Kuyini i-biochemistry? Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo

Kuyini i-biochemistry? I-biochemistry yezinto eziphilayo noma ezemvelo yisayensi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenza umsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo kanye nalabo okwenzeka ngaphakathi kweseli. Umgomo we-biochemistry (leli gama livela egameni lesiGreki elithi "bios" - "ukuphila") njengoba isayensi kuhlolisiswa kwamakhemikhali, isakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziselwa kwamandla amangqamuzana, uhlobo kanye nezindlela zomthetho walo, indlela yokunikezela kwamandla ezinqubo ngaphakathi kwamaseli.

I-biochemistry yezokwelapha: okuyisisekelo nemigomo yesayensi

I-biochemistry yezokwelapha - iyini? Lesi sigaba semithi yamakhemikhali ephilayo, ehlola ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali amangqamuzana omzimba womuntu, isifo somzimba ngaphakathi (kufaka phakathi izimo ze-pathological). Phela, noma yisiphi isifo, ngisho nasesikhathini sokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngokuqinisekile siyoshiya impendulo yayo emisebenzini yamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni, izindawo ze-molecule, ezobonakala emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-biochemistry, akunakwenzeka ukuthola imbangela yokuthuthukiswa kwesifo kanye nendlela yokwelashwa kwayo okuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlola igazi kwegazi

Iyini ukuhlaziywa kwe "blood biochemistry"? Ukuvivinya igazi kwegazi kuyisinye sezindlela zokuxilongwa kwelabhutri ezindaweni eziningi zemithi (isb., Endocrinology, therapy, gynecology). Kuyasiza ukuhlonza ngokunembile isifo nokuhlola isampula yegazi ngemingcele enjalo:

- alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALT);

- i-cholesterol noma i-cholesterol;

- bilirubin;

Urea;

- i- alpha-amylase, i-amylase ye-pancreatic, i- diastase;

- I-glucose, i-lipase;

- i-aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ASAT);

- gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), gamma GT (glutamyltranspeptidase);

- Creatinine, amaprotheni;

- ama-antibodies epilweni ye-Epstein-Barr.

Kubalulekile empilweni yomuntu wonke ukwazi ukuthi i-biochemistry yegazi iyini, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi izinkomba zayo ngeke zinikeze yonke imininingwane yindlela yokwelashwa ephumelelayo, kodwa futhi isiza ukuvimbela lesi sifo. Ukwehlukana kwezinkomba ezijwayelekile kuyisignali yokuqala ukuthi kukhona okungalungile emzimbeni.

Ukuvivinya igazi kwegazi ngokweqile ukuhlolwa kwesibindi: ukubaluleka nemigomo

Ukwengeza, ukuxilongwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuzovumela ukuqapha ukuguqulwa kwesifo kanye nemiphumela yokwelapha, ukudala isithombe esiphelele sokugaya umzimba, ukungasebenzi kwamandla emisebenzini yezitho. Isibonelo, i-biochemistry yesibindi iyoba ukuhlaziywa okuphoqelekile kubantu abaphethwe ukuphazanyiswa kwesibindi. Kuyini lokhu? Leli yigama le-biochemical test test ye-biochemical test for the study of quantity and quality of enzyme yebindi. Uma i-synthesis yabo iphazamiseka, isimo esinjalo sisongela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo, izinqubo zokuvuvukala.

Okucacile kwesibindi se-biochemistry

I-biochemistry yesibindi - iyini? Isibindi somuntu siqukethe amanzi, amaprotheni, ama-enzyme, lipids, i-glycogen. Izicubu zalo ziqukethe amaminerali: ithusi, insimbi, i-nickel, i-manganese, ngakho-ke isifundo sezinto eziphilayo zesibindi sesibindi sihlaziye kakhulu futhi sisebenzise kahle. I-enzyme ebaluleke kakhulu esibindi i-glucokinase, i-hexokinase. Izivivinyo ezicabangela kakhulu kwi-biochemical ziyi-enzyme yesibindi: i-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), i-gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), i-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), i- alkaline phosphatase (APF). Njengomthetho, ucwaningo lubheka izinkomba zalezi zinto.

