Kwezinkambiso sezenkolo: izibonelo. Law kanye nezinkambiso zenkolo

Ubudlelwane phakathi izigaba zomthetho nge kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi ingenye esinzima kunazo zonke wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Ezama ukuhlukanisa lezi zigaba noma amakhulu eminyaka, noma, kunoma yisiphi isehlakalo, ukusungula ibhalansi evumelekile. Kodwa namuhla inkinga ikude ixazululwe.

zokuziphatha sezenkolo futhi umthetho

Lokho kwezinkambiso kwesokudla futhi zenkolo kuhlobene eduze, kuyaqapheleka ngochwepheshe kakhulu komunye nomunye. ERussia, mhlawumbe, kuphela abameleli olukhulu kakhulu ithiyori libertarian (V. Chetvernin, N. Varlamov nabanye) bavame ukuzalela zokuziphatha elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nomthetho, uya ngalé kwemingcele emkhakheni wezomthetho kwezinkambiso zenkolo. Izibonelo zibonisa ukuthi kuvela kabi, ngoba ngisho inkomba zomthetho umqondo libertarians - Umqondo inkululeko - elisuka nezimiso zokuziphatha esobala nangale kwemingcele yokuziphatha, eqinisweni, akunandaba mqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kusobala ukuthi uyazazi izimiso emasikweni enkolo. Lo mbono lokuhle nokubi asivelanga angaqondi ukuthi kungani. Sibangelwa umkhuba abantu setha inkolo ethile, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, it kubangelwa kwezinkambiso zenkolo. Uma lezi kwezinkambiso abangelwa ngokuyinhloko lwetemtsetfo, uma kunqunywa ukuthi kunesizathu ukukhuluma mayelana "ilungelo yenkolo", njengoba akhuthazwa isazi sezomthetho esidumile Rene uDavide. Ngokomlando, indima ilungelo bezenkolo omkhulu lanamuhla isimo sezwe akwaziwa kahle, kukhona ezimbalwa kuphela imizi.

Izici eziyinhloko ilungelo zenkolo

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ilungelo zenkolo ukuthi ngesisekelo ecashile zonke izinkambiso neyaziwayo ukuzimisela onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, zalotshwa ezincwadini ezingcwele, lokutsatfwa njengetintfo imithombo yamazinga zenkolo. Ukusungula ukuthembeka akunakungatshazwa, futhi zonke izenzo womuntu izwakalwa ngaphakathi accordance nga it. Yonke uhlelo lomthetho ngezinga elikhulu uholwe nemfundiso yenkolo. Empeleni, lona okugcinwe ngawo ukushintshashintsha ethize on isihloko umthetho wemvelo (Spinoza, zh. Zh. Russo, Kant), lapho, ngokuvumelana ezimisiwe isiko yesayensi, umthetho isehlukaniso futhi umthetho. Ilungelo ancike ukubaluleka inhloso emphakathini wabantu, umthetho Kungakuhle lezi zimiso kwenza kube esisemthethweni. Ngokuphambene, isimiso somthetho wachaza ukuthi akulungile (njengoba umkhiqizo womsebenzi isimo sika) imithetho umgomo.

ngezibonelo ezingokomlando kanye owayephila ngesikhathi ilungelo zenkolo

I engavamile kwelungelo zenkolo ukuthi njengenhlangano "umthetho mgomo" zivela kuyinsakavukela, ukuqaphela "umuntu onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo" futhi zalotshwa ezincwadini ezingcwele. izibonelo Classic komthetho ngokwezenkolo imithetho ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, aba isisekelo izinkantolo Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi (ikakhulukazi e-Germany, lapho "zomthetho" ezinkantolo iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngezizathu babhaliswa ngokuningiliziwe kakhulu), izinhlelo eziningi zasendulo zomthetho, ezifana edumile "Avesta" enquma kwecala on ngesisekelo postulates edume Ahura Mazda, okwembula kwezinkambiso zenkolo. Izibonelo ngokuvamile kakhulu imizwa: ngisho inja selivela isihloko amalungelo.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla ngokucacile kakhulu ilungelo zenkolo asetjenziswako e emagcekeni Sharia kanye namazwe lapho amasiko enkolo asisekelo umthetho, isibonelo e-Iran.

