Julia Dobrovolskaya: biography, imisebenzi kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-Dobrovolskaya uJulia Abramovna iyaziwa kakhulu emibuthanweni yokufundisa kanye nesayensi. Isikweletu sakhe kwakungukudala incwadi enhle kakhulu yomhlaba yolimi lwesiNtaliyane, izichazamazwi eziphelele kunazo zonke: IsiRashiya-isiNtaliyane nesiNtaliyane-isiRashiya.

Yena ngokuphila kwakhe ahumushe amaningi amafilimu, izincwadi, izihloko, afundisa inamba engenakubalwa yabafundi. Uprofesa waseMilan, uTrieste, i-Trent University, uDobrovolskaya uye wenza okungaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye ukuba akhulume ulimi lwaseRussia e-Italy. Uhulumeni wase-Italy wawunikeze kaningi ngamaklomelo emkhakheni wamasiko.

Ubuntwana, intsha

25.08.1917 e-Nizhny Novgorod emndenini we-silviculturist, ozayo wezazi-philologist uJulia Dobrovolskaya wazalwa. I-biography yakhe ngesikhathi esakhula yabonakala ngokuthuthela komndeni waya enhloko-dolobha enyakatho. Uyise wakhe wahamba njengomsebenzi wezokukhiqiza kweLeningrad, nomama wami - njengomfundisi wesiNgisi.

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, intombazane yakhetha lo mkhakha ezinyathelweni zikamama wakhe, ebhalisa e-Faculty of Philology LIFLI. Ngothisha uJulia inhlanhla enkulu: ososayensi owaziwa emhlabeni wonke uPpp V.Ya. Wafundisa ngokujulile abafundi hhayi nje isiJalimane, kodwa wachaza indlela yokuzwa lolu limi.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe uJulia Abramovna wayebonga uVladimir Yakovlevich ngokumfundisa izinto eziyisisekelo zobuciko - ukuba yi-polyglot. Kamuva, usebenzisa ulwazi olutholiwe, uJulia Dobrovolskaya wakwazi ukwenza kahle zonke izilimi eziyisisekelo zaseYurophu ngokuzimela.

Imfundo ehlakaniphile yenzelwe ukujabula: ikusasa lalibonakala ilungu leKomsomol elinomdlandla "umoya wokukhiya umoya".

Waphoqeleka ukuba asayine

Labo abafunda i-biography yakhe bangase bahlangane nemigqa kaVladimir Vysotsky: "Iqhwa ngaphandle kokungcola, njengokuphila okude ngaphandle kokuqamba amanga ...".

Wabona iqhwa elinjalo ekamu ngaphandle kweMoscow. Futhi ngaphambi kwalokhu, wabekwa icala ngokuhlubuka (Isigaba 58-1 "a"), okwathi ukudubula noma iminyaka engu-15 eboshwe. UJulia Dobrovolskaya, naphezu kokucindezeleka, wema futhi akazange aqaphele icala elithweswe icala.

Lo wesifazane akazange akhulume ngokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zethonya ezasetshenziswa kuye ngabaphathi be-shoulder-strapping e-wall-casemates. Inkulumo eyodwa kuphela ephukile emlonyeni wakhe: "Ungacabanga nje: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ..."

Ngemuva kokuzama ukuhlukana, wathunyelwa ekamu laseKhovrin. "Imemori" yalezo zinsuku ngenxa yakhe yokuphila yayisakwazi ukungena abantwana ngenxa yokusebenza kanzima.

Ngenkululeko, owesifazane oneminyaka engu-28 ubudala wakhululwa ngaphansi kwesibambiso ngo-1945.

UDobrovolskaya mayelana nezithunywa zevangeli zikaStalin eSpain

Wathukuthela emva "kohambo lwebhizinisi" eSpain.

U-Komsomolskaya Yulia Dobrovolskaya uphendule ekubizeni "indoda ephethe izingubo ezingezona zomphakathi" owabamba abahumushi ukuba bahlanganyele ekusizeni amaRepublica. Kodwa iminyaka emithathu yintombazane intombazane yaqonda ukuthi kungani uStalin ethumela ochwepheshe abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30 zezempi nabakwa-Enkavadeshny.

"Abaholi bamazwe ngamazwe" abanomthwalo wezempi basebenzela njengabacebisi hhayi kuphela ekubunjweni kwamaRiphabhuliki, kodwa futhi njengababonisi ekufanekiseni okusheshayo kwe-NKVD. Indawo yaseCervantes yayilungiselela ukuba izwe le-partocracy. Kusuka kumakhomanisi wendawo we "Popular Front", lezi zivakashi zenza okufana nama-commissars aseBolshevik.