Ukuze kube nokuqapha ngokugcwele nokuphumelela kwempilo yabo, wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi "ukuhlaziywa kwe-biochemistry" yikuphi.

Izigaba zokucwaninga kwe-biochemistry kanye nokubaluleka kokuchazwa okulungile kwemiphumela yokuhlaziywa

Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo? Okokuqala, izinqubo ze-metabolism, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali weseli, imvelo yamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza kwama-enzyme, amavithamini, ama-acids. Imingcele yegazi ingahlolwa ngalezi zimingcele kuphela uma ukuhlaziywa kuhlelwa kahle. Uma konke kulungile, igazi libala ngamaphesenti ahlukene (izinga le-glucose, amaprotheni, ama-enzyme egazi) akufanele ahluke kusuka esimweni esivamile. Uma kungenjalo, kufanele kuthathwe njengesignali mayelana nokuphulwa komzimba.

Ukumisa izinhlamvu ze-biochemistry

Ngingayichaza kanjani izinombolo kumiphumela yokuhlaziya? Ngezansi umbhalo we-analysis of blood biochemistry yizinkomba eziyinhloko.

I-glucose

Izinga le-glucose likhombisa ikhwalithi yenqubo ye-carbohydrate metabolism. Okuqukethwe komngcele akumele kudlule u-5.5 mmol / l. Uma izinga liphansi, khona-ke lokhu kungabonisa isifo sikashukela, izifo ze-endocrine, izinkinga zesibindi. Izinga eliphakeme le-glucose lingase libe ngenxa yesifo sikashukela, ukuzama ngokomzimba, izidakamizwa ze-hormonal.

Amaprotheni

Umkhuba wokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni egazini ngu-65-85 g / l. Umphumela ophansi ubonisa ukuphazanyiswa kwezinso, isibindi, izifo ezingapheli, ukudla okunomsoco nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi. Izinga lamaprotheni eliphezulu liyisignali mayelana nenqubo yokuvuvukala.

I-cholesterol

Umkhuba wokuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol egazini ngu 2.97-8.79 mmol / l. Izinga laso ngisho nasomuntu onempilo lixhomeke ocansini, ubudala, umsebenzi wokusebenza, ngezinye izikhathi isikhathi sonyaka. Izimpawu eziphakeme ze-cholesterol mayelana ne-atherosclerosis ekhona yegazi, izifo zenhliziyo.

Urea

Lona ligama lomkhiqizo wokugcina wokuwa kwamaprotheni. Emuntwini onempilo, kufanele ikhutshwe ngokuphelele emzimbeni nge-urine. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, futhi kungena egazini, khona-ke kufanele nakanjani uhlole izinso.

I-hemoglobin

Yiprotheni ye-erythrocyte egcwalisa amangqamuzana omzimba nge-oxygen. I-Norm: yamadoda - 130-160 g / l, yamantombazane - 120-150 g / l. Izinga eliphansi le-hemoglobin egazini libhekwa njengenye yezinkomba zokuthuthukisa i-anemia.

Ukuvivinya igazi kwegazi ngegazi (i-AlAT, i-Asat, iCK, i-amylase)

Ama-enzyme anesibopho sokusebenza okugcwele kwesibindi, inhliziyo, izinso, ama-pancreas. Ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esifanele, ukushintshaniswa okuphelele kwama-amino acids akunakwenzeka.

Umkhuba we-enzyme okuqukethwe kwesibindi se-alanine aminotransferase (ALAT, ALT) ngamayunithi angu-41 / l ngamadoda, kuze kube ngamayunithi angu-31 / ilitha labesifazane. Okuqukethwe okukhulayo kubonisa ukungasebenzi kwenhliziyo, isibindi, mhlawumbe, isibindi se-virus.

