NPP: isimiso wokusebenza futhi idivayisi. Umlando esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi

Phakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, izingqondo engcono lesintu kanzima imisebenzi emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukudalwa we ngebhomu le-athomu, futhi mayelana nendlela ungakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla e-athomu izinjongo zokuthula. Ngakho-ke sengathi izitshalo amandla enuzi lokuqala emhlabeni. Siyini leso simiso ka esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi? Futhi kukuphi emhlabeni kukhona elikhulu lezi zitshalo?

Umlando kanye nezici amandla enuzi

"Amandla - inhloko konke" - ukuze ukwazi asemaHubeni zwi abadumile, banikezwe ezingokoqobo umgomo ka ngekhulu xxi. Nge ngamunye round esisha intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe lwesintu kumele kube bayanda inombolo yayo. Namuhla, i-energy of the "athomu zokuthula ' kabanzi lisetshenziswe emnothweni kanye ukukhiqizwa, hhayi kuphela emkhakheni energy.

Ugesi ezivezwa okuthiwa NPP (isimiso zazo ilula kakhulu empeleni yayo), kabanzi embonini, ukuhlola umkhathi, kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo.

amandla enuzi libizwa umkhakha esindayo, okuyinto okukhishwe ukushisa kanye nogesi kusukela amandla kinetic ye-athomu.

Lapho uvele esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi kuqala? Umgomo we operation kwamandla ezinjalo, ososayensi Soviet lotifundze emuva 40s. By the way, zifana futhi nabo owasungula le ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu. Ngakho-athomu kwaba kanyekanye futhi "ngokuthula", futhi ebulalayo.

Ngo-1948 I. V Kurchatov wasikisela ukuthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet waqala ukufeza umsebenzi ngokushesha kwi isizinda amandla enuzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, eSoviet Union (e Obninsk) iqala ukwakhiwa wokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni.

Umgomo we operation ye enuzi izitshalo amandla kuyafana, kodwa qondani okuyintando akunzima. Lokhu Kuzoxoxwa.

NPP: operation (isithombe kanye nencazelo)

Ukusebenza kwanoma iyiphi isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi kuyinto aphendule ngamazwi aqatha lapho kwenzeka lapho ubungako bokudlulisa athomu. Kule nqubo, ngokuvamile ezihilela athomu nokwe-uranium-235 noma plutonium. Kernel ama-athomu uhlukanisa neutron engena kuwo ngaphandle. Lokhu kuphakamisa neutrons ezintsha kanye ukuqoqwa izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, okuyinto amandla ezinkulukazi kinetic. Vele le energy futhi kuba umkhiqizo main futhi abalulekile imisebenzi yimuphi isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi

Ngakho kungenzeka ukuchaza Umgomo we operation amandla enuzi ophendulayo. Esikhathini isithombe esilandelayo ungabona indlela okubukeka ngayo kusuka ngaphakathi.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi:

• kuqondiswe yamandla aphezulu ophendulayo (esifushanisiwe - RBMK);
• amanzi amanzi ophendulayo (PWR);
• okusheshayo umfuyi ophendulayo (BN).

Eceleni kubalulekile ukuchaza isimiso yokusebenza NPP iyonke. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on ukuthi lusebenza kanjani, kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni esilandelayo.

Isimiso ezisebenza ka NPP (scheme)

Isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi usebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi izimo ngokuqinile echaziwe. Ngaphezu the enuzi ngokuhlakaza (elilodwa noma ngaphezulu), e isakhiwo enuzi kanye kuhlanganisa nezinye izinhlelo, izindawo ezikhethekile kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Siyini leso simiso ka esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi? Kafushane ke kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela.

I element eyinhloko iyiphi yenuzi - a enuzi ngokuhlakaza lapho kukhona zonke izinqubo eziyisisekelo. Mayelana okwenzekayo kule ophendulayo, thina wabhala esigabeni odlule. fuel Nuclear (ngokuvamile, kaningi kangakanani-uranium) ngesimo pellets ezincane black kufakwa ebhodweni elikhulu.

Amandla ezikhishwe phakathi ukusabela ezenzeka endaweni enuzi, is ibe ukushisa wayiswa kokupholisayo (ngokuvamile, amanzi). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-medium ukudluliswa ukushisa kule nqubo futhi uthola isilinganiso esithile yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisa kusukela kokupholisayo udluliselwa amanzi avamile (esebenzisa amadivayisi ezikhethekile - ohlobo), okuyinto ngenxa abilayo. Umhwamuko okuyinto kwakhiwa, phendula samanzi. I generator wesibili exhunyiwe, okudala namandla kagesi.

