Likuphi lesikhumbuzo ukuze izincwadi?

It sekungamakhulu eminyaka abaningi incwadi ibonwa abantu njengoba ocebile umthombo wolwazi, nakho nokuhlakanipha. Kuyinto elixhumanisa namasiko ehlukene kanye izizukulwane. Ngenxa siyabonga kanye nekukhombisa ukuqashelwa ukubaluleka amabhuku abantu ezimpilweni namuhla, singabona izikhumbuzo eziningi "tetemibhalo" izincwadi emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngamunye lithwala a umlando othile nefilosofi. Jwayelana ezithakazelisa kakhulu babo.

E-US,

E-United States ungathola izingosi eziningi enikelwe izincwadi. Ngakho, phambi emtapweni wezincwadi womphakathi Coshocton lesikhumbuzo evumelanisiwe wamiswa ngo-2004. Umbhali wayo kuyinto umqophi Allan Kottril. Ngokubukeka, lesikhumbuzo kuyinto inqwaba amakhulu amavolumu, okuyinto kuhlezi, ecabanga into, umfana nencwadi evuliwe. Tome ngamunye omkhulukazi unegama, futhi ikhophi ezandleni umfana wamshiya. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso zonke isivakashi umtapo angetfula ibhuku lakho olithandayo.

lesikhumbuzo UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki itholakala phambi izincwadi Nebraska-Lincoln University Library. Statue kwakhiwa njengoba ibhayisikili, lapho izincwadi 17 ezigoqwe izitaki. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo ibizwa ngokuthi "Ukulinganisela izincwadi." On the usebe amasondo kokubili amagama abalobi nezazi zefilosofi (uSocrates, Charles Dickens, Marcel Proust, uLuisa Lamura). Phakathi kwabo kukhona igama umbhali yesimanje Daniely Stil. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo libonisa ukujula izwe amasiko kunikeza abafundi isisusa okuthuthuka ngokomoya.

nososayensi waseMelika Ameliya Vaynberg ngo-1982 washiyela zonke amaphepha akhe nezincwadi siqu Public Library of Cincinnati (Ohio). Ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, lo umqophi Michael Umfanekiso wanquma abhebhezela lolu senzo esihle e lesikhumbuzo yasekuqaleni. Kuyinto ambalwa kushe amabhuku obukhulu. Basuke ezenziwe ngobumba nezitini kanye isikhumba eliqoshiwe. Aphilisa emthonjeni kwengoma. Wabuye athwala ongokomfanekiso ukubaluleka ukugeleza ongashi ulwazi, okuyinto ebalulekile empilweni yesintu.

eJalimane

imitha-Twenty lesikhumbuzo ukubhuka ovelele zefilosofi German nabalobi liphuma Bebel Platz Berlin. It wamiswa ngo 2006 phambi abadumile Humboldt University. isisindo salo amathani 35. izincwadi 17, embondelene, emakwe amagama abalobi: Hegel, Goethe, Schiller, Marx Brothers Grimm, Lessing nabanye. Itshe lesikhumbuzo sidalwe behlonipha Ioganna Gutenberga - umsunguli we yokunyathelisa yesimanje.

Futhi eseduze, bonke endaweni efanayo, kunesinye lesikhumbuzo, ngokuthi "umtapo lushone". izincwadi Kulahleke Ulapha, kunalokho iwuphawu inkumbulo, singavumeli ukuzikhohlwa ukushiswa ngesihluku ezingaphezu kuka-12 eziyinkulungwane of imisebenzi emikhulu ngoMeyi 1933, abafundi undlovukayiphikiswa. Isikhumbuzo kuyinto emashalofini ezingenalutho, ushiya phansi, zibe sikhala.

