Izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe kwamagama isiRashiya

Kulesi sihloko sibheka izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe yamagama kanye ukwethula ngezigaba zabo edume kunazo adalwe V. Vinogradovym.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi lucebe?

Njengoba sazi, kunamagama amabili okusho - nemithetho yolimi nendlela lucebe. Futhi uma incazelo yohlelo lokubhala kuyinto abstract futhi esivela inani elikhulu amazwi, lucebe njalo ngamunye.

incazelo lucebe abizwa ngokuthi ilungiswe izingqondo relatedness abezindaba ulimi lezinto noma izenzakalo of ngokoqobo nangomsindo amayunithi ezithile ulimi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana incazelo lucebe libhekisela okuqukethwe, nobuntu igama elithile.

Manje cabanga, ngesisekelo yiziphi izinhlobo secrete nezincazelo lucebe yamagama. Futhi cabanga ke omunye ngeengaba ethandwa kakhulu.

Izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe

ukuhlanganisa semantic lawa magama ezihlukahlukene isiRashiya ikuvumela ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezahlukene amathokheni okuqinisekisa. Kuze kube manje, kukhona systematisations eziningi lezo zimiso. Kodwa-ke kubhekwa ngezigaba eziphelele kakhulu ehlongozwayo ngu V. Vinogradovym esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Imihlobo esisekelo tinchazelo lucebe elilodwa lamagama." Lokhu typology sihlaziya olwengeziwe.

ngokuvumelana ukuhlanganisa

On ukuqokwa (noma ukuhlanganisa) isinqumo ukwaba amagugu amathokheni ezimbili - engokoqobo nengokomfanekiso.

Inani okuqondile, okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi main noma ezinkulu - liyinani ibonisa ukuthi lo mkhuba ngokoqobo, emhlabeni wangempela. Ngokwesibonelo: igama elithi "etafuleni" libhekisela esihlangwini esasisikhulu ifenisha; "Black" carbon omnyama umbala; "Bilisa" kusho ibhamuza, ubilise, shabalala ngu bafudumale. Lokhu engasho lutho kungokwaphakade kungaphansi kuphela izinguquko zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo: "etafuleni" endulo kwakusho "bayobusa", "isihlalo sobukhosi" futhi "dolobha."

izinhlobo eziyisisekelo nezincazelo lucebe njalo ihlukaniswe ezincane, okuyinto thina esiye sazibonela kuleli qophelo, ukukhuluma izinzwa engokoqobo nengokomfanekiso.

Ukubuyela isihloko esikhulu, ungakwazi ukwengeza ukuthi amazwi ngomqondo ongokoqobo, nivela kokungekho abanye, kuye ngomongo nezinye amazwi. Ngakho kubhekwe ukuthi lamagugu ibe aphansi uxhumano syntagmatic kanye conditioning paradigmatic kakhulu.

ephathekayo

Izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe yamagama yabelwe ngesisekelo ulimi ophilayo isiRashiya, elivame ukusetshenziswa umdlalo welulwimi, ingxenye okuyinto ukusetshenziswa kwamagama ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.

Amanani ezinjalo ngenxa uthumele igama into eyodwa kuya kwenye ngokoqobo ngesisekelo izici generality ukufana imisebenzi nokunye.

Ngakho, igama elithi oye wakwazi abe namanani amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo: "etafuleni" - 1) lisho "emshinini" - "etafuleni umshini"; 2) ngomqondo "amandla" - "uthole igumbi itafula"; 3) ngomqondo "ukwahlukana ukusungulwa" - ". Zasetafuleni"

Ingabe inombolo yamanani ephathekayo njengoba igama elithi "ngamathumba": 1) igama elithi "isibonisi ngezinga eliphezulu" - "kanzima"; 2) ukubonisa ngokweqile imizwelo - "ubilise ethukuthele."

Amanani ephathekayo zisekelwe ekusondeleni imiqondo emibili ngosizo tinhlobo letehlukene izinhlangano ukuthi kalula kuqondwe abantu bomdabu abalukhulumayo. Isikhathi esining impela amagugu engaqondile asinazo izithombe ezinkulu: ladysmith black ubilise ethukuthele. Lezi imishwana engokomfanekiso siyixazulule ngokushesha ngolimi, bese ukuwela izichazamazwi.

Amanani ephathekayo nge asinazo izithombe abahlukene zinezikhathi azinze futhi reproducibility we izingathekiso, kusungulwe abalobi, izimbongi futhi abamaphephandaba njengoba yamuva ayizona ngokuqinile siqu.

Nokho, ngokuvamile kakhulu ephathekayo, amagugu ulahlekelwe asinazo izithombe zabo bomdabu abalukhulumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, "izibambo ushukela", "ipayipi goba", "chime" ayisaxhunyanisiwe waqonda njengoba inhlanganisela nisebenzise iso lengqondo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi asinazo izithombe yokuqothulwa.

Izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe kwamagama nge imvelaphi

Kuye ngezinga of motivirovatsii semantic (noma imvelaphi) abelwe:

• Image Bashukunyiselwa (yesibili noma izithako) - ethathwe amagugu kanye isizinda affixes derivational slovoproizvodnoy.
• izwi Unmotivated (eyinhloko noma non-esuselwe) - abazi incike inani le morphemes kufakwe yokwakheka amazwi.

