NATO. amalungu NATO. NATO izikhali

NATO - omunye ezinamandla bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa emhlabeni. Kukhona engaphezu kwengu-60. Ekuqaleni wadala njengenhlangano isakhiwo umbimbi, eklanyelwe aphebeze inqubomgomo ye-USSR futhi kungenzeka uvuselela nezifiso lempi capitulating eJalimane. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, NATO zahlangana iningi amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu we Bloc elaliyiSoviet. Abanye abahlaziyi wathi mayelana amathemba wokungenela iyunithi (ngisho nasesikhathini esikude esizayo) ukuze Georgia ne-Ukraine. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi izama ukujoyina NATO (noma ukumemezela ngokuhlanganyela ezempi nezombusazwe ukubambisana on ezisemqoka kwembulunga) futhi benza USSR neRussia yesimanje. Manje NATO zihlanganisa amanye amazwe 28.

A indima uhola ngokwemibandela lempi kule nhlangano ukudlala e-United States. Iyunithi ophethe uhlelo "Ubumbano Ukuthula", ngokubambisana neNhlangano Russian Federation ihlela nomsebenzi woMkhandlu "Russia-NATO". Siqukethe izakhiwo ezimbili eziyinhloko - International kaNobhala yiKomiti yezeMpi. It has a imithombo lempi elikhulu (Impendulo Force). indlunkulu NATO itholakala inhlokodolobha Belgian Brussels. I-Alliance has izilimi ezimbili ezisemthethweni - French and nesiNgisi. Inhlangano eliholwa uNobhala Jikelele. NATO isabelomali uhlukaniswe ezintathu zama - empini, wezempi (the capacious kakhulu zezimali) kanye nezimali zohlelo nokuvikeleka. Alliance zamabutho empi abathintekayo kulo izimpi e Bosnia and Herzegovina (iminyaka 1992-1995), eYugoslavia (1999 th), Libya (2011 th). NATO ubelokhu ehola amandla ngamazwe abezempi ukuze baqikelele ukuthi ezokuphepha eKosovo, uhlanganyela isinqumo izinkinga ezempi nezombusazwe e-Asia, Middle East nase-Afrika. It uqaphe budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye izakhiwo lempi abahlala kule ndawo yaseMediterranean, ekuboneni izinhlangano abathintekayo supply of izikhali zembubhiso. I-Alliance kuyinto ngenkuthalo ahileleke mpendulwano international neRussia, China, India kanye nezinye imibuso emikhulu. Abanye abacwaningi bathi, izingxabano phakathi NATO neRussia njengoba owalandela zomthetho zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa akukaze wanyamalala, futhi manje iyaqhubeka ikhula.

Ukudala NATO

NATO yasungulwa ngo-1949 ngu-nambili uthi. Ayisebenzi, inhlangano yindawo ehamba phambili idalwa, kuhlanganise nase-United States - ezinethonya kunazo esimweni kwezombusazwe nakwezempi kwadingeka ukufinyelela i-Atlantic Ocean, okuyinto ukuthonywa igama isakhiwo esisha ngamazwe. NATO (NATO) - lokhu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Treaty Inhlangano, okungukuthi, inhlangano eNyakatho ye-Atlantic ezisebenza ngaphansi inkontileka. ibizwa ngokuthi ngokuvamile Alliance.

Injongo iyunithi babephikiswa ukuba izifiso zombusazwe kweSoviet Union kanye namazwe friendly kuso eMpumalanga Yurophu nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngokwe-nezivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe NATO ukunikeza mutual ekuvikeleni uma ubudlova kwamazwe lamaKhomanisi zomhlaba. Nokho, lesi sibopho somshado zezombusazwe nomthelela izitayela ukuhlanganiswa emazweni lapho wawubumba. Ngo-1952, wajoyina NATO, eGreece naseTurkey, ngo-1956 - eNtshonalanga Jalimane ngo-1982 - Spain. Ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet nciphisa block eminye ukwandisa ithonya lawo emhlabeni.