E-UK,

UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki kuhleliswa kuyinto lesikhumbuzo elibi eLondon. Ukwakheka incwadi yakhe yenza omkhulu, ebhidliza ekhanda lale ndoda, futhi nomuthi okhula kule ncwadi. Leyo lesikhumbuzo engavamile yabizwa ngokuthi "Kungakhathaliseki umlando." Umbhali wayo kuyinto umqophi Bill Vudrou.

eSpain

Ngokungavamile "ukuphila", isikhumbuzo engeqisi zezincwadi elise Barcelona. Yaqalwa ngo-1994, umlobi wayo - UJoan Brossa. sici Isikhumbuzo kuyinto ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke non-bendabuko futhi kokuqala amafomu. Itshe lesikhumbuzo liyincwadi isigamu-evulekile ibekwe endishini enkulu. Kubonakala sengathi ikhasi zithonye kulowo moya.

ePoland

Ngo-2008, Leske, esigcawini mlando, Book Fair owawuse. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho abaphathi idolobha uye wavula incwadi yokuqala yesikhumbuzo ePoland. ingxubevange Bronze libonisa ivolumu esindayo, ehlotshiswe ifulege lesizwe. Njengoba isisu umqophi Andrzej Pitynskogo, incwadi enkulu lifanekisela isisindo izwi ezinyathelisiwe. Lokho ukubambana ngezandla, esisuka phezulu. Ukwakheka futhi libonisa ukukhanyiselwa, intuthuko engokomoya, futhi ukuphakama, okuyizinto izincwadi.

Kwa-Israyeli

Ngokubabazekayo lesikhumbuzo amabhuku nekubhala lihlelwe Haifa. Usuku ukuyivula - ngo-2007, kwaba nabantu bezizwe ezixubile kuyinto imitha emithathu incwadi enkulu, wazenza ngethusi. Kusukela ngokwezwi nezwi leli gama "ukuxosha" izinhlamvu nezincwadi ezihlukahlukene. Lo mlobi ugcizelela ukuthi lesikhumbuzo lifanekisela ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo wokunyathelisa, ngokubhala. Itshe lesikhumbuzo itholakala ipaki elihle futhi iyatholakala wokubuyekeza zonke izakhamuzi nezivakashi yedolobha.

Ngo Turkmenistan

Izikhumbuzo anikezelwe izincwadi, baphathe okuthile okuhluke. Ubaba wesizwe Turkmen kubhekwa Saparmurat Niyazov. Incwadi yakhe "Ruhnama" ( "Incwadi Zomoya"), mhlawumbe namuhla ungakwazi ucaphune zonke izakhamuzi Turkmenistan. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane e umuzi omkhulu kuleli zwe ukuba Independence Ipaki has a lesikhumbuzo elikhulu efomini baba incwadi engcwele. ukuphakama kwalo - indlu ezimbili storey. Njalo kusihlwa, "Ruhnama" ivulekile, futhi ekhasini lokuqala ngosizo wokudlala kuboniswa ifilimu documentary mayelana ukwakheka kwesizwe Turkmen.

Ngo-UAE

Futhi lapha kungenye monumentalistics wobuciko ethwele ukubaluleka kazwelonke. Omunye olandelanayo kakhulu ngokuya kwenkolo kuwukuphela emirate of Sharjah. Enhloko-dolobha yalo ku Culture Square yamisa lesikhumbuzo amangalisayo siye amamitha eziyisikhombisa ukuphakama. Kuyinto incwadi engcwele ngobunyoninco ukuvula amakhasi. kufanekisa sezenkolo baqinise futhi anombala ocwazimulayo ngegolide zesi-Arabhu, lamaSulumane eliseduze. Le ncwadi lesikhumbuzo setha esisekelweni esiphakeme. Okwesikhathi ebusuku ukukhanyisa yasekuqaleni inqobo zibukeke kwandisa usayizi lesikhumbuzo.

eChina

China ubelokhu adumile namasiko inviolable futhi umbono unconventional zomhlaba. Isikhumbuzo amabhuku - ingenye ejulile afanekiselayo yayo imicimbi ingabhekana lapha izivakashi. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile yilona egwadle omkhulu ukuthi. Esembozweni sawo ukubonwa izinhlamvu Chinese kanye nezibalo, futhi kubo kuvela ubuso bomuntu. Inzwa Ukwakheka ulula: uma ingane liphuma esibelethweni sikamama ngokujovwa, kwakheka umuntu njengoba umuntu izincwadi.

izivakashi ilukuluku kungenye lesikhumbuzo anikezelwe ngamandla olwazi. Ukwakheka kwalo kuyinto jika-rocker, omdala ndoda chubby lihlala phezu kolunye uhlangothi nge incwadi esandleni, ngakolunye - intombazane ethambile nge isitaki elincane izincwadi. Njengoba umsunguli intombazane bulingana indoda. Ngakho, umqondo eziyisisekelo lesikhumbuzo okufundwayo: ukubaluleka komuntu inani ulwazi, kodwa hhayi ngobuningi.

