Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: Biography nemisebenzi

Phakathi abalobi Russian kwekhulu XIX babe izimbongi futhi abalobi omsebenzi wakhe egazini kubaluleke njengokugwema umnikelo izincwadi kazwelonke we Titans, efana Pushkin, Gogol futhi Nekrasov. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, izincwadi zethu ngeke bancishwa imibala eminingi nokwehluka, ububanzi reflection zomhlaba isiRashiya, ukuhlolisisa kanye ukuphelela ekutadisheni umphefumulo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwesizwe sethu ukujula. Indawo ekhethekile phakathi etihmasterov amazwi kuthatha imbongi kanye nesazi Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich waba uphawu lokuhlala ubuhlobo abalobi enkulu isiRashiya, owayehlala ekuqaleni futhi ekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Njengoba ayezalelwe Ryazan

umlilo Ami inkungu kukhanya

Sparks kuthiwa acime epheshaneni ...

Umbhali ala imigqa ngengoma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe abantu, owazalwa ngo-enkabeni yeRussia, ku Ryazan yesifundazwe. Umama imbongi esizayo - Natalia Y. - kwakungokwelambu lwemindeni ngendlela yakudala Kaftyrevyh futhi uyise wohlanga olukhulu abampofu, owakhonza iHhovisi Ryazan umbusi-jikelele Petr Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, ozalwa ekuqaleni Disemba 1819, kwaba ngingowokuqala ezinganeni zabo eziyisikhombisa.

Lapho uJakobe waphila engu-13 ubudala, unina eshona futhi ubaba wakhe wamiswa njengelungu isikhundla breech, waya Erivan, beshiya izingane inakekelwa izihlobo yomkakhe. Ngesikhathi Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo sesivele sidlulile ngowokuqala sokuzivocavoca Ryazan, owayengomunye Emazikweni empilweni yamasiko edolobheni.

Umhlangano no-Zhukovsky

Zibandakanye labomsindvofana eminyakeni lapho lisachuma kwaba wayeyisazi Pushkin, kwaba yinto evamile. Phakathi kwalabo ehlukile Ukuthanda okwakuvame ukubonakala kuwukuziphikisa lokusungula olusankondlo, ukubonisa ikhono oluvelele, kwakube nokusitheka wesikole abasha Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, ogama biography ugcwele eyingqopha ukuphola kubalobi engcono Russian kwekhulu XIX, ngokuvamile wakhumbula mayelana nomhlangano, okuyinto yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-akhetha ukukwenza ngokuphila kwakhe lwembhali.

Ngo-1837 wahambela Ryazan esizayo uMbusi u-Alexander II. Umqhele Prince emhlanganweni ezindongeni sokuzivocavoca Polonsky, egameni umqondisi, wabhala evesini ukubingelela ngamavesi amabili, kwakudingeka ukuba omunye okufanele kwenziwe kanyekanye ukuba Kumholi wokuhlabelela "Nkulunkulu Save Tsar!", Ikuphi baba liculo ezazisetshenziswa eMbusweni Russian iminyaka 4 kuphela ngaphambili. Kusihlwa, ngemva izenzakalo yimpumelelo esidlule ezihilela indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, umqondisi sokuzivocavoca isingathwe yokwamukela, lapho imbongi abasha ngajwayelana ngokwakhe wabhala umbhalo liculo entsha - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.

I imbongi edumile, umeluleki futhi umngane oseduze we Pushkin elikhulu wancoma izinkondlo Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, ngosuku ngemva kokuhamba kuka-Alexander ngisho ukhishwa egameni inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo iwashi legolide. Dumisani Zhukovsky kwaqinisa Polonsky Isifiso owanikezela ukuphila kwakhe izincwadi.

Moscow University

Ngo-1838 waba umfundi khono umthetho eMoscow University. Abaphila Besikhathi Bengilokhu babenezikhundla sociability emangalisayo, ukukhangana bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, leyehlukile Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich ngokushesha atholwe nengangibajwayele ebeyihlangana phambili yesayensi, amasiko zobuciko. Abaningi eMoscow abangane isikhathi nyuvesi abantu baye baba abangane ukuphila ngaye. Phakathi kwabo - imbongi Afanasiy Fet futhi Apollon Grigoriev, izazi-mlando Sergey Solovyov futhi Konstantin Cavelin abalobi Aleksey Pisemsky futhi Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist UNikolai Orlov, isazi sefilosofi intatheli uPetru Chaadaev, nomdlali omkhulu Mikhail Shchepkin.

Ngaleyo minyaka, yena wazalwa eduze ubungani Polonsky no-Ivan Turgenev, ayazise isipho nomunye iminyaka eminingi. Ngosizo abangane, emphakathini kokuqala Polonsky - ephephabhukwini "Amanothi we lawobaba" (1840) kanye iqoqo izinkondlo, "Gamma" (1844).

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukucwaninga lokuqala imbongi osemncane omuhle etholwe baxgeki, ezifana Belinsky, uthemba uphile umsebenzi wokubhala babe amaphupho zabangenacala. iminyaka Polonsky umfundi ophasiswe ubumpofu nokucindezeleka, waphoqwa ukuba njalo uthole akunika izifundo ngasese futhi lokufundiswa okukhethekile. Ngakho lapho kuvela ithuba ukuze uthole indawo ehhovisi ombusi Caucasian ka Ukubala Vorontsov, Polonsky kokushiya eMoscow, ngemva nje kokuthola iziqu zaseyunivesithi.

