Kuyini izinqubo neoplastic?

Abaningi besaba nomdlavuza, futhi kube kufanele. Lesi sifo kuyingozi futhi ononya. umphumela Obulalayo ngenxa yomdlavuza inkulu endaweni yesibili, ngemuva kuphela igunya sokufa yisifo senhliziyo. Ngezinye izikhathi odokotela okwatholakala "inqubo neoplastic." Kusho ukuthini lokhu, yebo akusiyo okwazo zonke iziguli. Abanye baze bacabange ukuthi ukuthi lena yinto enhle noma okungenani hhayi eyingozi. Eqinisweni, kokutshelwa ngokukhubazeka kwengane iyona izinqubo ezifanayo neoplastic ezenzeka umdlavuza. Ezisithintayo abantu babo bonke ubudala, ngisho nezinsana kungase kukhule kunoma isitho kanye nanoma yimuphi izicubu zomzimba isikhathi eside akazange nomthelela ngaphandle nzima kakhulu ukwelapha lesi Izibikezelo. Lesi sihloko sidingida ukuthi bangobani labo izimbangela umdlavuza, ikakhulukazi ngendlela nezindlela zokwelashwa.

Etiology izimila

izinqubo Neoplastic ngendlela ehlukile libizwa neoplasia, okuyinto elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukukhula entsha". Okuningi eside ajwayelekile kule mkhuba - isimila, okusho normal, ngokweqile, ukwanda okungaqondiswa kwamadolobha amaseli angavamile angase nomthelela izicubu zomzimba. inqubo Neoplastic kungenzeka ziqale kuguquka kuseli eyodwa, kodwa umahluko ngokuvumelana kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba wamukela kuphela uma 1/3 ye yonke amaseli noma isiphi isitho ilahlekelwa izici zayo ezindala futhi ushukumisela kusimo esisha. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kumiswa zamangqamuzana omdlavuza luyimfuneko ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo, kodwa lokhu ayikahlanganiswa kubhekwe. Ezimweni eziningi, le nqubo neoplastic iqala endaweni eyodwa. Ukuthuthukisa ibizwa ngokuthi isimila eyinhloko. Esikhathini esizayo, izinguquko sokugembula ezithinta umsebenzi wonke kwezitho zomzimba, futhi isifo siba letindzala. Cabangela izici zamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

division

umzimba wethu yakhiwa zezigidi zamangqamuzana. Sinenkosi umehluko izici isakhiwo, kuye ngokuthi isitho noma izicubu imisebenzi, okuyizinto. Kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni angaphansi umthetho ezivamile - ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kohlelo lonke. Eminyakeni ukuphila yengqamuzana ngayinye, kukhona ezilandelanayo iseli izinguquko awahlobene ne inqubo neoplastic futhi iyimpendulo umyalo, onikeza umzimba wakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphindaphinda (division) amaseli evamile iqala kuphela uma uthola isignali efanelekile ukusuka ngaphandle. Im kuba phambi e medium isiko kanye 20% serum nokukhula izici. Lezi zici, usebenzisa ama-receptor ethize kuthiwa ngobulili "ukuze" cell ukufanisana (zamagama indodakazi molecule) kwe-DNA, okungukuthi, ukwehlukana. Umdlavuza amaseli angadingi oda. Ungixoxela ukuthi yena ejabulisa, engalindelwe futhi ezimathonsi.

umthetho Okwesibili ezingeguquleke ngoba amangqamuzana avamile ukuthi usungaqala wabe kuphela endabeni sokunamathisela yona matrix ezithile extracellular, ezifana fibronectin ngoba fibroblasts kuyinto. Uma kungekho okunamathiselwe, ngisho noma kukhona oda kusuka ngaphandle division ayenzeki. Iseli umdlavuza kuleli matrix akadingi. Njengoba sengineminyaka ukuguqulwa kwakhe, uphehla "ithimba" ayo ukuba phezulu division, ngubani engikhiphela ngokwethembeka.

