Mushroom Plasmodium: isithombe kanye nencazelo

Mushroom plasmodium - ingenye amazing kakhulu eziphilayo eziphilayo ezikhona kule planethi yethu. Ukubukeka kwaso ke edidayo futhi kusabeka ngesinye efanayo abantu isikhathi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi amafutha futhi abathakathi impisi igazi. Ngaphezu ukubukeka kwayo engavamile, ukhunta unesinye khono elimangalisayo - angakwazi ukuhambisa!

Uhlolojikelele

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi plasmodium ukhunta, noma slug is kubantu eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kusenzima cishe nhlobo. Sakhe eside isibaluli fungus wabiza slime isikhunta, nakuba ayinayo igobolondo kanzima, ezikhulayo phezu umzimba vegetative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ngokuphongoza emandleni uhlamvu inebanga nezinye izici.

Igama slime isikhunta (ngesiGreki - amakhowe okusaluketshezi) maqondana la magciwane esingavamile sokuqala esenziwa e-1833. Nokho, ngemva sezitshalo German ikhulu leminyaka-quarter De Bari, okwase kuphele iminyaka engu eziningana ukuthi etadisha sina wabo, wathola ukuthi Plasmodium akuhlangene ne amakhowe, futhi cishe basonta iqembu lenyama. Nguye ezihlongozwayo ukubiza lezi zidalwa Mycetozoa, okusho gribozhivotnymi noma kuyiqiniso slime isikhunta.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Mushroom plasmodium ukusakaza cishe emhlabeni wonke. It kuyabonakala ngisho ezingwadule, eqhweni futhi ezinkangala. Nokho, ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zilwane, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ezindaweni ezinesomiso, babe amabanga yako ilinganiselwe kakhulu. A ezihlukahlukene elikhulu plasmodia kungabonakala nasemkhakheni zone athokomele, amahlathi alo lezihlahla, kanye eMedithera.

Ezinye zinhlobo kungabonwa kuphela ehlobo, kuyilapho abanye zitholakala kusuka kwentwasahlobo kwekwindla. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi isikhunta futhi kwenzeka ngesizini. Izinhlobo slime isikhunta kanye lonke amafomu ephansi wokuphila, kunqunywa ukuma esesikhundleni fruiting imizimba yabo. Abanye bangase bacabange ukuthi a amakhowe kuyinto Plasmodium ezidliwayo. Nokho, akuyona. I slug luwushevu, nokuthi kubadumaze hhayi izinambuzane kuphela, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo.

substrates

zinhlobo Iningi slime isikhunta uncamela bahlala izinsalela izihlahla ezibolile noma leaf udoti. Against ngemuva izithelo Plasmodium umzimba wawo obonakalayo ngokucacile cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi avele iningi izifundo mycologists ngubani ikakhulu ukuchaza zinhlobo ezihlobene ngokuqondile nalezi substrates.

Kakhulu kangakanani sebefunda lezo zincwadi eziphilayo ezihlala indle ezidla uhlaza, kanye emagxolweni izihlahla eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubukhulu sporophores yabo impela, ngakho qaphelani zalezi zinhlobo slime isikhunta ngokwemvelo kunzima kakhulu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi plasmodium - mushroom (isithombe esihlokweni), okuyinto ezimweni eziningi ungaboshwa yiluphi uhlobo omunye substrate. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho. Esinye isikhunta slime, isibonelo, uhlobo lwe Cribraria, uncamela emagxolweni izihlahla okuqondene AmaConifers. Kunalabo slime isikhunta, sporulation okuvame kakhulu kwenzeka amaqabunga green, noma zokugcina nyaka awile, sifanamsindvo noma ezikhulayo wona.

esiphelweni indlela

Thanda izimila zasolwandle, izakhi zamakhowe khona plasmodium iqala lwendaba. Kule kuphakama cell umbungu. Uma imvelo yayo ngokwanele ezimanzi, khona-ke kuthatha ifomu miksoflaggellata, t. E. Siyaphakama efana infusoria amabili flagella ubude ezahlukene. It icubungula ukusiza la magciwane ukuntanta ngokukhululekile emanzini.

Uma umswakama alanele ke lezinhlamvu kwakhiwa miksameba. Ngokuthakazelisayo, amafomu ngenhla echazwe bangahlanganyela futhi enekhono agelezele nomunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bona abe nesethi haploid wama-chromosomes, okusho ukuthi isikhunta slime inamaseli ocansini. Ngo inqubo conjugation kwenzeka zygote, ngemva kwalokho miksoflaggellata amancane noma miksameba sekuba umzimba vegetative - ephilayo unicellular lapho kakhulu ngokushesha sokuhlukanisa-nucleus. Ngenxa yalokho, i-cell likhula ngokushesha futhi secrete isikhwehlela, kanti ukuthola umbala. Yavela kanjalo-ke i-umzimba kancane okuzingela, Plasmodium kamuva ukwakha ukhunta.

incazelo

Ngo kweqiniso slime isikhunta Uyi onqenqemeni ehola futhi emise okwe-fan inethiwekhi branched izintambo (amashubhu), efana imithambo yegazi. Ngesikhathi qophelo plasmodium kuyabonakala ngaphandle kokukhulisa. Kulesi sigaba yentuthuko wakhe, uhlobo olulodwa-yengqamuzana, ababethi umbala ophuzi. Imvelo ezikahle, elikhulu ke luyokhula ngaye.

