Ribosome - Iyini? Isakhiwo ribosome

Ingqamuzama ngayinye yimuphi umzimba has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa sebuningini izingxenye.

Kafushane, amaseli isakhiwo

Siqukethe ulwelwesi, cytoplasm, organelles, okuyinto zitholakala, kanye nucleus (ngaphandle prokaryotes) lapho kukhona molecule e-DNA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isakhiwo ezengeziwe zokuzivikela phezu ulwelwesi. Ngo amaseli isilwane iyona glycocalyx, e lazo zonke ezinye - odongeni cell. Ngo izitshalo, yakhiwa cellulose, e isikhunta - kusukela chitin, ama-bacterium - kusukela murein. Ulwelwesi siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu: phospholipid emibili amaprotheni therebetween. Kuye pores lapho ukudluliswa izinto eyenziwa ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Eduze Pore ngamunye ngamaphrotheni ezokuthutha ekhethekile idluliselwa ku iseli kuphela izinto ezithile. Organelles amaseli isilwane yilezi ezilandelayo:

• mitochondria, okuyinto senze njengoba "amandla" yokuqala (lapho inqubo cell emishinini yokuphefumula kanye synthesis amandla);
• lysosomes eziqukethe enzyme akhethekile umzimba;
• Golgi apharathasi ukugcina nokushintsha izinto ezithile;
• reticulum endoplasmic, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuthuthwa amakhemikhali;
• centrosome sakhiwa centrioles ezimbili, kuhileleke nezinye izinkinga okuyinto enqubeni ukuqoqwa;
• nucleolus, elawula umzimba futhi kwenza abanye organelles;

• ribosomes, okuyinto thina kahle ngani kulesi sihloko;
• plant cells kufanele organelles ezengeziwe: i vacuole, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ekuqongeleleni izinto ezingafuneki ngokuqondene ukungakwazi okukhipha ukuba ngaphandle ngenxa cell oluqinile; plastids, okuyinto zihlukaniswe leucoplasts (obhekene isitoreji izakhi chemical compounds); chromoplasts equkethe umbala zombala; chloroplast, okuyilapho chlorophyll futhi i-photosynthesis.

Ribosome - Iyini?

Njengoba sikhuluma ke kulesi sihloko, kunengqondo ukubuza lo mbuzo. Ribosome - lokhu organelle, okungase esisogwini yangaphandle ohlangothini ezindongeni eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa obengeziwe bokuthi ribosome - ke organelles eziqukethwe amaseli obuningi kakhulu. Omunye ungaba izinkulungwane eziyishumi.

Lapho idatha organelles?

Ngakho, njengoba sekushiwo, lo ribosome - isakhiwo okungukuthi ku ezindongeni eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi. Futhi-ke Ungahambisa ngokukhululekile cytoplasm. Inketho lwesithathu, okungase isebangeni ribosome - ulwelwesi cell. Futhi labo organelles ezitholakala kule ndawo, cishe ungashiyi ke, futhi umile.

Ribosome - isakhiwo

Njengoba kahle, lokhu kufana i organelle? Ubukeka efana nefoni ngokudla ngamapayipi. eukaryotes Ribosome futhi prokaryotes libe izingxenye ezimbili, enye yazo kunabanye - kancane. Kodwa ezimbili izingxenye zalo kungukuthi akuhlanganisileyo, lapho uphumule. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela uma amaseli ribosome ngokushesha saqala ukwenza imisebenzi yabo. Imisebenzi Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi. Ribosome, isakhiwo okuyinto echazwe esihlokweni, futhi sihlanganisa RNA isithunywa nokudluliselwa RNA. Lezi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze ubhale kuwo ulwazi olufanele mayelana namaprotheni cell. isakhiwo Ribosome okuyinto izincwadi esizifundayo, awunalo ulwelwesi. subunit wayo (okubizwa ngokuthi ezimbili nengxenye yakhe) okungavikelwe.

Lisho ukuthini leli organelle kuseli?

Yini unesibopho lokho ribosome - zamagama amaprotheni. Kwenzeka ngesisekelo ulwazi okuyinto kulotshwe okubizwa ngokuthi isithunywa-RNA (ribonucleic acid). isakhiwo Ribosome lapho sesibonile ngenhla, ihlanganyela ezimbili subunits kuphela ngesikhathi amaprotheni zamagama - inqubo okuthiwa wokuhumusha. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-kuhlelwe polypeptide uchungechunge elise phakathi ezimbili subunits we ribosome.

Kuphi akha?

