"Sick Building Syndrome" - okuyinto iyisonto kwenzeka

Igama elithi "i-sick building syndrome" yethulwa ngo ukuphathwa World Health Organization nengxenye engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Ngokwe ucwaningo full-scale olwenziwa ochwepheshe American e-US no-30% we izakhiwo akuzona ephephile ezempilo. On inani zokuhlala "okubi" kanye namahhovisi e-Russia, omunye Akekho owaziyo. Syndrome kubangela izimpawu ezifanayo nalezo izifo zokuphefumula, kodwa ngenxa izici zangaphandle: isikhunta, uthuli, elimazayo izinto oluyingozi, nezinye ezizihluphayo kanye nomzimba.

imvelo zasendlini

izinkinga zokuphepha nezemvelo ukuphila iplanethi enguMhlaba kuxoxwa emhlabeni wonke. Olwenziwe eziningi kocwaningo kuhlelwa, izimali ezibekelwe ukuthuthukisa isimo nge isimo emoyeni, emanzini, izilwandle zomhlaba, nenhlabathi.

Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo emvelweni kanye emagcekeni ejele. Ikhwalithi yokuphila ixhomeke ngqo izinga kwezindlu, izici zayo yokuhlanzeka. emoyeni Domestic by kwemvelo kulinganiselwa ngaso izikhathi 9 enobuthi kakhulu futhi izikhathi 5 yangaphandle dirtier. Emini abantu "amukela" ukuba izinhlayiya 3 billion uthuli. Lezi zici ezingezinhle kakhulu ukuba zimbi kakhulu impilo.

Uma sinqamukile microclimate kulesi sakhiwo, kukhona "sick building syndrome" - uma aqoqana efulethini begazi, amakhemikhali, nezinye izinto ezixabana nomzimba. Ekuqaleni, ophilayo noma ukusebenza kukhona izinkinga kanye ukuphefumula, ekugcineni manifest ubuhlungu bamalunga, ukuqwasha.

definition

Sizokwenza baqonde ukuthi basebenzisa igama elithi "i-sick building syndrome." Umqondo SBS (isiNgisi Sick building syndrome) isetshenziselwa ukuchaza isimo lapho izakhamuzi izakhiwo ezithile kukhona uhla izifo, izimpawu, futhi akukho isifo ethize ingekho.

Abantu ngizibuze ukuthi izakhamuzi yezindlu "sick building syndrome" livela kaningi kunabo. Ukubonakaliswa izimpawu ezihambisana ngokuyinhloko esincane kakhulu nomoya opholile emakamelweni and ukhwaliti ongaphakeme.

imithombo Ukugcola kungaba:

• eziphilayo (isib ohlangothini-imikhiqizo emishinini yokuphefumula, dampness, ukhunta);
• izinto zokwakha kanye teluhlaka (izihlanzi, upende, ukhuni nezivimbelakuvunda, asbestos);
• ukupholisa air conditioning (nezilwanyana ezincane air Amapayipi);
• emoyeni ngaphandle (i-chemistry kungangcoliswa emadolobheni amakhulu);
• nokusebenzisa kabi izikhungo (isib, ukubhema).

izimpawu

Ngo-1984, i-WHO, wabika ukuthi "building syndrome ogulayo" Zinjalo-30% izakhiwo futhi kwalungiswa emhlabeni. Ngaleso isikhathi eside abawatholayo kungenzeka:

• ikhanda, isiyezi;
• yokufikelwa;
• isicanucanu;
• ukuqwasha;
• izimpawu yokukhathala;
• ukucasuka we nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
• iphika;
• ubuhlungu bamalunga nabanye.

"Kubi" Aphathimenti

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi impilo Ukuwohloka abantu (ukuluma kwamehlo, isikhumba, engenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula, ubuhlungu bekhanda, ukukhathala, ukuphazamiseka kokulala) ngokuvamile lihlotshaniswa izinga abampofu emoyeni imuncwe ezakhiweni. Ngo umoya izakhiwo zesimanje ivaliwe 300 oluyingozi chemical compounds, izibungu, ahlukahlukene endotoxins isikhunta, emakamu anda Radon. Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, umuntu egumbini kuthinte Amasimu kagesi zasendlini ngemisebe (amakhompyutha, ama-microwave) kanye radionuclides ekwakheni izinto. Lezi zici zisenza sibe "sick building syndrome."