eRussia

Izikhumbuzo izincwadi ngesiRashiya matasa, mhlawumbe, endaweni ekhethekile, njengobe tiniketwe ezihlukahlukene ocebile, futhi ngamunye kubo has umlando walo. Ngakho, ukwakheka yasekuqaleni zingatholakala eTaganrog Murmansk Krasnoyarsk kwase-Angarsk laseStavropol Kogalym. Ezinye kuhluke touchingly futhi ngomusa, kuyilapho abanye zisikhumbuza wayeyisazi ngokubabazekayo izincwadi Russian we emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

Ngaphansi classical igama "incwadi - umthombo wolwazi" futhi yanikezwa lesikhumbuzo ezinezihloko e-Omsk, emnyango esitolo sezincwadi emgwaqeni. Lenin. I okwakhe sokuqanjwa iyona indlela indalo yayo metal by Welding elektroduvnoy. Isikhumbuzo kuyinto ngesimo nencwadi evuliwe. Emakhasini alo kuboniswa izinhlamvu kumnandi futhi izincwadi. Umbhali wayo kuyinto Aleksandr Kapralov. Ngeshwa, ngenjongo umdwebi weqiniso ayikaziwa. Kodwa izivakashi evakashele edolobheni, zithako unika nenkululeko engenamingcele emcabangweni futhi "kucabanga conjecturing."

Ethandwa futhi umxhwele kakhulu, ngokusho abahambi, liyincwadi yesikhumbuzo Petersburg. Kuyinto ngaleso quay University (State University) futhi imele incwadi evulekile omkhulu (3,6 * 2,4 * 0,9). Itshe lesikhumbuzo senziwa egwadle, emakhasini alo ungafunda emigqeni abadumile ngekucaphuna enkondlweni Pushkin sika "lethusi wehhashi." Itshe lesikhumbuzo lesikhumbuzo e 2002, indalo yayo is siyigubhe weminyaka engu 300th komuzi. Ababhali kukhona E.Soloveva umculi, wezakhiwo futhi Isazi-mlando sezobuciko O. Romanov A. Raskin.

Esinye isakhiwo Petersburg anikezelwe izincwadi, ine umlando engavamile. Ixhumeke enegama kaConstantine sivale indlela engena emgedeni - ". Sivikelwe ezimpumputhe" umsunguli Ukwakheka uyintombazane ihlezi isinyathelo. amehlo kwakhe siqondiswe isibhakabhaka, futhi isandla sakhe sangakwesokudla sengathi kwislaydi yonkana ikhasi nencwadi evuliwe. Lapho sisondela, ungase uthole ukuthi ithanga ntombazane izimpumputhe - ". Umhlaba Wezingane" K. Ushinsky ukushicilelwa

Thobekile ngobukhulu kanye nokusungulwa zingatholakala lesikhumbuzo ezinezihloko e Khimki. It wamiswa ngo-2010, ngesikhathi eMoscow yakhe Forum lokuqala Namasiko. Itshe lesikhumbuzo zethusi okubonisa nencwadi evuliwe esisekelweni. ungabona iphrofayili imbongi Russian Alexander ekhasini elilodwa Pushkin, ngakolunye - imigqa yakhe kule nkondlo: "Ngiyakhumbula isikhashana emangalisayo ...". Incwadi isethwe sengathi sintanta emoyeni, futhi esisekelweni itshe ehlotshiswe feather and olunezintambo. Ifomu kakhulu efanayo kufana uphawu esithambile.

Buildings, izikhumbuzo

Monuments of izincwadi zezwe ziya ziba mandla libhekene okwakhe nomumo ababezibheka, imibala kanye nezinto ezibhaliwe. Isiqongo yalezi ezikhumbuzo manje ngokuthi isakhiwo ngesimo izincwadi. Lapha ebaziwe eduze zithandelana izakhiwo zaleli dolobha. Abamele lolu hlobo amasayithi kungatholakala e Kansas City (USA), e Moscow, Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Grozny, Ashgabat, Paris nabanye. Njengomthetho, lesi sitayela ukuhlobisa mbumbulu imitapo yomphakathi, izikhungo media nezikhungo lokudala, ezemfundo kanye zezimali.