NATO ngemva kokuwa ye-USSR

Lapho iSoviet Union iwa, kubonakala, isidingo sokuba khona ngokwengeziwe Alliance wanyamalala. Kodwa kwathi bonke okungalungile. amalungu NATO abangazange yanquma kuphela ukugcina iyunithi, kodwa futhi ukuze uqale ukwandisa ithonya lawo. Ngo-1991, wadalwa Euro-Atlantic lobambiswano Council, wayephethe ukusebenza emazweni angekho amalungu NATO. Ngawo lowo nyaka, izivumelwano zamazwe amabili kwasayinwa phakathi e-Alliance, Russia nase-Ukraine.

Ngo-1995, uhlelo lamiswa ekwakheni inkhulumomphendvulwano eMpumalanga Ephakathi (Israyeli naseJordani), eNyakatho ye-Afrika (Egypt, Tunisia) kanye iMedithera. Ubethula wajoyina njengoba Mauritania, Morocco futhi Algeria. Ngo-2002, it wadalwa Council "Russia-NATO" evumela amazwe ukuqhubeka ukwakha inkhulumomphendvulwano on ezisemqoka nezwe ezombangazwe - the wokulwa nobuphekula, nomkhawulo ukusabalala izikhali.

Ifomu amasosha NATO

Ukuma NATO, okuyinto Ngembathisa amasosha block akukaze obumbene. sifihle Military ku namazinga kazwelonke, zonke ucishe efana - kuba oluhlaza kanye shades of "Hacks". Kwesinye isikhathi amasosha wagqoka izinhlobo ezengeziwe zokugqoka (okuthiwa sifihle ovaloli) ngesikhathi operation ekhethekile ezindaweni ezikhethekile (desert noma asemaqeleni). Kwamanye amazwe, ifomu NATO iqukethe ezihlukahlukene imiklamo amaphethini, okuvumela ukuba kuzuzwe okungcono ukumaska amasosha.

E-US, isibonelo, ethandwa kakhulu sifihle iphethini ezindinganisweni ezinhlanu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, kuba ehlathini - izingubo nge shades ezine oluhlaza. Okwesibili, le ehlane 3 umbala - iyunifomu for ezempi ehlane equkethe shades ezintathu. Okwesithathu, lokhu ehlane 6-umbala - ezinye izingubo inketho elwa ehlane, kulokhu shades eziyisithupha. Futhi kukhona ezimbili ezahlukeneyo nemifaniswano ebusika - ebusika (ukukhanya noma umbala Milky omhlophe) neqhwa ebusika (okumsulwa ngokuphelele umthunzi white). Konke lokhu imibala - umhlahlandlela abaklami nezinye wamabutho eziningi Ngembathisa amasosha akuleli e sifihle NATO.

Kuvele kwemvelo ezithakazelisayo imifaniswano US Army. Ukuzifihla - yafika esanda kuqalwa. Kuze 70s ekuseni, amasosha aseMelika Iningi izingubo kuphela oluhlaza. Kodwa ngesikhathi ukusebenza eVietnam imibala ezifana awuzange wanelise izidingo zempi ezimweni ehlathini, okuholela pereoblachilis amasosha e sifihle, okuvumela imaskhi Rainforest. Ngo-70 kulolu hlobo ifomu cishe sekube ejwayelekile kazwelonke US Army. Kancane kancane kwakukhona ukushintshwa sifihle - okufanayo emihlanu imibala.

NATO amabutho

NATO has eside amabutho ahlomile, emphakathini - kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ibhekwa ngabathile ochwepheshe ezempi. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo amaviyo Alliance - States kanye kazwelonke. Ukhiye NATO yezempi iyunithi uhlobo lokuqala - iyona amabutho impendulo. Bakulungele ngokubamba iqhaza kakhulu ngokushesha imisebenzi ekhethekile ezindaweni izingxabano zemvelo nakwezempi bendawo, kuhlanganise emazweni ngaphandle Bloc. NATO Ubuye, futhi ngokushesha impendulo amabutho. Futhi ugcizelela eboshelwa yabo ayikho ukusetshenziswa esisebenzayo izikhali, futhi umphumela ngokwengqondo - ngokudluliswa endaweni zempi inani elikhulu izikhali ezahlukene futhi amasosha. Ukubala ukuthi amaqembu alwayo, ngoba siqaphela amandla okuseduze NATO, izoshintsha amacebo abo esivuna isisombulo soxolo.