Inombolo ukwahlukana

amangqamuzana avamile siphile, bathi, emphakathini wobungane zazo siqu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlukana, ukukhula nokuthuthuka omunye wabo akusho ukuthi kuphula ngaphezulu kwama khona lomunye. Ukuhlanganyela nomunye futhi kuncike "Order" cytokines (molecule Imininingwane), angabe esaba zanda, uma lokhu ubalekela isidingo umzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, fibroblasts efanayo uhlukanise kuze ukudala monolayer aminyene futhi ukusungula cell oxhumana. Specific inqubo neoplastic libhekene iqiniso lokuthi amaseli angavamile, noma ngabe kakade kakhulu, uqhubeke wanda, ukukhasa ku nomunye, ecindezela amaseli elingumakhelwane, ekubhubhiseni kubulala. Umdlavuza amaseli musa basabela "oda" cytokine ukukhula inhibitor ukuyeka sokuhlukanisa, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, abayeki reproduction ezisuka kusukela nemisebenzi yabo izimo ezinzima, njengokugula hypoxia, ukungabi-nucleotide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza ngobudlova kakhulu - baqale ukugxambukela synthesis amangqamuzana avamile enempilo, abaphoqa ukuba ukukhiqiza izinto akudingekile ngabo futhi kudingekile bona, ngaleyo ndlela iphazamisa umzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana omdlavuza bayakwazi ukungena igazi uyohlala endlini zamanje yakhe ngomzimba bazohlala kwamanye amathishu kude isimila eyinhloko, okuwukuthi, nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

ukungafi

Emhlabeni akukho okuphakade. amaseli enempilo futhi babe ophila phakathi lapho befeza inombolo yabo eyabelwe yezigaba, kancane kancane aguge futhi afe. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi apoptosis. Ngalo, umzimba isekela ilungelo yena nesibalo sohlobo yengqamuzana ngayinye. izinqubo Neoplastic zinezikhathi yokuthi amaseli soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka "ukhohlwe" isibalo ukuhlukana, kulo ebekwe nemvelo, ngakho ukufinyelela izinombolo yokugcina uqhubeke wanda olwengeziwe. Okungukuthi, ikhono aguge futhi afe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo impahla esiyingqayizivele zamangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthola elinye - ukuhlukumeza yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo, okungukuthi, izimila akakwazi yakha amaseli ethize synthesize amaprotheni adingekayo, ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala wande engakafiki ukuvuthwa.

neoangiogenesis

Isici eyingqayizivele oluthile lomdlavuza ikhono lazo angiogenesis kokusebenzayo kakhulu, okungukuthi, ukwakheka imikhumbi igazi. Nomzimba, angiogenesis kwenzeka imali ezincane, isib, in kwetinhlavu izibazi e ukuphulukiswa noma ukuvuvukala foci. izinqubo Neoplastic ukwandisa ngokuphindaphindiwe umsebenzi umzimba, ngoba uma izimila emzimbeni enwetshiwe ngeke uvele imithambo yegazi, akubona bonke amangqamuzana omdlavuza uthola izakhi futhi ukuthi ababekudinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithambo yegazi zisetshenziselwa phambili eminye kanye umzimba (ukwakha metastases).

Ukungazinzi zofuzo

Lapho ingqamuzana evamile uhlukanisa, inkampani ephethwe etholwe ikhophi esiqondile ke. Ngaphansi izici ezithile ekwehlulekeni yayo DNA zenzeka, futhi kukhona ukwahlukana "indodakazi" - a asabekayo, ukuba unezimfanelo entsha. Kwathi wakhe ujike ukwabelana, kukhona ngisho amaseli ngaphezulu zishintshe. izinqubo Neoplastic zenzeka ngenkathi kancane kancane ukuqongelela lezi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukungafi lezi amaseli bese ehoxile umzimba oda kwakuwukuthi kuholela ezahlukeneyo abulalayo ngaphezulu kanye nenqubekelaphambili okuphikelelayo isimila ukukhula.

izizathu

Iseli iqala ukuba baziphathe ngendlela engafanele ngenxa yezinguquko DNA yayo. Kungani kwenteka, kuyilapho kungekho impendulo ngqo, kukhona kuphela theory, owawuthi izinqubo neoplastic Zingase ziqale ngokusho okuthile ngezinga elithile okungenzeka.

