kukhona futhi uvele incwadi "Umphostoli" kumagazini wokuqala. Igceke yasungulwa ngo-1553, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo Fedorov waqala ukusebenza khona.

Lapho uPeter Omkhulu kule ndawo waqala ukusakaza iphephandaba "Vedomosti".

Kodwa uma izivakashi uzocelwa lapho kukhona lesikhumbuzo Ivanu Fodorovu, babiza indawo ehlukile kakhulu. Isizathu salokhu kwaba nokudluliswa lesikhumbuzo nge isinyathelo. Ngo-1934, emigwaqweni waseMoscow laqala ukwandisa, adilize zezakhiwo ezindala. Kitai-Gorod odongeni esehambile, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba ukuthutha esifanekisweni.

Futhi kule minyaka 90 lesikhumbuzo ihanjiswe Metropole Ihhotela. Kusukela umsebenzi Fedorov, kanye Mint omkhulu, kwakukhona kuphela umbhoshongo omncane. Lapho, kulendzawo yangaphambilini "kwesokudla" Ivan Fyodorov wasebenza. Uhambo etsheni lesikhumbuzo owabanjwa mhlaka elifiki, futhi iphela uhambo attics.

Ikhumbule Fedorov

lesikhumbuzo eMoscow - akulona inkomba kuphela kule uliqhawe, ubuso ngokomoya futhi uthisha. Ngo-1997, i-Museum behlonipha Ivana Fedorova lavulwa Potocki Palace. Kungenzeka ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuphila umdali izincwadi, kanye mayelana nendlela inqubo ukuphrinta ekuqaleni wakhetha yiziphi izincwadi ukushicilela futhi kungani okokuqala eshicilelwe izincwadi zenkolo kuphela.

Eduze Museum "ayelingana" esinjengesomuntu Ivan Fedorov - iphayona. Itshe lesikhumbuzo esenziwa umqophi Anatoly Galyanom.

Ngo-1998, ngesikhathi zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra ngayingcwelisa isithonjana, oluveza umsunguli izincwadi ngomshini wakhe. Lokhu esifuze uhlukile ngenxa yokuthi okokuqala konke kuwo wonke umlando we-Orthodox ku Kwathi umdwebo cindezela.

Ngo-2009 Fyodorov ukuthi abagcotshwa Elidala Engakholwa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox, christened lokuthi uJohane Deacon.

Futhi ngo-2010, igama Ivan Fedorov waklonyeliswa State University of Ukuphrinta e Moscow, ngosuku kubo lokuzalwa kwakhe ayisishiyagalombili.

E Lviv, kwi yomphakathi ephakathi nalesi siqhingi imele esiveza-imitha emihlanu - sigqoke izembatho kobufundisi Ivan Fedorov. Isiboniso sesikhumbuzo ku Moscow wehlukile ke. Isikhumbuzo e Lviv senziwa eduze kwendawo lapho kwaba nemidwebo.

Amaqiniso mayelana lesikhumbuzo

• Phakathi kuvulwa lesikhumbuzo ngo-1909, baletha ndawonye zonke iziphathimandla zedolobha. odwendweni senziwa. Ngakusasa, abantu abadlula ngendlela wathola ukuthi kukhona umqhele lesikhumbuzo okwakukhona eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "Abafel 'ukholo Russian ncwadi-wokunyathelisa." Engaziwa wafuna isu ngaleyo ndlela labo ukushushiswa okuyinto wakhuthazelela Ivan Fedorov eMoscow ngowayeyiSekela iziphathimandla.
• Inganekwane eSoviet Union kwaba Ivan Fedorov. Isiboniso sesikhumbuzo ku Moscow wayechazwa ku Soviet izitembu zokuposa lowo nyaka ukuze bakhumbule iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu namashumi amahlanu ngemva kokufa kwakhe.
• I ebaziwe kungabonwa ngesikhathi ebuka kanye-yatuswa ashisa izikhotha namaSoviet "Indawo ayikwazi ukushintshwa." Eceleni kwakhe Sharapov futhi Anna wahlangana.
• Itshe lesikhumbuzo itholakala eduze Rue St Nicholas. Sekuyisikhathi eside idume ibhuku layo emakethe nezitolo. Ngaphambi inguquko, uNicholas laliyisikhungo wangempela encwadini yokuphila, ekhaya kusukela ekuseni lize liyoshona zonke elite eMoscow.
• Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, lesikhumbuzo phathelana ezihlobene ngokuqondile izincwadi. Incwadi yakhe wakusebenzisa izimakethe ukukhangisa futhi izitolo ezintsha.
• Fedorov lesikhumbuzo ebonakalayo kusukela Okhotny Ryad.
• UMdali umkhiqizo ubhekwa ngukhokho Volnukhin Nouveau futhi lalifanekisela ebaziwe Russian. Ngaphezu kwakhe, wasebenza iminyaka emibili.
• Kuze kube namuhla engakaze walondoloza sikhulume kanjani ukubheka Ivan Fedorov. Isikhumbuzo ngokwengxenye kwamsiza kwakha I. Zabelin, isazi-mlando Russian, ngubani waqondisa umqophi wemifanekiso, ukugxila isikhathi lapho umshicileli wahlala.