Izwe ingozi kanye nezindlela nokuhlola yayo

Ukunwetshwa ubudlelwane kwezomnotho isikhala kunomthelela ukuvela nezingozi esivela leli bhizinisi kwelinye izwe. Abatshalizimali abanesifiso nokwabiwa kwemithombo, ezimakethe ezinkulu engaziwa bangase babhekane nenye engazinzile zezombusazwe umbuso, inkohlakalo, okuzenzakalelayo nezinye izigigaba ezingezinhle. Zonke lezi zici ezihlobene ezweni ingozi.

definition

Izwe ingozi - lena usongo ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali imisebenzi lapho, ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne imisebenzi ngamazwe. Okunqumayo imigomo yentuthuko wezwe futhi degree of umthelela wabo amakhasimende, counterparties. Ngokwesibonelo, imigoqo imisebenzi nge izimali zakwamanye amazwe kungaholela ukubambezeleka ezibophweni. Lokhu usongo kunjalo ngokukhethekile emazweni lapho ngokomlando aqhubeka convertibility we lwemali kazwelonke.

isigaba sabaphathi

Izwe ingozi siqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: ikhono nokuzimisela ukukhokha. Nge ukulahlekelwa lokuqala exhunyiwe kwezohwebo, kanti eyesibili - umbuso sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. izindleko lwezezimali kungaba kokubili ezingeni wombuso (ingozi ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu) kanye ezingeni inkampani. Ngaphansi yesibili, kuyaqondakala ukuthi imigomo yezomnotho State ingase ilinganisele ukudluliselwa dolobha. Political nezwe izingozi zihlanganisa kungenzeka ukulahlekelwa ngenxa umthelela izici ezingezinhle zangaphandle izimali utshalomali ndawo.

Izindlela sokuhlaziya

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwezimali, besebenzisa amasu ahlukene ukuhlola isimo kuleli zwe. Ukuhlaziya okwenziwe ngokushesha ngaphambi izimali utshalomali. Uma ingozi kuphezulu ke iphrojekthi esalibele, noma kuze kube value added "ibhonasi". Nokho, izindlela ekuhloleni izingozi ezweni esetshenziswa ngaphambilini kwadingeka eyodwa ethile enkulu: bona lakhanya ulwazi. Ngubani indlela ethandwa kakhulu iyona eDelphi. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi abahlaziyi yokuqala ukwakha uhlelo izinkomba, bese ukuheha ochwepheshe ngubani uthole isisindo isici ngasinye for ezweni elithile. Yini embi ngalo indlela esingayisebenzisa iwukubonisa luhlangotsi of izilinganiso.

izindlela zesimanje

Izwe ingozi eNtshonalanga bacubungula indlela yokushaya amagoli. Kuyinto ukuqhathanisa ambalwa izici eziyinhloko the emazweni ahlukahlukene futhi kubhujiswe okuholela Inkomba esemqoka, okuyinto uyabucabangela zonke izidingo zokunikwa futhi lifaka isimo sabo elikhangayo utshalomali. On indlela enjalo yakhiwe German Beri Inkomba. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlola isimo sezulu nokutshalwa kwezimali emazweni 45 esekelwe 15 zindlela ezahlukene isisindo ethize. Inkomba ngamunye inikezwa isilinganiso kusukela 0 kuya 4. ayanda score, ayanda inzuzo engahle ibe khona zimali.

Fortune ne-Economist olwenziwa ekuhlaziyweni izingozi ezweni eMpumalanga yeYurophu Central ngaphansi inqubo lula, lapho kugcizelelwa amathemba setingucuko emakethe. Ukubaluleka imiphumela kunqunywa yokuthi investimenti ngempumelelo capital incike ukushuba izinguquko emazweni.

Portfolio zimali nabo abasebenzisa ekhethekile credit izilinganiso ngesisekelo okuyinto ukhetha into eliphezulu ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ngesisekelo indlela akhiwa umagazini Europe, kabili ngonyaka, ihlola nokwethenjelwa zomhlaba.

izici

Ukudala evumayo utshalomali sezulu kuyimfuneko yokuqala ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezomnotho. Active dolobha ziyamaniswa nokungangeni (isibonelo, i-Russia) basithiye izimo ezifana nalezi:

1. Ukungabi kohlaka olungokomthetho esitebeleni.
2. Kukhula ukungezwani social ngenxa ukuwohloka njalo isimo impahla sabantu.
3. inhliziyo separatist, okwenzeka kwezinye izindawo eRussia.
4. Inkohlakalo kwezinye izindawo.
5. nokwentuleka kwezingqalasizinda - ephawuleka kakhulu ezokuthutha, ezokuxhumana, ezokuxhumana, inkonzo ehhotela.

izinhlobo

Izwe nezingozi lesifunda zihlanganisa izinsongo efana:

1. Ukwehluleka ukuqaphela izikweletu noma ukulungisa zakusasa.

2. Kubuyeketa izimo ukubuyiswa kwemali: umbolekisi uzothola imali kancane, ngoba lo muntu obolekayo uye wakwazi ukunciphisa amazinga. Uma izivumelwano izikweletu refinancing waqale kulinganiswe izinhlawulo, phetho for zimali ziyefana esimweni yokungakhokhi.