Igama elithi isetshenziswa lapho efulethini avuzayo ophahleni uqhekeke ezindongeni, Ukushisa eziphukile umusa ukuthuthukiswa amakoloni isikhunta ngesibonakhulu, ogama ezinhlamvu anobuthi. Ezakhiweni ebusika ngokuvamile eshiswa amalahle igesi yemvelo, ogama amandla omlilo imikhiqizo ezingaphephile.

engcupheni

izinto ezilimazayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, emoyeni engena emagcekeni evaliwe, angeke ngisho ibalwe. Ngo-1971 kwathiwa iyawakha uhlu adi- e inani amahlanu ukwabiwa zokwakha. Kuze kube manje, ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo polymers esetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe esisha izakhiwo, ukulungisa kanye yokuqedela izindawo ezivele zikhona. Asikwazi bayakhohlwa ukuxhumana lezi amakhemikhali, ezinye zazo baqinise isinyathelo nomunye.

chemical ezizihluphayo

Kuwo wonke amazwe, "i-sick building syndrome" kuhambisana ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho abalulekile, njengoba kwakushiwo ukuze umuntu afeze izinyathelo zokuvimbela, ukwelapha abantu, ukukhokhela esibhedlela. Nokho, abanikazi abaningi ngokwabo yakha isimo esingathandeki, uzama ukwenza okuthiwa "ukuvuselela" nokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa. izinto ezinjalo zimane kuncike isimo Luhlolo sanitary-epidemiological futhi sisebenze nabo kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele (liquid noma emoyeni ekhethekile emakamelweni sekulingisa). Ekuphileni more xaka.

Izingxenye eziyingozi kakhulu emoyeni amahhovisi kanye amakamelo formaldehyde futhi phenol. I lokuhlushwa amakhaya lokuqala incike ukugcwaliswa polymers Improvement (entsha ifenisha chipboard ekhiqizwa ngesisekelo urea kanye phenol-formaldehyde inhlaka). umthombo formaldehyde kuyinto igesi kanye nemikhiqizo akuphelele amandla omlilo. Enye i-ejenti kuqala uhlu izinto ezingcolisa umoya kuyinto styrene, okuyinto ukhululeka imikhiqizo ukwahlukanisa kanye ezinye namanzi lodonga. Linoleum, varnishes, upende, inhlaka, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi kuyimithombo ka-benzene, xylene, toluene.

Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uwukuthi kulokho iyisonto "sick building syndrome", singaphendula ngokuphepha - lezo:

• Kwakuvamise eziningi izakhi plastic (amawindi, Uphahla lwangaphakathi okwesikhashana, PVC panel);
• ifenisha entsha hhayi esakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo;
• phansi embozwe linoleum (inqwaba okhaphethi eyenziwe yokufakelwa, laminate);
• ukwahlukanisa osetshenziswayo, ukwahlukanisa izinto ;
• muva izakhiwo kwalungisa amakamelo.

polymers enobungozi

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa sifo neqhaza ukwenza izinto polymeric kabanzi ukwakhiwa yesimanje womshini ifenisha, kanye phansi futhi udonga izibhinco. Not okungenani ngo inqubo ukungcoliswa komoya isuswe kagwayi kanye amandla omlilo imikhiqizo Igesi yemvelo. Litholakala ukuthi imithombo ukungcola kwemihlambi namakhemikhali athile (isib i-carbon monoxide) ezakhiweni zezempilo iyingozi kakhulu kunokuba abantu emaphandleni evulekile.

Ukuba khona izinto polymer kuholela ukubukeka zikagesi. Lokhu okunye siba sibi isimo emoyeni ezindaweni lapho kukhona abantu isikhathi eside. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi nokuvimbela "sick building syndrome" has ukuqala nge umklamo Izakhiwo zokuhlala. Kumele kwenziwe ngaphandle ipasipoti emvelweni indlu ngayinye, futhi inikeza ukulawula izinto Kwakhiwa.

umswakama ngokweqile

Stone izakhiwo ziyisisekelo lamadolobha amadala kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana GUION e Petersburg 96,9% izindlu endaweni emelelwa izakhiwo itshe. Lezi zihlanganisa: 48,7% kwendawo - isakhiwo isitini, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle ambozwe, 14.8% - zokuhlala eyakhelwe phambi Revolution.

I kokuqala umswakama ezingeni wokwakha izakhiwo kuyinto 8-12%, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sibalo kungenzeka ukwandisa izikhathi eziningana. Ochwepheshe irekhodi kuyanda ekuphumeni manzi ku odongeni lwezitini kumuntu ukuphakama ngamamitha amahlanu.