Block has a air force onamandla. NATO izindiza - lokhu 22 ukulwa izindiza squadrons (mayelana 500 izingcezu imishini izindiza). Kukhona iyunithi - 80 izindiza izinjongo zokuthutha impahla yempi. NATO amazwe nawo aye enamandla imikhumbi. Siqukethe - abathwali izindiza, imikhumbi-ngwenya (kuhlanganise esisetshenziselwa senuzi), frigates, missile izikebhe zezindiza asolwandle. akhawunti NATO yempi for amayunithi ezingaphezu kuka-100.

I enkulu NATO yezempi isakhiwo - a main zombutho wezokuvikela. Ukubandakanywa kuphela kungenzeka zabo endabeni emikhulu ezempi endaweni engase-Atlantic. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthula basuke yalwa imisebenzi in the main ingxenye. Njengengxenye zamabutho main ukuzivikela ka NATO - kuka 4,000 izindiza futhi imikhumbi engaphezu kuka-500.

Njengoba NATO enwetshiwe

Ngakho, ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, NATO wayeqhubeka ephila, ngaphezu kwalokho, liye landa usithonye emhlabeni. Ngo-1999, e-Alliance ongene isimo kuze kube muva nje beniyingxenye ihogela ithonya eSoviet Union - eHungary, ePoland futhi eCzech Republic. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu - kwamanye amazwe zangaphambili sezenhlalo: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia futhi aseBaltic. Ngo-2009, kwakunabamemezeli amalungu amasha NATO - Albania Croatia. Against isizinda inhlekelele yezombangazwe kanye nempi Ukraine, abanye ochwepheshe bathi, NATO kwakungeke kube nezifiso ithuba lokuba sandise. Ikakhulukazi, ezingxoxweni phakathi ukuphathwa iyunithi kanye nabamele umbuzo Ukrainian entry yenarha NATO, abahlaziyi bathi, akuyona ibekwe ngqo.

Nokho, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, emazweni amaningi bazimisele ukujoyina Bloc. Kuyinto ngaphezu kwawo wonke lamazwe aseBalkan - Montenegro, Macedonia, eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Ekhuluma kumaphi amazwe ukubabela NATO nakanjani, kufanele kuphawulwe Georgia. Nokho, ngokuvumelana abanye abahlaziyi, zezimpi e Abkhazia naseNingizimu Ossetia - zezici ukunciphisa ukukhanga izwe block. Phakathi izazi zinombono ukuthi eminye NATO ukunwetshwa luncike isikhundla yeRussia. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Bucharest Summit, owawuse-2008, iyunithi wenza amathuba ukubusa ezinye emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, kodwa izinsuku ngqo kungukuthi okuthiwa ngenxa umbono uVladimir Putin, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni lizwakalise emcimbini ukuthi ukubukeka NATO eduzane Russia - usongo ngqo. Lokhu kuma kokungathathi Russia kuhlala kusemthethweni namuhla. Nokho, abanye abahlaziyi Western uthi Russia owesaba okungenasisekelo.

umzimba ezempi Alliance

Njengoba NATO - inhlangano lempi, kuba umkhuba ovamile for ezinkulu umzimba ezempi. Ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu amabutho. Ekupheleni 2013 eMpumalanga Yurophu sesifeziwe, njengoba bathola abaningi abahlaziyi lempi, ezinkulu NATO umsebenzi ngokuthi Jazz Ugxilile. Bathatha Poland futhi aseBaltic - Lithuania, Estonia futhi Latvia. NATO obize ukubamba iqhaza izivivinyo ezingaphezu kuka anamathandathu amawaka wezempi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, bakhangwa izimoto ezingamakhulu amathathu ukulwa, ezingaphezu kuka-50 zezindiza amayunithi, 13 yempi. Ezivamile isitha phiko isimo zamanga "Botnia" isuke yenze isenzo uchuku Estonia.

Yasungulwa ngu abahlaziyi lempi, izwe sihlangabezane crisis kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, okuholela ngiyajabula elala abalingani angaphandle. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxabano iye kwaphumela empini eyaqala ayehlasela "Botnia" e-Estonia. Ngesisekelo izivumelwano, ukuzivikela lilonke Bloc ezempi nezombusazwe ka NATO wanquma ngokushesha uthumele amandla ukuvikela elincane isimo aseBaltic.