I inkolo efanele nakwabezizwe

Ezimweni eziningi isici ilungelo zenkolo ukuthi usebenza kuphela ngaphakathi emphakathini coreligionists. AbeZizwe awekho ngaphansi komthetho yenkolo. Ziyakwazi noma kuncike uxoshwe, futhi ngisho nokubhujiswa ngokomzimba, uma imisebenzi yabo nokukhulekela awamukelekile neziphathimandla esemthethweni (izibonelo zalokhu - ukuxoshwa kwamaJuda kusukela ngo-Christian eSpain ngo-1492, ukuxoshwa Armenia ngo abaseTurkey ngo-1915, kanye nokunye), noma abeZizwe umane esiboniswa ngaphandle komthetho yenkolo uhlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iran yanamuhla, zenkolo elandelayo umthetho: kwabathembekile kukhona kuvinjelwe utshwala, futhi izakhamuzi European noma abaJuda benza okuhlukile. Isizathu ngokuvamile abantu kokholo lweqiniso aye ezulwini uma yonke imikhuba nemithetho, kanye kwabezizwe usuvele abalithandayo, ngokulandelana, imiphefumulo yabo ayikwazi anakekele. Yiqiniso, omunye Akufanele siwuthathe kalula amasiko zomlando engokwenkolo, bavame balawule ezicashile umthetho.

Inkolo nasezimisweni zokuziphatha yesimanje

Uma "classical" ilungelo bezenkolo emlandweni wanamuhla ngaphandle kunalokho umbuzo ngobudlelwane phakathi komthetho zokuziphatha, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu isekelwe esikweni zenkolo, ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Mhlawumbe kungcono ngisho Indaba ebaluleke kakhulu. Yebo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo olufanele ebuhlotsheni obase bukhona kakade kuyinsakavukela (qakala isimilo)? Noma ilungelo ungakwazi kuphela kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele into ngaphansi iphikisane nesimilo? Ukuyibeka kalula, uma ikhona ngomthetho wenkosi, kungakhathaliseki ingxenye zayo zesimilo, kuyisenzo engokomthetho? Uhlelo komthetho yenkolo asivelanga lo mbuzo, ngoba kayikho inkosi akazange alinge ukukhipha ephambene isimemezelo imibhalo. Enye into - umthetho wokuziphilisa, okuyinto has ezinye izizathu. umbuzo lwasekuqaleni: "Uma inkosi noma uhulumeni ngeke ikhiphe umyalo wokuthi kudinga ukubulawa kwabo sonke isibalo sabantu yezwe, ngabe lomthetho umyalo" wokuba Uma yebo - lwetemtsetfo akunangqondo. Uma kungenjalo - lapho imingcele yomthetho zomthetho nokuthi bazimisele? Kulesi senzakalo, kukhona izimpendulo okunye ambalwa isayensi yesimanje.

ithiyori legistskih

Abamele lo mbono isekelwe izici imibono mayelana nendlela ezihlobana kwezinkambiso kwesokudla nezenkolo, njengoba kuphuma kuso ngobungcwele umthetho. Umsuka walo esukela emuva le nabezomthetho yamaShayina yasendulo. imithetho angadingi ingxoxo kanye nokuphawula, basuke siluthathe kalula. Kuphenduka kungaba yingxenye kwesokudla yenkolo, kodwa ubuhlobo kuwukuthi ngakho ezinzima: njengoba umthetho, umthetho wezenkolo ivumela ukulungisa kwemithetho yabo engcono ivumelane umoya zalesi sihlahla saphezulu. Ngalo mqondo, ngemvume, kunalokho absolutizes umthetho zenkolo social hhayi.

