Sakhiwo Amazinyo abantu: isikimu kanye nencazelo

Lesi sihloko liphathelene lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti amazinyo - isitho esibalulekile zomzimba womuntu. Amazinyo ibonisa esibukweni impilo yomuntu, isimo sabo abanelisi kungenziwa bahlulelwe ezihlukahlukene iziyaluyalu sokusebenza. Futhi namhlanje, ukumamatheka amahle - luyisihluthulelo sokuphumelela kuzo career yakho futhi ebuhlotsheni nabanye abantu. Article isakhiwo eqala cula ezihlukahlukene izinkinga, kuhlanganise nesakhiwo amazinyo womuntu; izindawo zabo kule dentition; Ngokungafani namazinyo lezihlahla kusukela unomphela; isidingo ukunakekelwa kahle amazinyo njalo njalo.

izinyo umsebenzi

Amazinyo - ukwakheka bone kule ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ukuthi akheke ethize, ukuma, libhekene khona ohlelweni lwaso sezinzwa futhi kwegazi, lymph ahlelwe ngaphambilini dentition futhi ngaleyo ndlela enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Amazinyo ezizibandakanyile bokuphefumula, kanye ukwakheka kanye yokubiza imisindo, inkulumo kumiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasenzela mechanical eyinhloko okulungisa ukudla, ohilelekile omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko umzimba ophilayo - .. Nutrition.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukudla akwanele ezokuhlafunwa kuyinto kabi kugaywe futhi kungase kubangele ukungasebenzi pheshana emathunjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi bikho kokukhanya okungenani ezinye kwamazinyo ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo kuthinta silulumagama, t. E. ngokucacile yokubiza imisindo. Izimbobo futhi ngenxa yobuhle isithombe - uhlanekezelwe izici zobuso. Kubi kwempilo yamazinyo kanye kungaholela onukayo kanye ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene ngomlomo kanye nezifo njalo wonke umzimba.

Isakhiwo namazinyo womuntu. Leli lungiselelo wesifunda nemihlathi

Sivamile khona amazinyo wesintu isamba amayunithi 28-32. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-25 ngokuvamile okuthatha kumiswa egcwele dentition. Amazinyo zitholakala kokubili emihlathini, lapho ukuhlukanisa dentitions yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Isakhiwo emhlathini womuntu, namazinyo (ngezigaba zabo ejwayelekile) ibe ifomu elilandelayo. Ngamunye imigqa yakhiwa 14-16 amazinyo. Imigqa kukhona ziyalingana futhi evamile yabo ihlukaniswe wemboni kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Amazinyo selisho ukulandelana izinombolo - zamadijithi amabili izinombolo. idijithi Okokuqala - wemboni elingenhla noma umhlathi ongezansi, kusuka 1 kuya 4.

Phakathi clamping emhlathini namazinyo anterior idlulela aphansi 1/3 ye umqhele ngezinyo, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi dentition libizwa occlusion. Ngesikhathi interdigitation okungalungile waphawula occlusion ugobile, okuholela ukuphazamiseka umsebenzi masticatory futhi isici yobuhle.

Okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakanipha amazinyo kungenzeka zingatholakali futhi, isimiso, musa avele ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Namuhla, kukhona umbono wokuthi lena isimo evamile futhi khona kwalezi namazinyo ozikhethela kakade. Nakuba le nguqulo kuba omningi lwendaba.

Amazinyo abakwazi alulame. ushintsho yabo livela kanye phakathi umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato: lokuqala, amazinyo ezinsana ubisi bavele ke ashintsha njalo abaneminyaka engamashumi 6-8. Ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-11 kukhona esikhundleni ephelele ubisi amazinyo isilungisiwe.

Isakhiwo izinyo. nokwakheka

Isakhiwo yokwakheka izinyo womuntu kusikisela ukuthi kunemibandela yizinqamu ezintathu: umqhele, entanyeni impande.

Umqhele wabahlakaniphile izinyo - ke kunqoba ushingamu ingxenye. Umqhele embozwe koqweqwe lwawo - Indwangu ukumelana ekuvikeleni izinyo emiphumeleni elimazayo amagciwane athile kanye acid.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezishelelayo imiqhele zamazinyo :

• Occlusion - ebusweni endaweni nge pair of ukuvala izinyo emhlathini okuphambene.
• Ubuso (vestibular) - izinyo ebusweni ku izihlathi ohlangothini noma izindebe.
• Lingual (lingual) - .. I kwangaphakathi izinyo ebusweni ebhekene ngaphakathi emlonyeni, okusho ebusweni okuyinto nabo yokubiza ulimi umsindo.
• Imininingwane (approximal) - izinyo umqhele ebusweni, ebhekene emazinyweni elise komakhelwane.

