Physico-chemical izakhiwo igazi, igazi umsebenzi

ukuphila akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwegazi. Kubantu, ke wenza imisebenzi ezibalulekile eziningana. Kunezinhlobo eziningana, kodwa overestimate lezi izakhiwo kunzima. Kusukela isimo igazi kuncike umsebenzi inhliziyo, izitho kakhulu futhi imithambo yegazi.

Imisebenzi kanye nezici umzimba ukucacisa Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali igazi. Ukuze uqonde kubo, udinga lokumba nezindaba ngomzimba womuntu izitho zomzimba. Eceleni ke kubalulekile ukucabangela yezingxenye yezingxenye igazi plasma izakhiwo.

izici Jikelele

Igazi ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Kufeza zenyathi ezicutshini. Ukwakheka egazini uhlanganisa amaseli iyunifomu into ewuketshezi (uketshezi olungenambala olusegazini).

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa namangqamuzana abomvu egazi, izinhlayiya zegazi kanye amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Uhlobo ngalunye lwengqamuzana yegazi wenza imisebenzi ethile. Igazi labo lonke, zikhona ku 45%. Plasma kuyinto uketshezi intercellular futhi u-55% isisindo ingqikithi.

Isilinganiso izinhlayiya kwakheka ukuze ingqikithi igazi ivolumu ubizwa ngokuthi hematocrit wakhe. ungubani ngokocansi inomthelela Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali igazi. Physiology kwabesilisa kusikisela hematocrit kusuka 41 kuya 48%, kanye nabesifazane - kusuka 37 kuya 43%. ezingeni layo kulawulwa izindlela ezahlukene zomzimba womuntu. Lokhu kungaba ushintsho ukumuncwa futhi kukhuthaza nosawoti, ukoma, ukulawulwa amaprotheni umzimba noma ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ukugibela intaba, lapho umoya iba kwaphela ngaphezulu, hematocrit kwandisa ngenxa isidingo ukwandisa umoya-mpilo. Umthamo wegazi okungukuthi emzimbeni womuntu omdala ifinyelela cishe 5 amalitha. Lena cishe 7% yesisindo sayo ngokuphelele.

Kungani igazi?

AmaFanktjhini ne-physico-chemical izakhiwo igazi ukuhlinzeka operation evamile yomzimba womuntu. Yezinjongo eziyinhloko yalolu ketshezi zihlanganisa zokuthutha, ukuqondisa, izinga thermoregulatory nokugcina isithiyo izakhiwo nezicubu ukuvuselelwa.

umsebenzi Ezokuthutha siqukethe izici eziningana. Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ithwala umoya-mpilo ezicutshini, ukuthatha kude nabo carbon dioxide (umsebenzi zokuphefumula). Futhi kusebenza ezokuthutha izinga ukulethwa izakhamzimba zonke izinhlelo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa i-aphoyntimenti bese igazi excretory. Iqoqa imikhiqizo yokugcina umzimba amaselula kanye uyisa ukuba izinhlaka kukhuthaza.

injongo Thermoregulatory legazi okumelwe athwale ukushisa kude endaweni lasungulwa ukuze ezinye izinhlelo. Gcina izicubu ukuvuselelwa kanye homeostasis yabo kungenxa exchange izinqubo.

Igazi futhi ulawula ezokuthutha hormone kanye nezinye izinto. Injongo okuvikela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi mzimba. Ngenxa yale njongo emzimbeni womuntu kukhona isibalo izinqubo.

izakhiwo Key

Ukuze umuntu abe nomuzwa wokuthi okuhle, kuyadingeka ukugcina imisebenzi evamile igazi. Kodwa ngalé kwalokho, kunemiBhalo eminingana izinkomba esibonisa impilo umzimba. Kuyinto sezindawo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali igazi. Kafushane bona angafakwa ohlwini, kodwa ngayinye idinga ukucatshangelwa olunemininingwane ethe xaxa.

Izinkomba eyinhloko isimo sokuhamba kwegazi kukhona oncotic futhi ingcindezi osmotic, izinga slurry. Futhi imfanelo ebalulekile efana colloidal plasma ukuzinza. I izici eziyinhloko ukuthi kulinganiselwa ngaso encwadini eyinsiza-laboratory kukhona kwabantu futhi viscosity igazi izici. Konke lokhu izakhiwo kufanele sibe evamile, noma inhlalakahle zimbi kakhulu, t. Ukuze. Igazi kugeleza ohlelweni, ukusuthisa wonke amangqamuzana. Kusukela izici zayo wetemphilo kuncike ngokuqondile.