3. Endabeni rescheduling ezikweletini kukhona zimo ezimbili kungenzeka:

• Usayizi izinkokhelo kwinani avelele ingxenye encishisiwe yesikweletu kulotshiwe off;
• uma lo muntu obolekayo ufuna ukubambezeleka kwezinkokhelo, izinga ngeke kushintshe.

4. ukumiswa kokukhokhwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile bemvelo yesikhashana. Ayemkweleta kufanele abe Akungabazeki ukuthi lo muntu obolekayo ngeke ukufeza izibopho zayo. Izinga lenzalo yemali mboleko kulokhu okufanayo.

5. Imali imikhawulo, nalapho leliya lizwe sintula izimali zakwamanye amazwe, ukuthi abeke imikhawulo ukudluliselwa kwezimali phesheya. Ezingeni isimo, lokhu usongo uguqulwe ube ingozi ukwehluleka isevisi izikweletu.

kokuhlaziywa

Izwe ingozi premium kunqunywa isivuno izibopho kahulumeni zezwe elithile kanye nezinye izikweletu nesikhathi esifanayo sokusebenza. Njengoba-Russia, ukwehla eqinile ebonwe 1998. Khona-ke kwengozi ngokushesha kunokuba aphambili ke. Okungukuthi, abatshali bezimali baye hhayi kuphela siswele ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, kodwa izimakethe babegxile izilinganiso ejensi emhlabeni, okuyinto aphuthelwe izinguquko izici kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Inkinga kwenzeka okokuqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi okumisiwe ngo-1998, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuba.

izwe ezingeni ingozi kuthinta kakhulu amabhange, ogama imisebenzi zihlobene ngokuqondile ubuhlobo kwezomnotho angaphandle. On zinsongo ehlaselwe izici eziningana. Zonke badinga ukuba kubhekelwe lapho ehlaziya isimo endaweni ethize.

Russian ezweni ingozi

Agency uMoody abatshalizimali Service ehlisela sohlelo Russian Federation kuya zokucabangela. Uma Standard & Kubi futhi Fitch ukuhlola ukulungela ukuze ngikhokhe izikweleti, MIS uyazicabangela ukuphelela izinkokhelo uma kwenzeka isikhangiso okuzenzakalelayo. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kokuhlaziywa eliwumhlaba ezimbi ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe. Ngokwalokho okubikezelwa i-ejensi, lo outflow capital ngonyaka bamanje azisizi 272 amaRandi, omkhiqizo izomashela ngo-8.5%, kanti izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali yashesha kuya ku-15%. Kodwa Ministry Ezezimali zithi Russian ngokuphepha sihlangabezane ukushaqeka eqinile - nokwehla 50 amaphesenti kwamanani kawoyela. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-ejensi ezweni ingozi overstated kakhulu. Zanqwabelana izinqolobane international, okuyinto ziphakeme kunezindlela isikweletu sezwe. Futhi kukhona akhawunti isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona zamanje. Lezi izinzuzo ejensi akazange abheke. Kodwa amaphuzu ayebekelwe esekelwe yokuthi Russia ungathola unswinyo entsha ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ezingalindelekile imicimbi e-Ukraine.

imiphumela

Ukuhlola wezwe ingozi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezanele. Kwangaphandle dolobha izimakethe Russia empeleni ivaliwe. Ukwehla kuthinta izindleko zokweboleka yezwe. Kuyinto cishe kobuhlungu. Kodwa ochwepheshe bakhathazeke ngokuthi ukukala ejensi olunjalo emhlabeni wonke bayophoqa izimali kabusha izimali zabo eRussia. Futhi ngisho nangemva kuqiniswa we simo kodwa akubukeki ngokushesha ubuyisele capital lizwe. Usongo sesibili siwukuthi ababolekisi Ngiyocela wokuhlengwa ekuqaleni we Eurobonds. Ukwehla kwabalelwa ngokuba emakethe ngesimo yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto gxuma ongaphakeme dollar ukuze uphawu ruble 64.

Kwamabhange wahlushwa

I Ukwehla kwaholela ziwohloke eMoscow utshalomali elikhangayo Petersburg kanye nezifunda 13. Isilinganiso inkosi inhlokodolobha ne-Leningrad esifundeni kwaba ezingeni "Ba1". Lena ephakeme kunaleyo ekhatsi Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Sifundazwe kanye nezinye izifunda. Isimo uhlala emibi kulezi zifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Russian ezweni ingozi umthelela credit izikhungo. Ukulinganiswa kwe- eside idiphozithi yanoma Sberbank futhi VTB in ruble sehliselwe "Baa3" futhi "Ba1", futhi izimali zakwamanye amazwe - ukuba "Ba1" futhi "Ba2" nge umhlahlo izinguquko ezimbi. Isimo efanayo nasemkhakheni "Alfa-Bank", "Gazprombank" futhi "Rosselkhozbank".

isiphetho

kwakhiwa Country ingozi ngesisekelo inombolo enkulu izici bangaphandle zangaphakathi ezithinta isimo Ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali. izinsongo enjena ivamile ezifundeni lapho kukhona imigoqo lwemali convertibility. Kula mazwe siyohlale lwemali, futhi udlulise ingozi ukwehluleka okuphelele sokukhokhwa kwesikweletu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba utshale izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze usingathe kokuhlaziya zezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Global ejensi yokulinganisela ngonyaka ukushicilela ababheka ngayo utshalomali elikhangayo yezwe.