Abantu abaningi bayazi kodwa neze bacabange ukuthi umswakama - indawo evumayo iningi nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Imifantu izindonga wokuba umbhidisi umswakama kanye izici eziyingozi (kuhlanganise nesikhunta). Ngokwenza ucwaningo, abakhileyo ezinye izindlu kukhona "ogulayo building syndrome." Kwatholakala, ukuphambuka of microclimate imingcele kukho okubi kukhona lapho isakhiwo akhiwe ngezitini izindonga engamashumi amathathu ubudala, okungukuthi, lapho bafake ngokomzimba-25%.

isikhunta

umswakama high kuyingozi ngokwawo awusiwo, nezinto ezincane eziphilayo, futhi yokweba, ukuthuthukisa endaweni enjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Sweden normative lemali microcell isikhunta ukhunta koloni emoyeni zasendlini kumele singeqi amayunithi 174. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ezweni lethu lidlule lesi sibalo by izikhathi 3-6.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umuntu ukuhlala nokunwetshiwe ezindaweni enobuthi futhi kukhona "sick building syndrome." Icacisa umthombo isikhunta lihlotshaniswa umthamo omkhulu umsebenzi - ikoloni isikhunta zixazulula ezindaweni ezicezile, ku microcracks, ngaphansi sekugcineni. Lapho Isikhunta sibonwa ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama, ngakho igumbi elinegciwane sina, futhi ukunqoba lokhu kuhlasela nzima kakhulu. Umphumela we-ephefumula umoya ingcoliswe ezinhlamvu kungaba diathesis, isifuba somoya, komzimba, umdlavuza, umonakalo isitho yangaphakathi.

"Sick Building Syndrome": inhlanzeko kwezakhiwo

Umuntu akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kokudla, amanzi kanye nowe-oxygen. Umoya ohlanzekile - isihluthulelo sempilo. Abantu abaningi ezweni lakithi Kwenziwa izakhiwo ngaphakathi ezingu-90% isikhathi sabo. Njengabantu, egumbini futhi kudingeka uhlobo inhlanzeko.

abakhi Kuncono ukwazi okuningi mayelana "ogulayo building syndrome" futhi ongamtshela okuyinto iyisonto livela kaningi. Ngokuvamile, ukusola ukupholisa abampofu, ngakho ukuhlolwa yayo kanye nokwelashwa okwalandela kumele kwenziwe njalo. Kubi izinga lomoya kungaholela nemiphumela ezifana komzimba, ukuluma kwamehlo, hoarseness, ukukhwehlela, isikhumba esibi ikhanda, futhi umkhuhlane jikelele.

Impilo - akukuphela kwesizathu ukuhlanza Amapayipi emoyeni. Hlola uhlelo lwakho ngoba ukupholisa izidakamizwa oluvuthayo (amafutha kusuka kwesitofu ngekhwitjhini, izingubo dryers fibre) kwandisa ingozi yomlilo. Ngakho-ke, isimo ukuhlanzeka zokuqapha emoyeni kufanele ngenjwayelo.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ezephula Igumbi ukupholisa

izakhiwo Iningi Russian basonta ngenkathi amawindi plastic wayengekho. Ngakho, amazinga ukwakhiwa acabangele khona microventilation ngaphezu hoods ekhishini futhi egumbini lokugezela. Ngenxa "okuphefumulayo" umoya ezenziwe ngokhuni ehholo, lokulala, zezingane olusha njalo.

Ukufakwa amawindi plastic kunganciphisa nokushisa futhi sithuthukise soundproofing, kodwa ngokuphelele 'off' micro-ukupholisa. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni umswakama, ngenxa yalokho, isikhunta kumiswa. Yiqiniso, zikhona onobuhle kwamawindi ukunikeza negesi lokushintshisana, kodwa abathengi kakhulu ifakwa "ukuthi ushibhile." plastic Akubizi akuyona nje kokunikezwa kwe-ukupholisa, kodwa eminye ukukhishwa eziyingozi yizici zamakhemikhali.

Phakathi kwezici vimbela ukupholisa izakhiwo, ukugqamisa:

• Ukufakwa amawindi plastic, sahlanganisa kokufaka amawindi kabili ezicwebezelisiwe on emphemeni.
• Njengoba ezothatha isikhundla iminyango esiku indwangu obukhulu ngaphandle izikhala "ugly".
• Izinto zokuvala umoya (ukubekwa uphawu) udonga lwangaphandle.
• Amapayipi Replan.
• Isiphetho hood kuhhavini (nezinye zikagesi zasendlini) ngqo ukuzwakalisa.

emoyeni filtration

Kukhona izixazululo kwezobuchwepheshe for air ephephile zasendlini. I impumelelo zakamuva ekuxazululeni izinkinga kukhona izihlungi ezikhethekile, isibonelo, High Security, 3G kanye nabanye. Bayakwazi wasithatha ezingcolisayo gaseous kanye particulate ku Amapayipi emoyeni, ngaphandle isidingo kabusha ukuhlela kwezakhiwo.