Izinga le- aspartate aminotransferase (i-ASAT, AST - i-enzyme yenhliziyo yeselula, izinso, isibindi) akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kuka-41 no-31 U / L yamadoda nabesifazane, ngokulandelana. Uma kungenjalo, kungabonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sofuba, isifo senhliziyo.

I-Lipase (i-enzyme ephula amafutha) idlala indima ebalulekile ekugululeni umzimba futhi akufanele idlule inani lezinhlamvu ezingu-190 / litre. Amazinga aphakanyisiwe asho ukwephulwa kwe-pancreas.

Kunzima ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-enzyme yegazi. Iyini i-biochemistry nokuthi ikuhlolisisa, wonke umuntu okhathalela impilo yakhe kufanele azi.

Amylase

Le enzyme itholakala ku-pancreas namathe. Unomthwalo wokwehla kwama-carbohydrate kanye nokufana kwazo. Isivalo siyi-28-100 amayunithi / litre. Okuqukethwe kwayo ephezulu egazini kungabonisa ukwehluleka kwesinkwa, i-cholecystitis, isifo sikashukela, i-peritonitis.

Imiphumela ye-biochemical test test ibhalwe ngendlela ekhethekile, lapho amazinga wezinto abonakala khona. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhlaziywa kunqunywe njengokungeziwe ukucacisa ukuxilongwa okusolwayo. Lapho uthola imiphumela yegazi ye-biochemistry, cabanga ukuthi nabo bayathinteka ubulili besiguli, ubudala bakhe nendlela yokuphila. Manje uyazi ukuthi yini etadisha i-biochemistry nokuthi ungayichaza kanjani imiphumela yayo ngendlela efanele.

Kulungile kanjani ukulungiselela ukulethwa kwegazi ye-biochemistry?

Njengomthetho, i-biochemistry yegazi inconywa ukuba ithathwe, uma odokotela bekholelwa ukuthi kukhona khona:

- izifo ezinzima zamalungu angaphakathi;

- ukudakwa;

- ukungabi namavithamini;

- izinqubo zokuvuvukala;

- ukuvimbela izifo, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa;

- ukucacisa ukuxilongwa.

Igazi lokuhlaziywa lithathwa ekuseni kakhulu, futhi ngaphambi kokuza kudokotela akukho cha. Uma kungenjalo, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa izophambene. Ucwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo luzobonisa ukuthi lungakanani imithi yakho yesimetri kanye nosawoti emzimbeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugweme ukuphuza itiye elimnandi, ikhofi, ubisi, okungenani ihora noma ezimbili ngaphambi kwesampula segazi.

Qiniseka ukuthi uphendule umbuzo wakho mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziphilayo eziphilayo, ngaphambi kokuthi udlule ukuhlaziywa. Ukwazi inqubo nokubaluleka kwayo kuzokusiza ukuba uhlole kahle isimo sezempilo futhi ube nolwazi ezindabeni zokwelashwa.

Zithatha kanjani igazi nge-biochemistry?

Inqubo ayihlali isikhathi eside futhi ingenabuhlungu. Kumuntu ohlala phansi (ngezinye izikhathi basikisela ukulala phansi embhedeni), imithi ithatha igazi emthonjeni, esebenzise ngaphambilini i-tourniquet. Isayithi lomjovo kumele siphathwe nge-antiseptic. Isampula esithathwe ifakwa ebhodini eliyinyumba futhi ithunyelwa ebhokisithri ukuze ihlaziywe.

Ukulawula phezu kwekhwalithi yocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo kuyenziwa ngezigaba eziningana:

- preanalytical (ukulungiselela isiguli, ukuthatha ukuhlaziywa, ukuthutha ukuya esibhedlela);

- ukuhlaziya (ukucubungula nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulandelela, ukusabela, ukuhlaziywa komphumela);

- ukuhlaziywa ngemuva (ukugcwalisa ifomu nomphumela, ukuhlaziywa kwelabhutrikhi-emtholampilo, ukuthumela kudokotela).