1. Ukubambezeleka yofuzo. Ukufaka 200 izinhlobo umdlavuza kubangelwa angahlangani zofuzo elandelayo izakhi zofuzo:

'Kuphendula i nokuvulwa obonakele DNA amasayithi;

-regulates ekusebenzisaneni phakathi amaseli;

'Kuphendula i abacindezela ukuthuthukiswa isimila.

2. Chemical izinto (carcinogens). Ngokwezibalo kusukela UBANI, bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo lo-75% amacala umdlavuza. carcinogens ezaziwayo manje yogwayi, nitrosamines, epoxides, hydrocarbon elimnandi - izakhi abangaphezu kuka-800 futhi compounds zabo.

3. ejenti Physical. Lezi zihlanganisa emisebeni ngemisebe, ukuchayeka okushisa aphakeme e ukulimala.

4. carcinogens Endogenous. Le into kwakheka umzimba ngesikhathi thuthuva hormone, ukwehluleka izinqubo umzimba.

5. Oncoviruses. Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile igciwane ukuthi ingaqalisa izinqubo neoplastic. Lezi zihlanganisa i-herpes igciwane, Papillomavirus, retrovirus, nabanye.

imvelo Kubi, abampofu ukudla izinga, high ukucindezeleka ngokwengqondo kuholela yokuthi amaseli asabekayo e abantu njalo kokuvela, kodwa Ukuvikelwa abo omzimba kuthola futhi aqede isikhathi. Uma amasosha omzimba zibuthaka, amaseli normal uphile futhi ekugcineni abe umdlavuza.

izinhlobo izimila

Abantu bavame ukubuza, inqubo neoplastic, kuba umdlavuza noma cha? Impendulo isobala ukuthi akasafuni. Zonke izimila zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:

-dobrokachestvennye;

-zlokachestvennye.

Benign kubhekwe lezo amaseli kungenziwa umahluko, futhi okuyinto ungayeki metastases.

Esikhathini ebulalayo isimila cells ngokuvamile ngokuphelele ulahlekelwe kungububi babo ukuze izicubu kusukela lapho savela. Letakhi abe sokwanda okusheshayo, ikhono kokuziphatha (Ukungena ku ezicutshini ezincikene nawo kanye nezinhlaka), babe Ukudlulela futhi umphumela sokugembula phezu umtimba.

izimila Benign ngaphandle ukwelashwa okufanelekile ngokuvamile zibe ebulalayo. Hlukanisa ezinjalo zazo:

-epitelialnye (ungenalo indawo ethize);

-epitelialnye izimila nezindlala endocrine namakhava;

-mezenhimalnye (kwezicubu ezithambile);

kwezicubu -Muscular;

amagobolondo zobuchopho;

-organov isimiso sezinzwa;

-krovi (haemoblast);

-teratomy.

isigaba zentuthuko

Ukuphendula umbuzo, inqubo neoplastic, kuba umdlavuza noma cha, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi isimo ezifana precancer nasemkhakheni pathogenesis izimila. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama ngakho:

-obligatny (cishe njalo liphenduka umdlavuza);

-fakultativny (kuphenduke umdlavuza akuyona njalo). precancer Akuphoqelekile ingashiwo ababhemayo ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula noma kolwelwesi ezingamahlalakhona.

Noma yimuphi inqubo neoplastic akwenzeki ngokushesha, kodwa kancane kancane, okuvame ukuqala nezinguquko atypical bonke yezinyoni efanayo. Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi yokuvula isikweleti. Ngakho kuseli avele oncogenes (noma isakhi ungavula kuseli abulalayo). I oncogene p53 eyaziwa kakhulu, okuyinto evamile iyi-anti-oncogene, ukuthi nobunzima ukuthuthukiswa izimila, futhi ubiza nabo futhi siyoba nini wezakhi.

