Kuyini ikhadi umbiko? Lapho obujwayelekile izwi?

Kwabaningi igama elithi "etafuleni" lihlotshaniswa isikole kanye amamaki. Kodwa eqinisweni, leli gama inezincazelo eziningi. Cabanga ngalokho ikhadi umbiko nalapho sivamile kakhulu uhlangabezana leli gama. Kodwa okokuqala, sesenze uphenyo ivelaphi.

etymology

kunzima ukunquma umsuka "ikhadi umbiko" kwethemu. Lisho ukuthini igama elithi ishintshile angaphezu ukuqashelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubolekwe-Netherlands (Dutch) ngolimi, lapho tabel elihunyushwe ngokuthi "etafuleni." Ngokuthakazelisayo, TABULA Latin inezincazelo eziningana: etafuleni kanye ebhodini.

Kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi igama elithi elisuka Greek - kusukela tablaus noma tavla - ". Umdlalo we Checkers, idayisi bese chess ebhodini ekhethekile ujenga" futhi uhumusha engavamile,

It incazelo Hellenic ka leligama ihunyushelwa olimini Russian. Tavleya noma Tavlya - Old igama Russian yomdlalo bekhabo Checkers. Umuntu wachitha ngakho ezokungcebeleka, ngokuthi tavleyschik.

kokuhlaziywa

Kuyini ikhadi umbiko, uzokuphendula zonke umfundi. Lena etafuleni ekhethekile equkethe kuloluhla lwelinanincane kanye amamaki izikhathi ezithile (nyaka, unyaka, ikota) ka inqubo yemfundo.

Ukuhlolwa abafundi ngosizo izikolo iye kwetfulwa ekhulwini XVI esikhundleni kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. Ezweni kukhona omningi ulwazi ukuhlolwa izinhlelo. Kusukela evamile kwelulwa kithi (ezinhlanu-iphuzu) module-ukukala.

uhlelo zokuhlola: amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Digital, incwadi noma umbiko ikhadi senzalo - ukubaluleka ukuhlolwa kuxhomeke kulokho ezweni okulo.

• Amazwe amaningi e-izincwadi zokuqala eziyisithupha zamagama Latin (A, B, C, D, E, F) isetshenziswa kanye uhlelo digital.
• Ngo-Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Belarus ne-Albania esetshenziswa ngesilinganiso tonkhe tincenye tekuhlola.
• Kukhona isilinganiso samaphuzu ayi-iphuzu eBulgaria, Poland naseJalimane.
• EFinland isikala zokhahlamba kusuka 0 kuya ku-10, kodwa umkhuba hhayi ngaphansi kuka 4 amaphuzu pose.
• ERussia, Austria, eHungary, Serbia, Czech Republic futhi Turkey emazinga kusuka 1 kuya 5.
• Uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa eFrance, 20-iphuzu, njengoba e-US - ngesilinganiso 100-iphuzu.
• abaqeqeshiwe ku 12-iphuzu esikalini eMoldova nase-Ukraine.

Uhlu Amazinga

Leli gama libuye libe has nokubaluleka okungokomlando. Uyini "Uhlu Amazinga"? Kuyinto isimemezelo sikaPeter Omkhulu mina, eyayibukiswa ezindaweni eziningi ekuqaleni XVIII leminyaka. Isenzo zomthetho equkethe ithebula (etafuleni) izikhulu kanye mayelana 19 izihloko (tintfo) ukuyichaza.

Ngenxa yalokho yomgomo uPetru mina khudlwana inani bezigaba futhi izikhundla e-apharathasi isimo futhi ibutho. Futhi nge "Uhlu Amazinga" ayebanika zonke zezikhulu ukuba amakilasi athile, okuyinto manje 14.

Innovative Petrovskaya ithebula lalinabashumayeli 263 isikhundla futhi inani elifanayo izikhundla kanye isimo (Knight Order of Andrei primordial). Kwakuwusuku Order lokuqala isiRashiya, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni XX leminyaka, indondo esiphezulu Empire Russian. Imibandela eziye ebhaliswe "Uhlu Amazinga" Wavunyelwa kunendoda kusukela amakilasi aphansi ukuze uthole isikhundla, isikhundla, noma mhlawumbe ngisho isimo.

Youth Slang

Ulimi subculture noma intsha isitsotsi ngokuyinhloko ezahlukene kusukela tetemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, "villain" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "mfowethu big" futhi "ecacile" - ukwesula noma ukwenqaba noma yini. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase ukuthole neologisms kulo, isibonelo, "pelmmillion" kusho elikhulu lemali kudliwa amadombolo.

igama elithi "etafuleni" ngokuvamile atholakala ngolimi nemikhutshana kuleso yesimanje. Nansi incazelo ngempela ongavamile. Ibhodi intsha isitsotsi (etafuleni) libhekisela kumuntu. Futhi le nkulumo ethi "isikhathi khona usuku" lihunyushwe njengoba iholidi.

Abasebenzi iholide

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII kwathatha indawo impi odumile Poltava. Kule mpi, futhi uPetru A. wanqoba ibutho weNkosi Swedish Karl XII. Ukuze kuhlonishwe lokhu kunqoba ezivusa amadlingozi uMbusi Russian (Peter mina) wenza Juni 27 iholide Kuhleliwe.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ikhalenda elula ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi "ehleliwe". Esikhathini ikhadi umbiko, ikhalenda iqukethe uhlu abasebenzi, ngamaholide nangezimpelasonto. Kungaba itafula usuku nanhlanu noma ngesonto ukusebenza wezinsuku eziyisithupha. Ithebula-amakhalenda Imininingwane ngezikhathi ezithile ekhona ubude obuphakathi nendawo ngosuku ukusebenza.

Timecard accounting

Izimali iyiphi inhlangano Timesheet isikhathi umsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyini ikhadi umbiko? Lo mbhalo noma i-accounting ithebula ekhethekile lapho wolwazi werekhodi ngezinhlobo umsebenzi (ukusebenza ngesikhathi uhambo ubusuku lemini) kanye namahora ukusebenza (3, 5, 8). It ikhona kokubili ezibukwayo (iphepha) okufushane futhi elektroniki.

Kungani ikhadi umbiko kubaluleke kangaka ngokuba umqashi kanye nomsebenzi? Kulula kabi. Isetshenziselwa ukubala i amaholo ezanele. Futhi le dokhumenti kuwubufakazi khona umsebenzi emsebenzini kanye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi yawo.

Njengoba sithole, "etafuleni" inezincazelo eziningi, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu impela ezingalindelekile. Leli gama ingatholakala imvelo esikoleni, izincwadi zomlando emnyangweni ezimali ngisho isitsotsi molozhonom. Etymology futhi azinake, ngoba ongakaphathelani ngokuhumusha yesimanje.