Osmotic ingcindezi uhlobo

Uma ucabangela izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali igazi, kubalulekile kuqala kunazo zonke ukuba banake kuyinto izinga layo njengenhlangano osmotic ingcindezi hlobo. Lokhu kulinganisela incike ezingeni lokuhlushwa solutes-plasma.

Kungenzeka-non-electrolyte kanye electrolyte. Konke lokhu izakhi abe ingcindezi ethile. NaCl kudala kakhulu lokhu ukuchayeka. izingxenye Inorganic ndawonye bakha 95% ingcindezi osmotic.

Ngokuvamile kumuntu omdala, bangamaphesenti 7.5-7.6 atm. Lokhu okuthiwa nosawoti isixazululo bokuphila, lapho okuqukethwe Usawoti 0,86%. Nokho, uma okuqukethwe NaCl Inkomba inyuka, okuhlushwa liyaphuma yayo futhi ngokufanele ingcindezi. Lolu hlelo ngokuthi "hypertonic". Ukuwa kwe-emakamu usawoti kuholela ukwehla ingcindezi. Lokhu kuholela uhlobo isixazululo hypotonic.

Ngeziphambeko ingcindezi osmotic

Ukwephula izakhiwo physicochemical we segazi ingcindezi osmotic kuholela ukungasebenzi ohlelweni. naphakathi bokuphila ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso kusiza ukwedlulela isixazululo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi semipermeable. Kulokhu uketshezi ukunyakaza wenziwa kusuka usawoti lokuhlushwa aphansi a te.

Lapho hypertonic isixazululo uhlobo erythrocyte ulahlekelwa amanzi, okuholela ukuncipha yabo. Uma kukhona ongaphakeme ingcindezi uhlobo, bona ziyanda. Kulokhu, amaseli abomvu egazi angase aqhume ngisho. Le nqubo ubizwa hemolysis njengoba osmotic. Ukuntuleka amangqamuzana abomvu egazi kuyingozi ukuba abantu.

Oncotic ingcindezi uhlobo

I colloidal amaprotheni naphakathi bayakwazi ukwakha ingcindezi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali Haematology. Physico-chemical izakhiwo igazi ezibhekwa kanye nenqubo oncotic ingcindezi ukuhluka.

I amaprotheni equkethwe yi-plasma, kunzima ukuba banqobe izitsha capillary mncane. ingcindezi Oncotic ivumela amanzi ukuba buthelela egazini. Kuyinto ngenxa ngokuyinhloko-albumin. Isibalo sawo plasma eliphakeme.

Uma ngasizathu simbe inani albumin e-plasma liphansi kakhulu, nezicubu ziqala ukuba sikhukhumale. Ngokwandisa inqubo lokuhlushwa sishintshile. imali ethe amanzi wasigcina isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukuphulwa le nkomba futhi wazizwa ngumuntu.

ukuzinza colloidal

ukuzinza Colloid okuyinto waphawula yi-plasma, futhi kufakwe izakhiwo physicochemical kwegazi. Physiology yenqubo olunikezwa hydration wamaprotheni molecule.

On igobolondo yabo ion samanje kagesi enamathela double. Bakha okubizwa ngokuthi ebusweni ezingaba khona. Kungase futhi kubangelwe ngokuhambisa, ebanjwa phezu nezinhlayiya. It wenziwa isixazululo. Le nqubo yakha amacala eyohlobo Laphezu lapho izinhlayiyana bacasulwa.

izinqubo ezinjalo ukunquma ukuzinza izixazululo colloidal, ukuvimbela ukwakheka amaqoqo. Ayanda ezingaba, namandla izinhlayiya amaprotheni ziyasuswa kusukela komunye nomunye.

Lizinga lekusimama lokhu isixazululo libizwa ezingaba Zeta. Ngenxa amazinga oqavile plasma zonke amaprotheni kuyinto albumin, ukuzinza Colloid kuxhomeke kakhulu kubo.

izinga ukumiswa

Ukuhlaziya izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali igazi, kufanele sinake ikhwalithi ukumiswa. Zihlanganisiwe ukuzinza namaprotheni-plasma. Cell amayunithi ngokuvamile kufanele sigcinwe ukumiswa. Erythrocyte sedimentation isilinganiso (ESR) iyona esemqoka umbandela ukumiswa izakhiwo igazi.

Le nqubo isilinganiso Kwenziwa emqulwini esinqunyiwe kwegazi. Albumin adsorbed phezu kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Than bandisa okwengeziwe, ikhono ukumiswa ngcono ngaphezulu.