Ribosome - organelle, okuyinto adalwe nucleolus. Le nqubo ithatha indawo ngezigaba eziyishumi, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho amaprotheni kancane kancane kwakheka subunits ezincane nezinkulu.

Kangakanani kumiswa amaprotheni?

I biosynthesis amaprotheni senzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Eyokuqala wabo - iyona kusebenze acid acid. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange amabili lapho, ngokuhlanganisa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ungathola izigidigidi amaprotheni ezahlukene. Phakathi naso sonke lesi isigaba amino acid kwakhiwa aminoalits-tRNA. Le nqubo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Futhi kule nqubo kudinga cations magnesium. Esesibili - kuyinto emizameni yokuthuthukisa iketango polypeptide, noma inqubo ngokuhlanganisa ababili subunits we ribosome futhi ukulethwa kuso ka kubalulekile amino acid. Kule nqubo futhi iqhaza magnesium ion futhi GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Isigaba sesithathu libizwa ukunwebeka. Lokhu zamagama oqondile yochungechunge polypeptide. It kuzoba indlela yokuhumusha. Ukunqanyulwa - esigabeni esilandelayo - inqubo nokwahlukana ribosomes phezu subunits ngabanye kanye ukwehlukaniswa izigaba aphume synthesis neketanga polypeptide. Kube sekulandela isinyathelo sokugcina - lesihlanu - ucubungula. Kulesigaba kwakhiwa izakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi kakade ukulungele ukusebenzisa futhi ngamaphrotheni okulula acid acid chain. Lokhu kuhilela enzyme ethile, futhi cofactors.

isakhiwo amaprotheni

Kusukela isakhiwo ribosome futhi umsebenzi esixoxe ngabo kulesi sihloko, unesibopho synthesis amaprotheni ke ake sibheke imininingwane isakhiwo sabo. Kuyinto lokuqala, lesibili, ephakeme kanye quaternary. Isakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni - ukulandelana kuchazwa lapho amino acid ahlelwe ukwakha inikezwe kwakwakhe organic. Isakhiwo yesibili iprotheni kuyinto uchungechunge polypeptide kwakhiwa kusukela alpha-helices ne-beta-amashidi. Isakhiwo ephakeme amaprotheni inikeza inhlanganisela ethile ye-alpha-helices ne-beta-amashidi. Isakhiwo quaternary kuyafana kwetinhlavu ukwakheka olulodwa macromolecular. Lokho luyinhlanganisela-alpha-helices ne-beta-izakhiwo ifomu globules noma fibrils. Ngokwalesi simiso, izinhlobo ezimbili amaprotheni bungabonakala - fibrous futhi globular. Phakathi yangaphambili kukhona ezifana actin futhi myosin, imisipha zazo akhiwa. Izibonelo yesibili ongakhonza elithwala umoya-mpilo, immunoglobulin nabanye. amaprotheni Fibrillar liyafana fibre intambo. Globular njenge-tangle of ezihlangene phakathi kwe-alpha-helices ne-beta-amashidi.

Kuyini denaturation?

Wonke umuntu kumelwe abaye balizwa izwi. Denaturation - yinqubo ukubhujiswa isakhiwo amaprotheni - quaternary lokuqala, ephakeme ke, nangemuva - nokwesibili. Kwezinye izimo, kukhona nokuqedwa isakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni. Le nqubo singenzeka ngenxa ukuchayeka kule lokushisa eziphakeme udaba eziphilayo. Ngakho, denaturation amaprotheni kungabonakala nasemkhakheni lapho abilayo amaqanda. Ezimweni eziningi, le nqubo awushintsheki. Ngakho, ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla degrees amane nambili kuqala denaturation ka-hemoglobin esinzima kangako emizini yabo komzimba ukuphila kusengozini. Denaturation amaprotheni ukuze acid ethize nucleic kungabonakala nasemkhakheni inqubo wokugaya ukudla, uma usebenzisa ama-enzyme uhlaba umzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi organic compounds ukuba lula.

isiphetho

Indima ribosome kunzima kakhulu overestimate. Ziyakwazi ngesisekelo khona amangqamuzana. Ngenxa lezi organelles, ungadala amaprotheni ukuthi idinga i-ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi. organic compounds ukwakha ribosomes kungaba neqhaza nesivikelo saKhe ezokuthutha, indima kulethe, zokwakha amaseli, enzymatic, ukuqondisa (hormone abaningi isakhiwo amaprotheni). Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi lo ribosome ukwenza omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kuseli. Kungani zingabantu kangaka - iseli njalo kudingeka imikhiqizo kwemiqondo yilezi organelles.