Intamo - ingxenye ngezinyo, okuyinto phakathi umqhele futhi impande, yokuxhuma kubo, embozwe emaphethelweni izinsini camera nge usimende. Intamo unohlobo tapered.

Umsuka - ingxenye ngezinyo, abasebenza ngazo kulo fixed kahle amazinyo. Kuye ohlotsheni Ukwahlukaniswa impande izinyo angase abe komunye izinqubo eziningana. Okuningi kuxoxwa eminye ngezansi.

isakhiwo histological

kuyinto Histology ezinyweni ngamunye nse, kodwa ngamunye wabo umumo ehlukene ngokwendlela umsebenzi eyenziwa kuwo. Figure libonisa ngokucacile kakhulu isakhiwo wakubo amazinyo womuntu. Isithombe ubonisa zonke izicubu zamazinyo, kanye indawo igazi lymph izitsha.

Izinyo koqweqwe lwawo camera. Lokhu Indwangu eliqinile le ehlanganisa 95% nosawoti wamaminerali, magnesium, i-zinc, i-strontium, bethusi, bensimbi, one-fluoride. Labo abasele abanga-5% kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo - amaprotheni, lipids, ama-carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka koqweqwe lwawo kuhlanganisa uketshezi ehilelekile izinqubo bokuphila.

Enamel yena, futhi ine udonga lwangaphandle - Nokho, cuticle ukuthi ihlanganisa ebusweni ukuhlafuna of izinyo, avame mncane futhi ekugcineni lisuswe.

Ngesisekelo dentine izinyo - amathambo - iqoqo amaminerali, okuqinile, ezizungezile lonke ingaphakathi of izinyo futhi impande umsele. dentine izicubu yakhiwa inombolo enkulu iziteshi ezincane lapho izinqubo umzimba zenzeka emazinyweni. Iziteshi Ngokusho ngocansi emsipheni amaza. Okuthathelwa kukho, 1 sq. mm dentine siqukethe 75 000 tubules.

Iincwadi ezingakatloleki kuhle. Periodontium. Isakhiwo impande

It yakha i ingaphakathi langaphakathi uginindela izinyo - izicubu zomzimba ezithambile, isakhiwo okuxekethile, kwakwande ngegazi kanye lymph kanye kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa.

Isakhiwo izimpande amazinyo womuntu ibukeke. Impande yalo izinyo itholakala ithambo emhlathini, emgodini ekhethekile - alveolus. Impande, kanye umqhele izinyo, eyakhiwa izicubu amatshe aligugu - dentine, okuyinto ngaphandle embozwe usimende - indwangu, kancane strong ngokuziqhathanisa koqweqwe lwawo. Zamazinyo impande ithiphu uphela ngembobo lapho imithambo yegazi ihlolwe abazondla izinyo. Inani izimpande e izinyo kuyahlukahluka ngokuhambisana injongo yayo obusebenzayo, livela emsukeni kuya amazinyo, ukuze 4-5 nokuhlafuna namazinyo izimpande.

Periodontium - a ezicutshini ayizwayo igebe phakathi impande izinyo futhi emgodini emhlathini, lapho itholakala. Fibre Indwangu kuxhumene impande usimende kulolu hlangothi, futhi ku-ithambo izicubu emhlathini nabanye, ukuze izinyo ihlinzeka okunamathiselwe eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa izicubu periodontal yegazi ukusuthisa izinto awela nezicubu izinyo.

Izinhlobo amazinyo. bezihlahla

namazinyo Human zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezine eziyinhloko:

• amazinyo (central futhi ohlangothini);
• Amazinyo;
• premolars (chewable encane / molars);
• molars (chewable ezinkulu / molars).

Imihlathi womuntu isakhiwo ziyalingana futhi lihlanganisa inani elifanayo namazinyo eqenjini ngalinye. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izici nezindaba yokwakheka ezifana isakhiwo amazinyo womuntu we ongenhla lomzila engezansi amazinyo. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Amazinyo angaphambili kukhona okuthiwa amazinyo. Kubantu, lezi amazinyo 8 - 4 ngenhla bese 4 ngezansi. Bezihlahla zenzelwe ukuluma ukudla, ulwahlukanise zibe izicucu. Izici indlela akheke ngayo amazinyo angaphambili yomuntu liqukethe yokuthi abagawula abe umqhele flat, ngesimo izingcezu, nge imiphetho sasivumela abukhali. Ezigabeni anatomically enze hillocks ezintathu ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuphila komhiaba kuthiwa lisuswe. amazinyo maxillary emaphakathi, ezimbili - i-elikhulu wonke amalungu eqembu yabo. Nokho, amazinyo Lateral zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo kuya maphakathi, mancane. Ngokuthakazelisayo, elidlula kakhulu le incisor lateral Ubuye ezintathu tubercle, futhi ngokuvamile uthatha isimo ayizindunduma ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa central (phakathi) tuberosity. Umsuka umsiki oyedwa, flat futhi kuthatha ukuma Isigaxa. Isici nobuntu izinyo - kusuka ngaphakathi komgodi izinyo abaphezulu uginindela ezintathu, okuyinto zivumelana lamachubu ka elidlula.