Lokhu umzimba ngokuvamile kuqhathaniswa monster elinganeliseki okuzingela ukuthi ibusa konke endleleni yayo. Futhi kuyiqiniso, ngoba njengoba ukuphindaphinda yayo it ithumba futhi ubamba amagciwane ahlukahlukene, ezinhlamvu fungal, nembiliso ngisho nezilwane ezincane. Mushroom Plasmodium ushukumisela phezu substrate ngenkathi lwanda ivolumu umboza ukudla like amoeba. Kulokhu, umzimba yakha okuthiwa vacuoles ukudla, lapho siqokomisa enzyme akhethekile wokugaya ukudla. Ngemva kwalokho kukhona ukumuncwa izinto ezidingekayo. Ngakho kukhona inqubo phagocytosis.

Ngenkathi plasmodium esiteji I slug is abatelekile Ubukhulu: inhlangano unicellular ongafinyelela cm 30 ubude futhi 3-5 cm ukushuba! Lalotshwa irekhodi emhlabeni ngokuphelele - yeseli elilodwa plasmodium Physarum polycephalum selingaphezu ngezabelo yokuthi wathatha indawo 2 square metres.

inqubo ukunyakaza

Ukuhamba mushroom plasmodium ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho has a uhlobo kwemisipha - actin futhi myosin imicu ukuthi ukunciphisa cytoplasm eduze, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe yezwakala futhi kungenzeka zichichima. Ngakho kukhona ukunyakaza komzimba. Ezinwabuzelayo ku substrate, kungaba ukuhambisa nge ijubane 1 cm ngehora.

Kuqondane ukuthi imvelo akudingeki umswakama owanele, ngakho Plasmodium ivame ukuba stiffen, lukhuni futhi ekugcineni siguqulelwa sclerotia. Ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswe makrotsist eziningana okuyizinto emgodleni ngokwanele nge cores amaningi ngaphakathi. Ukuhlala kule wombuso, umzimba angaphila iminyaka eminingi, kodwa lapho imvelo iba evumayo, ngamunye makrotsist babe Plasmodium entsha.

izici ezimangalisayo

Plasmodium bakhethe amanye usesimweni iphunga zamakhemikhali, ngoba, nokuba nobuhlobo obuseduze ukudla, izoya ngenjongo kuye. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinye inkathi yokuphila phototaxis zabo ezimbi ishintshelwa omuhle, futhi amakhowe imvelo manzi uqale ukukhasa phandle kwamanzi, uzama elangeni. Cishe, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi nokuvuthwa yokugcina kanye ukubunjwa olunzulu ezinhlamvu.

Futhi ezithakazelisayo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho ababili izimuncagazi kohlobo olulodwa kukhona "tho" ndawonye, ukwakha umzimba ezivamile. In the state elivuthiwe plasma kulezi zindawo iqala uphenduke futhi yakha imizimba fruiting. Bona ziphenduke futhi sikhule ngobukhulu, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje inqubo ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo lapho kumiswa ezinhlamvu haploid. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile periderm zokuzivikela igobolondo Ukuvutha, futhi slime zesikhunta chithi umoya. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezimvunayo. Uma isimo imvelo engenzi ivumelane kubo ngenxa okunye okudingekayo, lezinhlamvu angaba khona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-ayisikhombisa, kuyilapho esaziwa ikhono lazo ziqhume.

Ukuhlolwa ku slizevikov

Iqembu lososayensi Japanese uye wanquma ukubheka plasmodium, njengoba bebizwa ngempela cultured kalula egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Aqhuba ukuhlolwa ijubane ukunyakaza slime isikhunta, ukushintsha nomswakama kuma. Lapho umoya iba ezomile, Plasmodium behlisa ukunyakaza. Kule abacwaningi baye baphenya ithonya ukuchayeka gqwa, emoyeni elomile ohlabayo ngayo esingaba ihora elilodwa. ngokushesha Plasmodium waqala ukubambezela kusengaphambili. Yayibonakala balindele kokuqala ukuchayeka esilandelayo. Ukwenza lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, ososayensi wanquma ukuthi slime isikhunta bakhethe amanye usesimweni inkumbulo.

nezinye izifundo sezenziwe okuyinto sinqume ukuthi Plasmodium ongaxazulula izinkinga elula, isibonelo, ukuze uthole indlela emfushane, wedlula kusuka kwelinye iphuzu eya kwelinye Maze. Mangisho ukuthi kwalezi ucwaningo kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu, kusukela phambili kuya ukuqonda ukuziphatha lezi zidalwa zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo umlando ukuziphendukela kwaso.