Emgwaqweni

Kusukela 1844 ayephila lokuqala e-Odessa, wathuthela Tiflis. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlangana nomfowabo Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, uyasebenzisana ephephandabeni "Transcaucasian iGazethi". Out amaqoqo yakhe zezinkondlo - "Sazandar" (1849) kanye "A Tinkondlo Zabambalwa" (1851). Emavesini wesikhathi kukhona ukunambitheka ekhethekile, liphefumulelwe amaziyo imbongi sika nge namasiko Highlanders, ne umlando umzabalazo waseRussia ukuvunywa Emingceleni eningizimu.

Lezi okungavamile ikhono Polonsky ukuba zobuciko babebhekwa ezinsukwini ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni Ryazan, ngakho, liphefumulelwe engajwayelekile of eCaucasus nasezindaweni ezizungezile, bekungenxa eziningi Umdwebo kanye Umdwebo. Lokhu lwaya kuhambisana eyalotshwa imbongi kukho konke ukuphila.

Ngo 1851, Yakov Petrovich waya inhlokodolobha, Saint Petersburg, lapho yelula indilinga labangane bakhe etemibhalo kanzima izinkondlo entsha. Ngo-1855 wanyathelisa enye incwadi, izinkondlo zakhe basuke kalula ukushicilela Amamagazini ahamba phambili etemibhalo - "Contemporary" futhi "Amanothi we lawobaba", kodwa izimali ayikwazi ukunikeza ngisho khona nesizotha. Uba komfundisi indodana Petersburg Governor Smirnov. Ngo-1857, isikhulu esiphezulu umndeni uvakasha Baden-Baden, nabo uya phesheya futhi Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich uye amabanga amade kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukuthatha izifundo drawing ngesikhathi abaculi isiFulentshi, wahlangana eziningana ababhali Russian nabakwamanye amazwe abaculi - ikakhulukazi, edumile Aleksandrom Dyuma.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngo 1858 Polonsky wabuyela Petersburg nomkakhe abasha - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug, ayehlangana nabo e-Paris. Emibili eyalandela kwakungokomnikelo Yakov omunye ebanga usizi kunazo zonke ekuphileni. Okokuqala Ufika balimale kanzima, imiphumela zazo ngeke ukwazi ukuqeda ngaphambi kokuphila kwakhe, ezihambayo kuphela ngosizo ngezinduku. Khona-ke ukufa ne-typhus ingafi Polonsky umfazi, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wabulala futhi indodana yabo eyayisanda kuzalwa.

Naphezu idrama siqu, umbhali isebenza ngendlela emangalisayo kanzima futhi kube nezithelo zonke izinhlobo - kusukela izinkondlo encane lyrical, librettos enkulu omningi temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba amabhuku okuqukethwe kwezobuciko - babe nakho kwakhe ezithakazelisayo kakhulu Umlando wakhe kanye journalism.

umshado wesibili ngo-1866 Polonsky kuhlangene Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, owaba unina nezingane zabo ezintathu. Wathola amakhono umqophi wemifanekiso wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuphila bokubeka inhlokodolobha Russian. Indlu kanye recitals etemibhalo yayiqhutshelwa Polonsky, wakhe ubuhanjelwe kakhulu abalobi ezidumile futhi abaculi bangaleso sikhathi. Lezi kusihlwa futhi baqhubeka isikhathi esithile ngemva kokufa imbongi, elandela Okthoba 30, 1898.

ifa

Legacy Yakov okusezingeni eliphezulu ecatshangelwayo ukungalingani. Isici esiyinhloko izinkondlo Polonsky kubhekwe lyricism yayo ayedabuka Romanticism ahlanganiswe wayeyisazi Pushkin. Kuyinto akukho ngozi sasibhekwa umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla emasikweni imbongi omkhulu kweqiniso, akulona ize, izinkondlo Baklanov sika avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa iculo lakhe abaqambi edume kunazo - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov nabanye abaningi. Nokho, ngisho abathandi ezithembekile isipho olusankondlo Polonsky wayekholelwa ukuthi impumelelo eliphakeme emsebenzini wakhe hhayi okungaka.

Ngekhulu lesithathu yokugcina yekhulu XIX ongqondongqondo Russian zahlukaniswa amakamu amabili - the "baseNtshonalanga" futhi "Slavophiles". Omunye labo ababefuna ukuba aveze ukuzinikela kucace omunye maqembu Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izingxabano zawo theory ne UTolstoy uku Umlando wabantu ababephila) waveza imibono olandelanayo kabanzi mayelana nokukhulisa waseRussia ku isiko European, kuyilapho kakhulu ngokuvuma nomngani wakhe - a "waseNtshonalanga" kucace Ivan Turgenev.

Wayephila imisebenzi ocebile nemibono zokuphila yomlobi Russian, esethole isibusiso komakhelwane Pushkin sika nokuhlala imbongi zamanje, ngesikhathi ekuphumeni inkanyezi we Bloc. Indlela e Ngalo mqondo, bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele yokubukeka, okuyinto usebhekene Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, isithombe sayo ekupheleni kwekhulu kakade ngokomthetho ephelele, ivela ekumeni okokugcina inzalamizi samanje, ekubonile ukubaluleka endleleni siwela.