Izinhlobo yezinguquko - okuqhubekayo kwamaciko: izibonelo

Namuhla, cishe wonke umuntu ubhekene nsuku zonke nge nombono wokuthi "kabusha." Sekuvele kakade igama ajwayelekile umsindo emilonyeni osopolitiki, emsakazweni nakuyi-TV abethuli, futhi njalo izici izincwadi, abezindaba kanye nezinye imithombo. Kuyini lokhu umqondo limelela futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zalo?

Ingqikithi nomqondo

Igama elithi "kabusha" livela Latin «reformare», okusho "okuguqula." Lisho ushintsho umqondo noma ukuguqulwa kwanoma iyiphi inqubo yomphakathi noma into, imikhakha yokuphila komphakathi. Kuya ngemvelo yethonya ekuthuthukiseni zomlando.

Ngenxa yezindawo iyashintsha, ukwabelana izinhlobo ezahlukene kabusha. Ngokuvamile, lokhu mkhuba zonke injalo futhi ukubonakaliswa kuyinqubo ledzingekako ekukhuleni komphakathi kanye isimo, ngisho noma imiphumela yokuba khona kwawo ezimbi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le kabusha - kuvamise inqubo eyenzeka phakathi ezweni elithile kanye nohlelo lwayo izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo nezomnotho.

Mark kumlando

Ngokusho usithonye inkambo yomlando nokuthuthukiswa yezwe elandelayo izinhlobo yezinguquko:

• Progressive - lezi zinguquko kuhilelani ekuthuthukiseni, ekuthuthukiseni kunoma isiphi isici sokuphila, noma lonke uhlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqedwa serfdom kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ekwenteni ncono izimpilo umphakathi. kwekuhlela kabusha Progressive nomthelela omuhle kwezomnotho, emazingeni ekuphila kanye nezenhlalakahle, kanye nezinye izinkomba, kuye ngokuthi ububanzi yokuziphatha kwabo.

• Regression - kwekuhlela kabusha ukuthi kuhilelani Ukuwohloka izinhlelo kanye nezakhiwo, wehlise izinga lokuphila noma ezinye imiphumela engemihle emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, isingeniso ephezulu entela kungaholela ekuncipheni ekukhiqizeni, ukwedlulela umnotho kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi isithunzi", Ukuwohloka emazinga ekuphila.

kwekuhlela kabusha kwamaciko angakhula abe bokuvukela komphakathi, izibhelu, iziteleka. Kodwa, naphezu kwayo yonke nemiphumela yako emibi, izinyathelo ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi ngenkani kamuva ukunikeza umphumela omuhle. Ngokwesibonelo, okwandisa izimali noma izintela ukuze aqinise ukuvikelwa komphakathi sabantu ekuqaleni zibangele okuningi intukuthelo ethandwa, kodwa uma uhlelo lusebenza ngokuphelele futhi abantu uyozizwa ezicini ezinhle ushintsho, injabulo kuyobe kungasekho khona, nokubuyekeza nomthelela omuhle izindinganiso zokuphila izakhamuzi.

izinkomba

Izinhlobo yezinguquko emikhakheni kwesicelo kumba eqolo. Ukugxila Political ku izinguquko endaweni ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuguqulwa uhlelo ukhetho noma isakhiwo nokubusa. Economic kuhilelani ushintsho imisebenzi nezomnotho kuleli zwe noma ubudlelwane kwezomnotho angaphandle. Komphakathi labetibambile ukuze wenze umehluko ezimpilweni kwezixuku.

Lokhu yigama elididiyelayo ukuthi singafaka izinguquko eziningana olucacile. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• kabusha yoMthethosisekelo - izinguquko idokhumenti eyinhloko yezwe, ukuhlinzeka izinguquko isakhiwo amandla noma izimiso eziyisisekelo imisebenzi yayo. Libhekisela emkhakheni wezepolitiki.

• nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo - izinguquko imisebenzi yezolimo ezweni. Kungase isho nozime wemboni yesimo sezomnotho noma okuphambene nalokho kokuqina izidingo kanye nemithetho. Libhekisela emkhakheni kwezomnotho.
• kabusha Sikhungo - izinguquko ohlelweni ukuqeqeshwa. Kungase ezihlobene kokubili izakhiwo ephakeme management system (izimiso Ministry of Education), futhi ezindaweni ezithize (izikhungo pre-school, izikole, amanyuvesi, amakholiji, njll). Libhekisela ezinhlakeni zomphakathi.

Isibonelo esimangalisayo emlandweni waleli zwe

kwekuhlela kabusha Khrushchev wezomnotho kwenziwe 50-60s kwekhulu elidlule yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-ukuqhubeka ezweni lilonke kanye nezifunda zayo ngazinye. I emisha ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo division of insimu yonke izifunda kwezomnotho zokuphatha nohulumeni wabo wasekhaya, benawo amandla sasivumela ezibanzi.

Futhi, izinguquko ezibalulekile akunakubangelwa ukuchotshozwa le Stalin ubuntu yokuzinikela, okuyinto anikeza ugqozi umbono esisha ezweni labo futhi izwe lonke jikelele, wenza isithakazelo esikhulu komphakathi womhlaba wonke.

Kodwa lokho kwaba yisiqalo sezinguquko, eyalandelwa ezinye abalulekile ngokulinganayo kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo yayihloselwe ukuthuthukiswa amazwe amasha ezindaweni, ukucubungula kwabo futhi lithathelwe izidingo zomkhakha wezolimo. Lemisebenti iye yaba nomphumela obaluleke: ukwanda ezithela, imboni ezihlobene wemboni nezokulima kanye nokutholakala abanye.

Economic kwekuhlela kabusha Khrushchev sika ezimboziwe ukuthuthukiswa engaba yesayensi, kanye nokunwetshwa ukukhiqizwa umthamo yezwe nokunye okuningi. Zayishiya nendawo yamathe onyawo abalulekile kakhulu futhi kakhulu wakhuphula izindinganiso of zokuphila zezakhamizi, nakuba imiphumela emihle hhayi kuphela.

izibonelo angaphandle

Izinhlobo yezinguquko amashumi yomphakathi, izibonelo nabo, futhi, inombolo enkulu. Enye yezinguquko yesiteleka kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla yilezo okuye kwenziwe Georgia.

Phakathi nenkathi emfushane ke kwehliselwe apharathasi isimo, lula inqubo yokubhalisa kanye ibhizinisi, kabusha ngokuphelele isistimu wezeNhlalakahle kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngenxa yalokho hlelwa kabusha, Georgia akuniké ukusebenza enhle siqinise impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo, ohlanza izindlu yabonisa ukukhula kanye ekwenteni ncono emazinga ekuphila.

uhlobo olukhethekile

Ukuze nokutakula isistimu, sinjalo izinga lokushintshisana noma izinkathi zesikhashana ngesikhathi ukuqaliswa nezinye ushintsho esimweni umcimbi livame ukusetshenziswa njengoba imihlangano kabusha yemali. Ngaleli thuluzi, ungakwazi sifinyelele containment emali futhi unqobe imiphumela emibi komnotho.

I ecacile kakhulu futhi ujwayelene uquqaba izibonelo kabusha yemali kuyinto ihlelo (kweNdikimba amayunithi yemali ngaphandle kokushintsha igama labo), nullification (ukuqedela "setha kabusha" - ukwethulwa lwemali elisha elalizothatha indawo endala) futhi ukwehla (ukuncishiswa lwemali basekhaya maqondana imali kwamanye amazwe amayunithi).

Isinyathelo esilandelayo

Efingqa, kuyafaneleka iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi cishe zonke izinhlobo kabusha, lapho imiphumela yabo abe nomthelela omubi ezimpilweni zabantu, nakanjani kuyoholela samuntu isinqumo esiwujuqu futhi okukhulu kwezinguquko. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi ukuvukela uMbuso. Ngenxa yalezi zinguquko kungukuthi okuqalwe isimo futhi abantu, futhi ngokuvamile abanalo izinhloso ecacile futhi nje umphumela yombhikisho, kanye nemiphumela yazo kungaba ezingalindelekile.