Esigabeni esilandelayo, esibizwa ekunyusweni amaseli ezifana okungavamile baqale ukuhlukanisa.

Isigaba sesithathu libizwa predinvazivnym. Kulokhu, isimila ikhula, kodwa iziphathimandla angomakhelwane baye zingakafinyeleli.

Isigaba sesine - koda.

Isigaba sesihlanu - Ukudlulela.

Izimpawu inqubo neoplastic

Esigabeni sokuqala waqala zokugula akusho ukuzibonakalisa. Bakuthola kunzima kakhulu, ngisho nezifundo ezifana ultrasound, X-ray, cwaningo ahlukahlukene. Ngemva kwalokho, izimpawu ezithile zeziguli, ubunjalo okuyinto incike kwasendaweni yesimila eyinhloko. Ngakho, ukukhula kwawo esikhumbeni noma ebeleni izimila kanye isignali kokucindezelwa, ukuthuthukiswa e-indlebe - ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa kabuhlungu emgogodleni - nobunzima ukunyakaza, ebuchosheni - izimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle kwemizwa emaphashini - ukukhwehlela esibelethweni - ukopha lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Lapho amangqamuzana anomdlavuza ziqala ukuba bahlasele angomakhelwane kwezicubu, basuke ekubhubhiseni e imithambo yegazi. Yilokhu kubangela ukubukeka igazi uketshezi, hhayi kuphela zangasese. Ngenxa yalokho, igazi umchamo kungenzeka uma ukwakha neoplastic inqubo izinso, kwesinye noma ngomgudu womchamo izifo, igazi sezinyawo kungase kubonise umdlavuza ekuqaleni amathumbu, igazi kusukela ingono - isimila ebeleni. izimpawu ezinjalo kumelwe sikwethuse futhi abaphoqi ukufinyelela ngokushesha udokotela.

Olunye uphawu ekuseni yiyona okuthiwa izimpawu ezincane syndrome. Sici Its main iyona ezihlukahlukene izimpawu. Jikelele kungenziwa ngokuthi izikhalazo zeziguli lobuthakathaka, ukukhathala, okuzovela ngokuzumayo Ugxumela lokushisa, ukucasuka ofuna ukuphumela obala, noma, kunalokho, nandaba konke, ukungakuthandi ukudla, futhi kule emaciation isisekelo.

Ngezinye izigaba kamuva, izimpawu zokudakwa, kanye ichaza ukushintsha kombala isikhumba jaundice nge luhlaza okhanyayo, kwehle isikhumba turgor, umdlavuza cachexia.

Lapho izimila kule izicubu ubuchopho ngenxa yokuthi umzimba ukhawulelwe amathambo skull, kanye nokuthuthukisa isimila isikhala sincane kakhulu, kanye ngenxa ngokucacile ngayinye ubuchopho esifundeni imisebenzi, izimpawu izici evumela ukuhlukanisa kwasendaweni. Ngakho, inqubo neoplastic ngemuva ukubonakala obusobala lesiguli umbono, ukubonakala kombala sifo. Lapho inqubo esifundeni yesikhashana lwemibono is hhayi waphawula, kodwa kukhona ukusangana sokuzwa. Ithumba ku Lobe okuqondile isiguli libhekene yezifo zengqondo, inkulumo yakhe, futhi esifundeni parietal ayephuli motor umsebenzi futhi ukuzwela. izimpawu Cerebellar - ukuhlanza njalo futhi ikhanda ngibe, kanye izilonda stem ubuchopho - ukugwinya, iziyaluyalu zokuphefumula, ukwehluleka nokusebenza kwezitho eziningi zangaphakathi.