Lezo zakhiwo zangasese ezihlanjululwe phansi, zihlanjululwe nabantu bakubo. AbaSpanish baseKatolika bazama ukuphoqeleka ukuba bangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, baphonse amasonto, babulala abapristi. Imicimbi eyenziwe ngokusho kwe-Stalinist canons "yomzabalazo wokufunda".

Ukuqwashisa ngecala phambi kwamaSpanish

Abantu abamukela "ama-comrades" abaza kubo njengabaphikisayo, bebona izenzo zabo, bevuka futhi basekela impi yabo, abavusa ukuhlukunyezwa. Ngokuyinhloko, "i-Spanish Chapaev" (owayeqeqeshwe e-Frunze Academy, umngane kaYulia Abramovna sika-Valentin Gonzalez) wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi amaKhomanisi ayefana nama-fascists.

AmaRiphablikhi ahlukunyezwa ngezindleko zokuphila kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalolunye zaseSpain, futhi "abamazwe ngamazwe" baxoshwa. UJulia Dobrovolskaya, ebuyela ezweni lakubo, wahlala ethule ngalokho ayekubonile nakho.

Wayenezihlobo phakathi kwezifiso, kamuva wadumala e-USSR. Umhumushi wamantombazane wayengumuntu ophawulekayo (lokhu kuboniswa yisithombe sakhe encwadini ethi "Ngokuba Ubani I-Bell Ikhupha" ngu-Ernest Hemingway).

Kusobala ukuthi baphendule owesifazane osemusha owabuyela e-USSR "kusengaphambili futhi uma kwenzeka": esaba ukuthi angabhala ngempi yaseSpain emaphephandabeni aseNtshonalanga noma enze into enjalo.

Emva kweminyaka engama-40, lo mhumushi uzoba eBarcelona, futhi uzokwehla emgwaqeni wendiza enenhliziyo enzima, azizwe enamahloni ngomsebenzi wobusha bakhe.

Ukusiza ukusinda

Njengoba uJulia Abramovna ekhumbula, kwakuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuye, owayengaphansi kokucindezelwa, ukuba angacasuli, hhayi ukuyeka ukubona okuhle kubantu. Walandela lo mthetho, aqaphele, akhumbule futhi wabonga kubantu, ngokubiza komphefumulo, ukwenza imisebenzi emihle. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwabo ubonga kakhulu:

• Indoda yakhe yokuqala ehloniphekile, uDobrovolsky Evgeny Aleksandrovich, isisebenzi se-nomenklatura esishada "zechka" futhi sanikela ngomsebenzi wakhe;
• Ingcweti uMikhail Khovrinsky ikamu lekamu likaMikhailova, owahlela umhumushi wakhe;
• Isikhulu sepolitiki esinezinwele ezimhlophe, esingaphansi kwamaphoyisa, esengozini yakhe kanye nengozi yakhe, yamnika ipasipoti ngokubuyisela isitifiketi sokukhululwa.

Ngitshele ukuthi ngubani umngane wakho ...

Lesi saga sasendulo samaRoma siye sazama isikhathi. Iminyaka eminingi yobungane ixhunyiwe uJulia Dobrovolskaya nabantu abaningi abafanelekayo futhi abahle:

• Isiboshwa seGulag, isishoshovu samalungelo esintu, umgxekayo wokubhala uLev Razgon;
• Isimbongi, umhumushi, umshushisi uKorney Chukovsky;
• Ummemezeli, umhumushi, imbongi, intatheli i-Ilya Ehrenburg;
• I-Campessino (uValentin Gonzalez), umlawuli weRiphabhliki, wabe esecindezela;
• Umkhulumeli wezingane wase-Italian uGanni Rodari;
• Umdwebi uRenato Guttuso;
• UProfesa waseMoscow State University uMerab Mamardashvili;
• Umlobi uNina Berberova, umkaVladislav Khodasevich.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

UJulia Dobrovolskaya ngemuva kokukhululeka okufundiswa eMichas Institute of Foreign Languages kusukela ngo-1946 kuya ku-1950. Wayehlanganyela emsebenzini wokufundisa nokuhumusha.

Ikhono nemigomo, kwakungenakwenzeka kubaphathi beqembu. Isizathu sokumsola ngokushesha esitholiwe. Lapho uJulia Abramovna ehumusha isihloko sezinto zamaKatolika. Uthisha nomhumushi bahlangene ngokugcwele "inkululeko yesazela esimisweni seSoviet".

Waxoshwa emsebenzini wakhe. Ukucindezela kwakunamandla kangangokuba umyeni wakhe wokuqala u-Evgeny Dobrovolsky wamshiya.

Nokho, uJulia Dobrovolskaya waphumelela ekutheni afakazele icala lakhe futhi athole umsebenzi ku-MGIMO. Lapha wayenakekelwa yiNhloko yoMnyango Wezilimi ZamaRomania Gonionsky SA, babeshadile. Umkakhe uSemyon Alexandrovich waba yisekelo langempela kanye nokwesekwa. Ngenxa yokugula komyeni wakhe, uDobrovolskaya, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, wafa.