Uma anda amazinga globulin noma ezinye amaprotheni krupnomolekulyarnyh engazinzile, le ESR izokwenyuka egazini. Ukumiswa izakhiwo ngesikhathi esifanayo encishisiwe. Kuyinsakavukela lokhu inkomba abantu 5-11 mm / h, kanti insikazi - 6-12 mm / h.

igazi viscosity

Physico-chemical izakhiwo igazi kufundvwe esimeningcondvo viscosity yayo izici. Zibalulekile hhayi ngaphansi kuka nezinye izinkomba.

Viscosity - ikhono ezinye izinhlayiya ngokuhlobene nezinye ukuze simelane ukunyakaza ngenxa friction uketshezi. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yama nokuxhumana egazini amangqamuzana awuketshezi colloids ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhi kwakhiwa futhi plasma - ngakolunye.

plasma viscosity ngenxa yalesi sizathu ehlukile kakhulu kusuka ukuthi index igazi. Bona ingafaniswa maqondana namanzi. Esikhathini plasma kuleli cala, viscosity izikhathi 1.9-2.4 ephakeme, futhi igazi - izikhathi 5. Uma isibalo abomvu egazi inyuka, inani elikhulayo hematocrit, viscosity iyakhula.

Ukwandisa viscosity

Ngeziphambeko kungenzeka futhi viscous agcwele izakhiwo physicochemical kwegazi. Pathophysiology uhlola le nqubo ku eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu ukwanda amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, kungase futhi kuthinte ushintsho plasma. Kukhula lokuhlushwa therein amaprotheni macromolecular, ayanda viscosity Inkomba.

Futhi, lokhu kusiza wehlise izinga igazi ukumiswa. Ukube amangqamuzana egazi abomvu akha cluster, futhi viscosity iyakhula.

Igazi isakhiwo heterogeneous. Ukwehlisa umfutho wegazi futhi kungandisa viscosity yayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehla viscosity kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya umfutho ophakeme. System zesakhiwo amakhefu. Uma ama-capillary Taper ukuba microns 150 nokuncane, viscosity incipha. Kule ipharamitha kuncike umsebenzi ohlelweni womuntu senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

isisindo ethize

Izinguquko kule izakhiwo physicochemical igazi kuthinta ekusebenzeni simiso umzimba ngamunye. Ngaphansi kokulawula kudingeke baqhube futhi ipharamitha ezifana gravity ethize. It incike isibalo amangqamuzana abomvu hemoglobin equkethwe kuwo.

plasma Ukwakheka, ngokungangabazeki linendima ebalulekile. Inkomba lokhu ingxenye yawo igazi omdala 1,05-1,06. In amadoda, inani amangqamuzana abomvu egazi lingaphezulu, ngakho sibalo banayo inkudlwana.

Ngaphansi kwezimo umswakama lenyuke ukulahlekelwa umzimba (isb, kushisa, igumbi stuffy), isisindo ethize ukwanda igazi. Ngo-plasma, lesi sibalo leliphasi kunaleyo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Ngakho-ke, uma ukulahlekelwa uketshezi nokwanda hematocrit. Ukuletha izinga zibuyele kokujwayelekile, ubuchopho kutshela yokoma. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba wenze i-amanzi. Ngakho-ke, ngosuku olushisayo, yandisa isidingo eliningi ketshezi.

plasma

Physico-chemical izakhiwo plasma simelwa ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe. Siyabonga namaprotheni okumunyethwe kuwo izidakamizwa Kwenziwa eziningi imisebenzi.

Plasma ulawula amanzi-usawoti umzimba, igcina ingcindezi osmotic. Kubalulekile kakhulu esimweni esejwayelekile zempilo. Ngenxa ingcindezi oncotic inikeza ezingeni ledzingekako homeostasis. Ngenxa plasma futhi asekelwe viscosity izakhiwo, coagulation, imisebenzi zokuzivikela.

Lokhu imvelo ehilelekile ekunakekeleni ezingeni elifanele e-acid-base balance. Plasma amino acid kuyinto reserve. Lokhu kukunika igazi ukuhlangabezana umsebenzi umsoco. I-plasma is zithutha hormone, ama-fatty acid.

I izakhiwo physicochemical negazi, sizwisise nekubaluleka kwalo umzimba. Ukulondoloza zonke izici ezingeni elifanele kuyisihluthulelo ezempilo usebenza ngendlela efanele yonke esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ngisho ukuhluka kancane ukusebenza izakhiwo plasma uyayithikameza impilo yomuntu.

Ukuze ubonise isidingo samanzi emzimbeni ukulalela bo khe sizakala. Uma kukhona izingxenye ezingekho okuthile ukusebenza evamile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, umuntu uyozizwa abanelisi. Ezimweni ezinjalo kubalulekile ukuthi bafake isicelo eyisazi.