Isakhiwo namazinyo womuntu engenhla ukuhluka anatomy lomugqa engezansi amazinyo, t. E. Zonke ncamashi okuphambene mandible. amazinyo Central kancane nje uma eqhathaniswa naso eceleni ukuze abe impande mncane, emifushane ngaphandle amazinyo lateral. Ngaphambili izinyo indawo - kancane arched, kodwa lingual - ngilugweda.

Lateral incisor umqhele lincane kakhulu futhi ibheke ke ukuthonya ezindebeni zakhe. Elidlula has izinyo engela ezimbili - isikhungo, libukhali, futhi lateral - obtuse ngaphezulu. Ukuze impande libhekene anemifantu longitudinal.

Fangs. ukuhlafuna namazinyo

Canines zenzelwe ukuba ahlukaniswe kayi okuncane. Anatomy of izinyo yokuthi at the ezingemuva (lingual) ohlangothini umqhele ubabonisa furrow okuyinto uhlukanisa kancane ongalingani zibe izingxenye ezimbili. I elidlula izinyo isungule idolo liphinyiselwe, okwenza ukuma umqhele Isigaxa emise, ngokuvamile afana namazinyo ezilwane ezidla ezinye.

mandible Canine has simise iyincane, umqhele facets bukhomba ku tubercle medial. impande izinyo uyisicaba, waqopha kuqhathaniswa wonke amanye izimpande emazinyweni baphambukile ngaphakathi. Kubantu, canines ezimbili emhlathini ngamunye, ngalapha nangalapha.

Canines kanye ohlangothini ukusika imiphetho yakha i arc, oqala ngo-ushintsho ekhoneni amazinyo ahlabayo ukuze ukuhlafuna.

Ake sicabangele ngokucophelela isakhiwo ezinyweni womuntu bomdabu, okokuqala - ukuhlafuna ezincane, bese kuba ukuhlafuna enkulu. Injongo eyinhloko namazinyo posterior - processing obuphelele mechanical ukudla. Lomsebenzi wenziwa premolars futhi molars.

premolars

I premolar lokuqala (elikhonjiswe inani 4 ifomula amazinyo) iyahluka kwenye canines futhi amazinyo ezakheke prismatic, umqhele has a ebusweni convex. Bazicabela ebusweni libhekene hillocks ezimbili - buccal futhi lingual phakathi dimples ihlolwe furrow. cusp Buccal lingual olukhudlwana ngosayizi. Impande yalo premolar kuqala namanje flat, kodwa asenazo kakade uqhekeko kwi buccal futhi lingual ingxenye.

Eyesibili premolar ukuma ofuze owokuqala, kodwa ubuso bayo buccal kakhulu abakhulu, futhi impande has simise tapered onomfutho ohlangothini anteroposterior.

ebusweni Bazicabela we premolar lokuqala engezansi tapered maqondana ulimi. Umqhele wabahlakaniphile izinyo imikiswe impande olulodwa, flat, nge anemifantu ngezihluthu ebusweni.

Eyesibili premolar esikhulu kunesokuqala ngenxa yokuthi kokubili protuberance athuthukile ngokulinganayo futhi izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana, futhi kude esikhathini koqweqwe lwawo (ZaseLaki) therebetween athathe isimo sehhashi. Kuyakuba khona impande impande izinyo kufana premolar kuqala.

Ngo dentition womuntu 8 premolars, 4 ohlangothini ngalunye (ku nemihlathi engenhla nengezansi). Cabangela izici yokwakheka futhi isakhiwo sonke amazinyo sabantu ongenhla (elikhulu posterior amazinyo) futhi uwahlukanise kusukela isakhiwo ephansi emhlathini amazinyo.

molars

I molars lokuqala ongenhla - izinyo ngobukhulu. Ibizwa ngokuthi omkhulu izinyo yomdabu. Umqhele sifana isikwele, kanye ebusweni occlusal kuyinto ukuma idayimane kanye cusps ezine, phakathi okuyinto ifomu emise H-ZaseLaki akachazeki. Lokhu izinyo elisuka amathathu: elinye ilungelo - enamandla kakhulu, futhi ezimbili esihlathini - flat, eyehla ohlangothini anteroposterior. Lezi namazinyo lapho ukuvala nemihlathi Abut ngokumelene nomunye futhi uhlobo "terminators", ngokuqondene okuyinto ibhekane umthwalo omkhulu esitjhabeni ngokuba ukuphila komuntu.