Ngikanye namalungu athile esiteji ekusebenziseni wawukubona abameleli amabutho Russia (yena, ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezimbalwa le aqondisa ahlangene Russia nase Belarus babone NATO yezempi). NATO Abaholi wakhuluma mayelana nokwenzeka ubambe imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela sokulwa Russia. Ochwepheshe waveza ukuthi nokuvuleka mutual NATO neRussia umzimba ezempi ithuthukisa ithemba.

NATO US - ehola amabutho iyunithi - kuhlelwe umzimba emazweni lwaseningizimu yeYurophu ngo-2015. Kulindeleke ukuthi beyobe behileleke amasosha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 40.

izikhali Alliance

ochwepheshe ezempi Russian ngikubizé eziningana nezempi iyunithi, eyingqayizivele emhlabeni akukho noma kancane kakhulu. Lena izikhali NATO, ethi kungcono athathwe okusezingeni eliphezulu ukulwa emakhono Army-Alliance. Russia, abahlaziyi bakholelwa wezempi, udinga ukuba uqaphele ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezinhlanu izikhali. Okokuqala, kungenxa ethangini Challenger 2 ukukhiqizwa British. It is ehlome inganono 120 mm kanti ifakwe zempi esindayo. Ethangini uyakwazi ngesivinini ezinhle - mayelana 25 miles ngehora. Okwesibili, umkhumbi ukuthi eqoqwe yinoma okuthiwa "Project 212" yizinkampani ukuzivikela German. It libhekene ongaphakeme umsindo ezingeni, isivinini ehloniphekile (20 ifindo), izingalo kakhulu (torpedoes WASS 184, DM2A4), kanye uhlelo missile. Okwesithathu, NATO has ezempi ukulwa izindiza Eurofighter iSiphepho. Ngokusho izici zayo, sekuseduze ukuba fighters the okuthiwa isizukulwane lesihlanu - American F-22 futhi Russian T-50. Umshini ifakwe inganono 27-milimitha nezinhlobo eziningi yezikhali ezicitshwayo "umoya-to-air" futhi "emoyeni i-phansi." Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi i alinganayo ukumelana iSiphepho Kuphela amasampula entsha bezindiza Russian ezifana Su-35. Enye ukubukeka esiphawulekayo NATO izikhali - Helicopter Eurocopter Tiger co-ukukhiqizwa IFrance neJalimane. Ngokusho izici zayo useduze edume American AH-64 "Apache", kodwa amancane ngosayizi nesisindo, okuyinto anganikeza imoto inzuzo ngesikhathi sempi. Helicopter ehlome sebuningini yezikhali ezicitshwayo ( "umoya-to-air" anti). Spike nangomcibisholo, okuyinto kuveza izinkampani ukuzivikela Israyeli - Nasi esinye isibonelo sokubaluleka NATO izikhali, lapho ezempi Russian, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, kuyafaneleka ukunaka. Spike - ngempumelelo anti-tank izikhali. Sici Its liqukethe kuhlomisa warhead izigaba ezimbili: ungqimba wokuqala yangaphandle kuhlaba zempi ethangini, kwesibili - yangaphakathi.

lezisekelo Military Alliance

Endaweni ngayinye amazwe Alliance okungenani oyedwa enkanjini ye-NATO. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga Hungary njengoba elaliyiSoviet Bloc zwe. Okokuqala NATO base lapha weza ngo-1998. Hulumende waseMelika uye wasebenzisa airfield Hungarian "Tasar" ngesikhathi ukusebenza nge eYugoslavia - kungakho sasikhipha ikakhulu drones futhi F-18 izindiza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Air Force Base, 2003 abaqeqeshiwe Ochwepheshe lwebutho phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo Iraq (ngaphambi nje kokuba US Army ukulwa ezweni elithile laseMpumalanga Ephakathi). Ekhuluma sizana of amaMelika phakathi amazwe aseNtshonalanga phezu ukuthunyelwa ku insimu yalo elisekela ezempi, kuyafaneleka isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe Italy. Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, le isimo yafakwa at zamasosha enkulu ukuthi amabutho asolwandle.