ithiyori esisemthethweni

Lo mbono ubuye ngendlela yalo kwembula ukuthi izinkambiso obunjalo benkolo. Izibonelo zingase zihluke, kodwa ngokuyinhloko ihlobenenamanye igama Kelsen.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi ilungelo - kuba ezithile imithetho esungulwe, eziye zathathwa abomthetho nasemphakathini. Uma umphakathi ivame ukwamukela njengoba amalungelo zokuziphatha zenkolo - it is a umphakathi zomthetho. Uma usebenzisa zokuziphatha anti-zenkolo (isibonelo, pirates umphakathi, iSoviet noma amaNazi zokuziphatha ukufakwa Hitler) - futhi umphakathi umthetho-based, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubuhlungu kanjani ukukhuluma ngakho. Okwazekayo, Kelsen izingxenye nezimiso zokuziphatha lakhishwa kubakaki of ubudlelwano zomthetho. Ngenxa yalesi, inkolelo-mbono yakhe ibilokhu ngokuphindaphindiwe wagxeka ngokombono nezinye imiqondo zomthetho.

Yusnaturalizm (umthetho wemvelo)

Yusnaturalizma ubuhlobo emthethweni zenkolo abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele. Isikhathi esining impela - kuze kube manje - abasekeli yusnaturalizma zihlanganisa zenkolo izindinganiso zomphakathi livikeleke ebezilandelwa ( "Awuyikumcindezela ukubulala," "Awuyikupheka ukweba," njll ...) Esikhathini uhlu lwemithetho yemvelo lwesintu ukuthi kufanele ichaze wabuka isithombe wezomthetho iyiphi inkathi .

ithiyori positivist

Lo mbono - omunye ethandwa kakhulu empilweni yesimanje, noma kunjalo, empilweni Russia lanamuhla - esekelwe yokuthi umthetho umisa ezithile ngokwemvelo ethuthukiswe kulesi simiso amazinga sikhathi. Isilinganiso ezinhle zomthetho ekuziphatheni zenkolo futhi umthetho wezenkolo ngezindlela ezimbili: kulolu hlangothi, ezintweni ezinhle ibheka ezikuthola enkolweni, ngakolunye - indiva uma izimo ziye zashintsha, uma umsebenzi iyeke ukuqhuba elawula kwezinkambiso zenkolo. Izibonelo zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Ngakho, ezintweni ezinhle ngokomthetho futhi kulula ukuzwana nabo eSoviet (anti-zenkolo), futhi isimo post-Soviet.

ithiyori ovulekile

Omele bhá we-American umhlaziyi abadumile zomthetho Lon Fuller.

Ngokusho Fuller, ilungelo awukwazi okubi. Nokho, ukuziphatha okuhle umthetho uzimisele ngemitsetfo abstract, ethize ngakwesokudla zenkolo, futhi izinzuzo sangempela lomphakathi ngamunye. imithetho Legal ngcono, abantu abangaphezu azuze kuzo. ithiyori Fuller sika ngokwengxenye ligamanxa zokuziphatha nezenkolo, kodwa kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi abstract nezimiso zokuziphatha ifomula inzuzo izifunda ecacile zezimali.

ithiyori libertarian

Lo mbono lihlotshaniswa igama VS Nersesyants, kodwa isiphetho yokugcina etholakale ngemisebenzi abafundi bakhe. Ingqikithi yalo umbono uwukuthi ilungelo - iyona inkululeko yomuntu, kungagcini kuphela omunye umuntu inkululeko yakhe. Abasekeli balobu theory ezitholakalayo zenza zonke izinkambiso zenkolo kanye namanani ngaphandle emkhakheni wezomthetho (kule futhi kwelokuthi Nersesyants). Yokuziphatha sezenkolo, ngokuvumelana libertarians, kuyinto isithiyo sina ngakwesokudla, njengoba abanye bathi izindinganiso "jikelele", imingcele inkululeko. Kulokhu, lo abasekela le nkolelo-mbono ngokucophelela awuboni indida ukuthi inkululeko ngokwayo, uyabezwa njengoba isigaba ontological, ibuthinta ngokuqondile hhayi kuphela izimiso zokuziphatha, kodwa futhi (isibonelo, ubuKristu) kuya nefilosofi zenkolo.