Ngakho, isimiso yokusebenza NPP - kungcono okufanayo ezishisayo amandla plant. Umahluko owokuthi e kanjani indlela edonsa intuthu.

Geography lemandla enuzi

Wonke amaqembu aphezulu ohlwini amazwe amahlanu ukwenziwa amandla enuzi simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. South Korea.

Kulokhu, e-United States, esikhiqiza ngonyaka yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 864 kWh, bakhiqize bafike 20% kagesi kule planethi.

Zonke 31 angamalungu e emhlabeni ezisebenza iziteshi amandla enuzi. ezimbili kuphela (i-Antarctica-Australia) ngokuphelele free lemandla enuzi kusuka wonke amazwekazi planethi.

Kuze kube manje, 388 Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi okusebenza emhlabeni. Nokho, 45 of them are vele isigamu ngonyaka akusho ukukhiqiza ugesi. Iningi Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi elise Japan futhi e-United States. Qedela geography yabo uvezwa kumephu elandelayo. Green limelela emazweni Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi ezikhona, unikezwa inani lawo ku-State ethile.

Ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi emazweni ahlukahlukene

Sekukonke, kusukela ngomhla ka-2014 e ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi kukhona ukwehla jikelele. Abaholi ekwakhiweni sikhungo amasha enuzi yiwona mazwe amathathu zimane Russia, India neChina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zithi akudingeki izitshalo amandla enuzi, uhlela ukwakha kubo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia kanye nenombolo lamazwe North Afrika.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eziningana States baye baqala ukuncipha kancane isibalo enuzi izitshalo amandla. Lezi zihlanganisa eJalimane, Belgium ne-Switzerland. Futhi emazweni athile (e-Italy, Austria, eDenmark, Uruguay) amandla enuzi uvinjelwe ezingeni zomthetho.

Izinkinga main amandla enuzi

With ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi lihlotshaniswa nenkinga enkulu wakubonisa lokhu kwemvelo. Lokhu okuthiwa ukungcola ezishisayo. Ngakho, ngokombono ochwepheshe abaningi, esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi sikhiphe ukushisa ezingaphezu kuka amandla efanayo ezishisayo izitshalo amandla. Ikakhulukazi iyingozi ukufudumeza nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ephula izimo zemvelo zokuphila eziphilayo begazi futhi kuholela ukufa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.

Enye inkinga acute ukuhlotshaniswa namandla enuzi, zenuzi ukukhathazeka ukuphepha jikelele. Ngoba okokuqala abantu kufanele icabangisise inkinga emva eChernobyl inhlekelele ngo-1986. Umgomo we eChernobyl ukusebenza esikhungweni samandla enuzi akuyona ezahlukene kakhulu kwabanye izitshalo amandla enuzi. Nokho, kwakungasho neze ukuthi ukulisindisa esikhulu ingozi embi, labo ababebanga ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu wonke eziseMpumalanga Yurophu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi amandla enuzi abutholakali izingozi ezenziwe umuntu. Ngakho, kukhona izinkinga ezinkulu ne indle zenuzi.

Izinzuzo amandla enuzi

Noma kunjalo, abalandeli amandla enuzi abizwa ngokuthi kanye nezinzuzo elikhethiwe enuzi izitshalo amandla. Ikakhulu, i-World Nuclear Association esanda kukhululwa umbiko wayo ngedatha ethakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokusho kwakhe, inombolo abalimala ahambisana ukukhiqizwa eyodwa gigawatt ka kwemandla enyukliya, izikhathi 43 ezincane kuno ezivamile ezishisayo izitshalo amandla.

Zikhona nezinye, kubaluleke, izinzuzo. okungukuthi:

• cheapness zokukhiqiza ugesi;
• nokuhlanzeka emvelweni amandla enuzi (ngaphandle ukungcola ezishisayo);
• yokuntuleka georeferencing okuqinile enuzi izitshalo amandla imithombo emikhulu nophethiloli.

esikhundleni isiphetho

wokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni lakhiwa ngo-1950. Umgomo we operation ye enuzi izitshalo amandla Ukuhlukaniswa athomu ngosizo i-neutron. owawudinga amandla ezikhishwe kule nqubo.

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi amandla enuzi - inzuzo okukhethekile ukuze isintu sizuze. Nokho, umlando ikufakazele ngenye indlela. Ikakhulukazi, inhlekelele ezimbili ezinkulu - yengozi Soviet eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi ngo-1986 futhi yengozi Japanese amandla plant Fukushima-1 ngo-2011 - wabonisa izingozi ezibangelwa athomu "ngokuthula." Futhi emazweni amaningi emhlabeni namuhla, baqala ukucabanga mayelana Ukuyekwa ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele amandla enuzi.