Manje nePentagon usebenza nezimbobo eNaples, kanye sezindiza e Vicenza, Piacenza, Trapani, Istranov nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi Italy. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke NATO base-Italy - "Aviano". Yakhiwa in the 50s, kodwa namanje ochwepheshe eziningi zamasosha kubhekwe phambili esifundeni. On ke, singabali ingqalasizinda for azithathe-off kokwehla, lapho hangars lapho imishini izindiza kungathatha indawo yokuhlala uma kuhlaselwa ngamabhomu. Kukhona imishini Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, ukusetshenziswa okungase kwenziwe combat ohambweni ebusuku futhi cishe kunoma iyiphi sezulu. Phakathi entsha NATO elisekela eYurophu - the "Bezmer", "Graf Ignatievo" futhi "New Village" e-Bulgaria. Kanjani ukubala uhulumeni kuleli zwe Balkan, ukuthunyelwa amabutho NATO kuzoqinisa nokuvikeleka isimo, kanye nomthelela omuhle ku izinga lokuqeqeshwa webutho lezempi.

Russia nase-NATO

Russia nase-NATO, naphezu enomlando omude wokukhonza ngxabano zezombusazwe kwekhulu lama-20, kwenziwa imizamo ukuxhumana ezakhayo ku enkundleni ngamazwe. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngo-1991, yena ngemvume eziningi imibhalo ngokuhlanganyela ekhuluma ezinye izindaba kwezombusazwe emhlabeni. It wajoyina NATO okuqalwe uhlelo "Ubumbano Ukuthula" Ngo-1994, WaseRussia. Ngo-1997, i-Russia kanye NATO igunyaza lo mthetho ekubambisaneni nokuvikeleka, sidalwe i Permanent Joint Council, ngubani ngokushesha baba umthombo oyinhloko yokusesha ukuvumelana phakathi kokuthintana phakathi Russian Federation futhi block. Imicimbi eKosovo, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, kubukela kakhulu ukwethembana eRussia kanye umbimbi. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukusebenzisana baqhubeka. Ikakhulukazi, umsebenzi yoMkhandlu buhlanganisa njalo emihlanganweni zokubonisana phakathi amanxusa kanye nabamele Army. Izindawo ezisemqoka zokubambisana kohlaka Council - the wokulwa nobuphekula, ukulawula izikhali zembubhiso, missile ukuzivikela, kanye nokubambisana ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Elinye lamaphuzu ezibalulekile zokubambisana - nokucindezela obungemthetho izidakamizwa e-Asia Ephakathi. Ubudlelwano Bloc neRussia ukudukiswa ngemva kwempi e Georgia ngo-August 2008, okuholela ingxoxo ngaphakathi kohlaka "Russia-NATO" Council imisiwe. Kodwa ehlobo lika-2009, ngenxa yemizamo ye Izikhonzi Foreign, uMkhandlu waqhubeka nomsebenzi walo ezintweni eziningi izindawo ezibalulekile.

Amathemba iNorth Atlantic Alliance

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona NATO kanye namathemba ukunweba ithonya iyunithi incike esimweni komnotho emazweni ilungu '. Iqiniso ukuthi ngokubambisana lempi kohlaka inhlangano kusho kumaphesenti athile amabhajethi uhulumeni umbimbi imali ukuzivikela. Kodwa manje isimo kwinqubomgomo kwezimali emazweni amaningi athuthukile kuyinto neze. OHulumeni eziningi NATO oyilungu, njengoba abahlaziyi bakholelwa, akanayo imali mali emikhulu emabuthweni ahlomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibonelo engokomfanekiso-United States - kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukungenela ezempi zeminyaka yamuva usubakhiphile umnotho US umonakalo kanye amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu nengxenye. Ngokusobala, akekho noyedwa umbimbi wayengafuni ukuba babhekane nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa ezifana amandla empi enkundleni emhlabeni. Ngo 2010-2013 ngokwabiwa kwemali yamazwe kakhulu kwe-Europe ku-NATO ukuzivikela akazange idlule 2% we-GDP (ezingaphezu kuka - kuphela e-UK, Greece nase-Estonia). Nakuba ngo-90s kungokwemvelo ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi ngesilinganiso 3-4%.

Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi amazwe e-EU sithambekele ukuqhuba esizimele US inqubomgomo lempi. Ikakhulukazi esebenzayo kule ndawo ibonisa eJalimane. Kodwa lokhu futhi uhlezi phezu ingxenye yezimali: ukudalwa amabutho ahlomile eYurophu, ofana no-US, lalingabiza ezigidigidini zamaRandi. EU amazwe uhlangabezana yokujama tsi emnothweni, izindleko ezifana angeke akwazi ukukwenza.