Ikhwalithi yomphumela we-biochemistry ixhomeke ekufanelekeni kwendlela ekhethiwe yokucwaninga, ikhono lamakhono we-laboratory, ukunemba kwezilinganiso, imishini yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlanzeka kwama-reagents nokugcina kokudla.

I-biochemistry yezinwele

Kuyini i-biochemistry yezinwele? I-Biovanivka iyindlela yokweba ama-long curling. Umehluko phakathi kwe-evamile yamagesi wamakhemikhali kanye ne-biocasting yi-principle. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ungasebenzisi i-hydrogen peroxide, i-ammonia, i-thioglycolic acid. Indima yento esebenzayo yenziwa yi-analog ye-cystine (amaprotheni we-biological). Kwakuvela lapha ukuthi igama lezinqubo zokuboya izinwele zenzeka.

Izinzuzo ezingenakunqunywa zingabizwa ngokuthi:

- isenzo somusa ngesakhiwo sezinwele;

- umugqa ohlanziwe phakathi kwabantu abadala kanye nezinwele eziye zabhekana nokugujwa kwe-bio;

- inqubo ingabuyekezwa ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphela kokuphela komphumela wayo.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuya enkosini, ama-nuances alandelayo kufanele acatshangelwe:

- ubuchwepheshe be-bio-waving kunzima kakhulu, futhi kuyadingeka ukuba usondele ngokucophelela ekukhethweni kwenkosi;

- Umphumela uphila isikhathi esifushane, cishe izinyanga ezingu-1-4 (ikakhulukazi ngezinwele ezingakaze zenzeke, ukubola, kunesakhiwo esiqinile);

- I-Bioclaving ayishibhile (isilinganiso sama-ruble angu-1500-3500).

Izindlela ze-Biochemistry

Iyini i-biochemistry futhi yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ucwaningo? Ukukhetha kwabo kuxhomeke enjongweni yayo kanye nemisebenzi eyabelwe udokotela. Zenzelwe ukutadisha isakhiwo se-biochemical yeseli, ukuhlola isampula ukuze kube khona ukwehluka okuvela kumkhuba futhi ngaleyo ndlela kusize ukuxilonga lesi sifo, ufunde ukuguqulwa kokuthola, njll.

1. I-Chromatography (indlela iqukethe ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphakathi kwezigaba ezimbili: iselula nesimemezelo).
2. I-Centrifugation (i-biomaterial ibekwa ku-centrifuge ekhethekile yokuhlukaniswa kwe-plasma kusuka kumaseli abomvu egazi).
3. I-Electrophoresis (indlela ivumela ukwabelana nge-protein ye-serum yegazi).
4. Ukunqunywa kwesiprotheni esiphelele ku-serum kusuka ekusebenzeni kwe-biuret (amaprotheni ayasabela nge-complex compound, efaka izinto ezivivinyayo ku-violet).
5. Izindlela zokuzivocavoca ezinokwenziwa (urease) zokuzimisela i-urea (i-enzyme yokuphuza isetshenziswa njenge-reagent). Okuyinhloko yendlela ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lokuphuza, irea ihlukaniswa ukuze ikhiqize i-ammonia, bese isisebenzi selebhu sinquma ukuhlushwa kwayo.
6. Ukuhlaziywa okuvimbelayo (ukusebenzisa ama-enzyme, isibonelo, i-superoxide dismutase (SOD) kuphuthumisa ukusabela kwe-ion ye-molecule ye-oksijini nge-electron engapheli, evumela ukutadisha umzimba we-cell kanye nama-enzyme egazini).

I-biochemistry ingenye yezivivinyo eziphumelela kakhulu zokucacisa, ukuxilonga, ukwelashwa kokuqapha, ukuhlinzeka uhlelo lwemithi yokwelapha oluphumelelayo.