• Ezokuphepha ePhakeme filtration izingxenye begazi futhi amakhemikhali.
• 3G isihlungi isetshenziswa ukulondoloza umoya enempilo futhi ukushayeka particulates ezincane ezitholakala emoyeni, izinto eziphilayo, iphunga ezingemnandi.

"Green Isakhiwo"

Ukuze amakhaya nge abampofu futhi iyingozi, ososayensi besimo sezulu baye beveza igama ekhethekile - "i-sick building syndrome." Ngokungafani nabo emazweni asethuthukile kuragela okuthiwa "isakhiwo oluhlaza." Lokhu kuthambekela iba okusakazekile West. Abahlanganyeli (abaklami, abakhi, kwezenkolo, odokotela, izinkampani zomshuwalense) baye baqaphela ukuthi ngeke sisakwazi athule inkinga.

Abahlaziyi bathi ukuwohloka kule impilo izakhamizi, ukunciphisa umkhiqizo wabasebenza emahhovisi, izinkokhelo umshwalense ukumboza izinzuzo kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwamaphrojekthi endala wezakhiwo futhi izinto ezishibhile. Esikhundleni DSP, polymers nopende eze izinto eco-friendly. Izimfuno ezintsha zisebenze okuklama nokwakhiwa ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa ethembekile futhi ungangenisi amanzi.

Imibuzo uqhubeke ukuphenya isimo sezulu zasendlini. Amapharamitha ukuwohloka yayo exhumene ubudala isakhiwo kanye yokuwohloka ngokomzimba lomthwalo esindayo izakhiwo. Kutholwe Coefficient ukwa isitini izindonga, okuyinto ephazamisa izinga sezulu zasendlini.

Futhi eRussia?

AmaRashiya wazizwa ke kakhudlwana kunamanye, okusho "i-sick building syndrome." sezulu Sophisticated, kuhambisana ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zamanani aphansi (ikakhulukazi bakamalalahlengezela wayekwenza eSoviet Union) baye elakhiwe eziningi izinkinga zomphakathi. Izwe lidinga ngempela sesimanje izindlu. Ukuze ugweme inkinga ezifana "sick building syndrome", okusho izindlu engcono yokuxazulula?

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emakethe Russian isivele asabela ngayo lo mkhuba Western. Athuthukisiwe izimfuneko ezintsha ngoba impahla kwemvelo futhi kwagezi. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kulesi - izakhiwo ezintsha usebenzisa izimiso of "isakhiwo oluhlaza", injongo eyinhloko - ukunciphisa inani (phezu ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe isakhiwo) umthelela eyingozi sezempilo abahlala khona imvelo. Omunye ingxenye BREEAM futhi LEED izindinganiso Ukwahlukaniswa izakhiwo endaweni "isakhiwo oluhlaza" lunikezelwe izinga nje zasendlini emoyeni, futhi impilo nenhlalakahle. Isigwedlo main ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo - ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ezintsha kanye izindlela ekwakhiweni, kuhlanganise nasekwakhiweni kwezinkulungwane ukwesekwa ubunjiniyela izixazululo.

amathemba

ERussia, i- "isakhiwo oluhlaza" buthola umfutho. Umthengi ingcebo market isilinganiso - ke abantu abasha abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-35, usanda umndeni. Kubo, yokuthi ebalulekile emakubo, ungakabi ukulungele ukukhokha esengeziwe sverhkachestvo. Bona asesabi ogulayo building syndrome, ngisho nalapho kuziwa ukonga kwemvelo nawesikhathi esizayo energy supply. Kodwa njengoba wazi, uma ezweni has a isimo somnotho evumayo nangenkathi izimfuno kwi izinga lempilo akhulise labantu.

isithakazelo esikhulu "isakhiwo oluhlaza" libonisa ibhizinisi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ukwakhiwa, ezifana isikhungo ibhizinisi izidingo zalo siqu. Kulokhu, ithuba ugcine usebenza kuze kube-40% ngo-iphansana payback isikhathi ezitshaliwe okweqa izinhlelo adingekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe (azungeze 10-12 iminyaka) is isikhashana ngempela owawubalulekile zimali ngendlela ebonisa ukuhlakanipha.