Imisebenzi Yomsebenzi

Isizathu sokushiya uprofesa we-USSR kwakuvinjelwe ngokomthetho kuye ukuthola umklomelo wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngo-1964, uJulia Dobrovolskaya "Isifundo Esiwusizo solimi lwesiNtaliyane" waphetha umsebenzi wakhe encwadini yakhe evelele. Ngendlela, kuze kube manje (isikhathi esingamashumi amahlanu) le ncwadi iyisisekelo sabantwana be-philology. Kulo msebenzi, owaziwa njenge-classical, ngo-1970 uhulumeni wase-Italy wanikeza uthisha waseMoscow State Institute of International Relations uJulia Abramovna ngomklomelo kazwelonke wokuphumelela emkhakheni wamasiko.

Nokho, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zazingamvumeli ukuba ahambe phesheya ukuze athole umvuzo. UJulia Dobrovolskaya, umhumushi owaziwa emhlabeni wonke, wazizwa, njengoba esemusha, evalelwe ezindongeni ze-casemates. Yena, elindele ngobuqotho ukuthi ngokuwa kombuso obulala igazi lomholi kanye nokufika kwamathambo ama-60 angagcina esebenza ngokukhululekile, adabuke kakhulu. Uprofesa waqaphela ukuthi kwakungesiyo i-bureau bureaucracy nhlobo okwakumakhelwane wakhe ubuthi - wayengafanelanga uhlelo.

U-Julia Abramovna akakwazanga ukuzisebenzisa ezinye izivivinyo. Ngo-1982, ungene emshadweni ongamanga nesakhamuzi saseNtaliyane futhi ushiya izwe. Kulo mdlalo wasizwa ngumngane waseMilanese u-Emmy Moresco, owacela usizo kumngane wakhe uHugo Giussani.

"Umfundisi wokuphila"

Njengoba eshiye e-Italy esuka e-USSR, uDobrovolskaya Julia waqhubeka efana "uthisha": wayehlala ejikelezwe ulwandle lwabafundi abanezinkinga. Wakhuthaza, wafundisa, wanconywa. Ngasebenza ngokufutheka, naphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala.

Kwenzeka ukuthi isihloko seprofesa waseSoviet lapha sasisho kancane, nakuba izilimi zendawo zazimangazwa ngolwazi olunzulu ngothisha waseRussia. UJulia Abramovna wayefisa ukusho ukuthi akekho owamnika lutho. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa waba profesa e-Italy. Ukuzivikela kwakhe ngombhalo wakhe wesayensi kwaba yisenzakalo somphakathi wesayense kulelizwe.

UDobrovolskaya wayelokhu ezwa njengommeleli wesiko elikhulu - isiRashiya. Wabamba iqhaza ekushicileleni izincwadi ezihunyushwe ngezigaba zaseRussia. AmaNtaliyane ayamthanda "uthisha waseRussia": umlobi uMarcello Venturi utshele ngakho ngaye: "Gorky Street, 8, flat 106". (Kwakuyikheli lakhe lasekhaya).

Ngokuvamile, phambi kwabafundi bakhe baseNtaliyane, kwakukhona izinyembezi lapho, ngesicelo sabo, uJulia Dobrovolskaya etshela ngokuphila kwakhe. I-biography yomhumushi kanye nothisha bawakhumbuza ngenkabaveli ye-adventure: "Kwenzekani ngempela lokhu?" Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-2016, ozakwabo baseyunivesithi baqaphela ngenhlonipho ukuthi imisebenzi yakhe iyanele ngokwanele isayensi yeqembu lonke.

Kwenzeka ukuthi amazwe amabili, amasiko amabili, imiphakathi emibili yabonakala ekupheleni kanzima kowesifazane.

Isiphetho

Ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, wayevakashele izwe lakubo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokunikeza ngokuzithandela izingxoxo.

Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe okhathazekile uJulia Dobrovolskaya washiya inkumbulo epistolary yabantu bakithi. Izincwadi zokufundisa i-Italo-Russian, ezaphuma ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe, zafakwa ngeqoqo lezithombe "I-Post Scriptum. Esikhundleni sezimemo. "

Uthisha, umhumushi owaziwayo emhlabeni, ngeqiniso nangendlela yengxoxo eyimfihlo utshele abafundi mayelana nezwe ahlala kulo, imicabango yakhe nemizwa yakhe, abangane bakhe.
Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, labo ababemazile bavuma ukuthi emva kokuhamba kwakhe, kwakungekho nhlobo yecala, ukungabi nokucaca. Wakwazi ukwenza konke, wathi konke futhi wabhala konke.