Ezigabeni ngowokugcina kunabo bonke iziguli ezinomdlavuza ukuzwa ubuhlungu obukhulu, ezingasetshenziswa kuphela abophe izidakamizwa kwezidakamizwa.

ukuhlola

Ukuze usungule ukuxilongwa "inqubo neoplastic," iziguli kwavele kokuxilongwa futhi zibeka ucwaningo olunzulu. Okusanda ngokuvamile ukwenza ukuhlolwa isimila iziphambano. Lezi izinto ezingaba ibonisa umzimba enqubeni neoplastic njengokuyigugu, ngisho nasezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi isimila nakomaka ethize, ubuningi babo kwandisa kuphela uquqaba isimila e isiphi isitho esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, PSA isimila umaka libonisa ukuthi isihloko sekuqalile wendlala inqubo neoplastic, nama-CA-15-3V oncomarker inqubo neoplastic kule ndlala mammary. Uhlaziyo sinazo ukuze isimila nakomaka ukuthi kungenzeka ukwandisa egazini futhi kwezinye izifo e izinqubo ze-non-neoplastic.

Ukuze sitholakele isiguli wenziwa cwaningo ezifana:

-Analysis kwegazi, umchamo;

-UZI;

-KT;

-MRT;

-angiografiyu;

-biopsiyu (lena ukuhlaziywa kubaluleke kakhulu, ngawo hhayi kuphela ukuthola ubukhona umdlavuza, kodwa futhi isigaba saso yentuthuko).

Uma usola umdlavuza wamathumbu wenziwa:

- ukuhlaziywa kwezinto indle ngoba khona igazi okulumba;

-fibrosigmoskopiyu;

-rektomonoskopiyu.

Neoplastic inqubo ubuchopho engcono ukutholwa MRI. Uma isiguli is contraindicated kulolu hlobo uphethwe, ayezenza CT. Futhi for izimila ebuchosheni afeze:

-pnevmoentsefalografiyu;

-elektroentsefalogrammu (Bheka);

ukuskena -radioizotopnoe;

wokubhoboza -spinnomozgovuyu.

ukwelashwa

Uma ukugula washaya izingane, imithi yabo bahlanganisa ikakhulu e nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali futhi welashwa ngemisebe, ukuhlinzwa kuyaqabukela kwenziwe. Ukuze ekwelapheni abadala zisebenzisa zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo efanelekayo esikhathini esithile yenqubo neoplastic futhi kuncike endaweni indawo yayo:

-himioterapiyu (ukwelashwa letindzala ezithinta wonke umzimba);

-luchevuyu futhi welashwa ngemisebe (imithelela ngqo isimila kungathinta ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane enempilo);

-gormonoterapiyu (yakhelwe ukukhiqiza ama-hormone ukuthi zivimbela ukukhula noma ukubhubhisa isimila, ezifana wendlala inqubo neoplastic kungenziwa iboshiwe ngincipha amazinga testosterone);

-immunoterapiyu (omuhle kuthinta wonke umzimba);

yokwelapha genius (ososayensi bazama esikhundleni isakhi soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka phezu p53 evamile);

ukusebenza -hirurgicheskuyu (kungaba kwenziwe ukususa isimila noma ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka isiguli ngokunciphisa enwetshiwe inoperable izicubu isimila engumakhelwane).

ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke

inqubo Neoplastic - akusiyo umusho. Ezinganeni, ngenxa yokuthi umzimba zabo ezincane uyakwazi alulame ngokushesha, isibikezelo evumayo 90% amacala, uma ukuthuthukiswa izimila Kutholwe at kusaqalwa. Kodwa ngisho ezigabeni kamuva izingane ekukhombeni angashintsha egunjini labagula kakhulu ngokugcwele.

Kubantu abadala, a Izibikezelo ezikahle ze esigabeni sokuqala isimila sase sikhule saba ku-80% nangaphezulu. In the isinyathelo sesithathu umphumela evumayo of ukwelashwa ebonwe 30% -50% of amacala (kuye ngokuthi indawo kanye nezici ukwakheka komzimba womuntu ngamunye). In the isinyathelo sesine ngokusho izibalo kusukela 2% kuya ku-15% weziguli emva kokwelashwa bukhoma iminyaka 5 noma ngaphezulu. Lezi zinombolo futhi ancike indawo yesimila. I okungenani Izibikezelo evumayo umdlavuza wendlala yabesilisa, kanye nobuchopho.