Okwesibili usayizi izinyo lomhlathi ezincane kulokuqala. Umqhele has simise cubic ne ZaseLaki X emise phakathi dimples. Izimpande amazinyo afana izimpande izinyo lomhlathi kuqala.

Ukwakheka amazinyo womuntu (molars ilungiselelo kanye nenombolo) liyefana nelungiselelo echazwe ngenhla premolars.

izinyo lomhlathi Okokuqala mandibular has cusps emihlanu ngoba ukuhlafuna - ezintathu buccal futhi ezimbili lingual kuya ZaseLaki ezimise F-phakathi kwazo. Ngesikhathi impande izinyo, ezimbili - owodwa isiteshi misa, kanye phambi - amabili. Ngaphandle ukusika impande eside adjustable.

izinyo lomhlathi wesibili ofuze izinyo lomhlathi lokuqala mandibular. Isibalo molars endaweni premolar womuntu kuvumelana inombolo.

Isakhiwo womuntu Izehliso. namazinyo ithole sika

izinyo lomhlathi Okwesithathu is edume ngokuthi "ukuhlakanipha izinyo", futhi dentition yomuntu wonke 4 izinyo, 2 emhlathini ngamunye. On the ephansi lwesithathu emhlathini izinyo lomhlathi angase abe sebuningini embodiments ka hillocks. Ngokuvamile, kukhona ezinhlanu. Kodwa ngokuvamile, anatomy we "Izehliso" indoda fanekiso ukuba isakhiwo se-izinyo lomhlathi yesibili, Nokho, impande ngokuvamile sifana esiqwini esifushane futhi enamandla kakhulu.

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, kuqala umuntu has amazinyo ezinsana. Ayevame ukuba ikhule iminyaka 2.5-3. Isibalo namazinyo sesikhashana 20. Isakhiwo yokwakheka futhi histological kwabantu ubisi izinyo iyafana isakhiwo sangempela, kodwa kukhona umehluko:

1. Usayizi namazinyo imiqhele ubisi incane uma eqhathaniswa kakhulu njalo.
2. Enamel ubisi amazinyo izacile, kwaba nabantu bezizwe ezixubile has a degree engezansi dentin ezilamatshe aligugu njengoba kuqhathaniswa amazinyo izinyo lomhlathi, ngakho njengoba izingane caries kukhulunywa ngayo kaningi.
3. Lokufuduka kwengaphakathi kanye impande ubisi canal izinyo ngaphezulu kuqhathaniswa nge ivolumu njalo, ngoba kuyo bathambekele kakhudlwana kunabanye izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukuvuvukala.
4. Uhlevane kwi ukuhlafuna futhi ukuzisika evele zikahle.
5. Bezihlahla ubisi amazinyo ayizindunduma ngaphezulu.
6. Izimpande insaliwe maqondana udebe, awayona inqobo uqine njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne izimpande namazinyo unomphela. Mayelana lolu shintsho amazinyo ebuntwaneni - inqubo cishe kobuhlungu.

Ekugcineni, siphawula ukuthi, yebo, isakhiwo amazinyo womuntu, izindawo zabo umhlathi ukuvala (occlusion) babe ngabanye izici sici for ngamunye ethile. Nokho dentition apharathasi yanoma yimuphi umuntu onesandla yokufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile zomzimba kukho konke ukuphila, ngokusho lokhu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isakhiwo emazinyweni isakhiwo wabo washintsha. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iningi izinqubo sokugembula amazinyo ithuthukiswe ebuntwaneni, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqapha isimo namazinyo kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvimbela izinkinga zamazinyo yobudala bayazi.

Naphezu alula esibonakalayo, namazinyo - kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngempela ethambile, isakhiwo multi-egqinsiwe histological, ngamunye izingqimba ine inhloso ngabanye kanye anezakhi ezithile. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi ushintsho amazinyo kwenzeka phakathi nenkambo yokuphila kanye kuphela, okwenza isakhiwo emhlathini womuntu (amazinyo, inombolo yabo) sihluke anatomy of Ngomhlathi we nezilwane.