Ngokwesibonelo: unmotivated ukufaka igama elithi "Yakha", "etafuleni", "amhlophe". Ukuze eyashukumisela - "isakhiwo", "etafuleni", "ngomcako" ngoba la mazwi ezakhiwe unmotivated, ngaphezu, amazwi imithombo eyinhloko ukusiza ukuqonda incazelo amathokheni elalisanda kumiswa. Lokho "ngomcako", lisuselwa izindlela "amhlophe" "ukwenza mhlophe."

Kodwa hhayi konke ngakho elula, ugqozi amanye amagama akuzona njalo ngakho ububonisa ngokucacile uqobo, njengoba ulimi uyashintsha, hhayi njalo engenzeka ukuthola impande komlando izwi. Nokho, uma kufanele uchithe ukuhlaziywa etymological, ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuthola ukuxhumana phakathi kwegama elithi lasendulo, ezibonakala ngempela ezingafani futhi uchaze ukuthi asho ukuthini. Ngokwesibonelo, sifunda emva ukuhlaziya etymological ukuthini amazwi athi "idili," "amanoni", "indwangu", "ifasitela", "ifu" bavela "baphuze" ukuze "bukhoma", "twist", "iso", "donsa" ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke akuyona njalo kungenzeka ukuba ongelutho kusukela okokuqala ukuhlukanisa izwi eyashukumisela unmotivated.

Izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe yamagama ku kwedivayisi

Kuye kwedivayisi lucebe gama lisho zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• Mahhala - ngokuyisisekelo ukuxhumana kuncike-kunengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo: "niphuza" zingahlanganiswa kuphela ngamazwi ezibonisa okusamanzi (itiye, amanzi, lemonade, njll), Kodwa singaphinde ingasetshenziswa ngamazwi athi "run" uhlobo "ubuhle", "ebusuku". Ngakho, inhlanganisela kulamagama uzobe ezilungisiwe kuncike kwedivayisi noma ukungavumelani imiqondo abakubonisayo. Okungukuthi, "inkululeko" ukuhambisana yamazwi anjalo kunalokho ezivamile.
• Non-mahhala - amathuba la mazwi kungagcini lucebe kuhlanganiswe. Ukusebenzisa kwabo enkulumweni incike subject okunengqondo isici, futhi ulimi. Ngokwesibonelo: igama elithi "droop" zingahlanganiswa ngamazwi athi "amehlo", "ukubukeka", "amehlo", kuyilapho amazwi ayikwazi kwehlisa nabanye amathokheni - ungaphindaphindi "droop ngezinyawo."

izinhlobo Non-mahhala nezincazelo lucebe kwamagama Russian:

• Phraseology ezihlobene - ithengiswe kuphela kule esitebeleni (noma tenkhulumo) inhlanganisela. Ngokwesibonelo: isitha esifungelwe - ayisetshenziswa umngane esifungiwe, ngaphandle uma ulimi umdlalo kombhali.
• Olungile moya - bathengisa kuphela kulezo zimo lapho izwi uphoqelekile ukuba enze umsebenzi ongajwayelekile ngaye. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "isigqoko", "i-oak", "log" kukhona isilandiso, echaza umuntu njengoba yamuva, esingagwegwesi, bungler, uzwela, ukuntuleka isinyathelo. Ukuzalisa indima, izwi njalo Ufika ubalwe njengenye imagery nezincazelo engokomfanekiso hlobo.

Ngu amagugu olungile moya yilezo isakhiwo lucebe, okungase waqaphela kuphela ezimweni ezithile syntactic. Ngokwesibonelo: "vortex" uthola incazelo ongokomfanekiso kuphela ngesimo uhlobo lwe. n -. "isivunguvungu izenzakalo."

kumsebenzi

Izinhlobo ithwala incazelo lucebe yamagama kungenziwa abelwe kuye ubunjalo nemisebenzi eyenziwa:

• Nominative - igama livela egameni "ukuqokwa", futhi libhekisela yokuqamba lezinto, izenzakalo futhi izimfanelo zabo.
• Ekhululekile-semantic - ngala mazwi iba evelele Seme inshokutsi lebhacile (ngokomzwelo-kulinganiselwa).

Isibonelo amazwi nominative: "umuntu omude" - le nkulumo yazisa isilaleli ukuthi umuntu isici sokukhula okusezingeni eliphezulu.

ISIBONELO amazwi semantic ekhululekile endabeni efanayo ukuthi ezichazwe ngenhla, elithi "okusezingeni eliphezulu" esikhundleni "igabade" - lolo lwazi ukungezwa ku okusezingeni eliphezulu ukukhula disapproving, liphansi sokukhula. Ngakho, igama elithi "lanky" ekhululekile kuyinto yinye elithi "okusezingeni eliphezulu".

nokuxhumana nemvelo

izinhlobo eziyisisekelo nezincazelo lucebe zamagama Russian, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo ubudlelwane ohlelweni lucebe elilodwa lenani nabanye:

• Inani Correlative - amazwi, abhekene ngeziqu zamehlo ngenxa yananoma yiziphi izizathu: omuhle - ezimbi, kude - vala.
• Stand-yedwa value - amazwi kuqhathaniswa yokuzijamela okungasenani izinto ezithile: ngesitulo, netiyetha imbali.
• Amanani Deterministic - izwi okubangelwa ukubaluleka Ngamanye amazwi, ngoba kukhona ezahlukeneyo ekhululekile futhi wesitayela kwegama elithi "Hack" kungenxa elithi "ihhashi", "enhle", "ezinhle kakhulu '-" okuhle ".

okutholakele

Ngakho, siye ohlwini izinhlobo nezincazelo lucebe yamagama. Kafushane zihlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo ukuthi lyagla ngesisekelo ngezigaba enikeziwe yithi:

• zokuxhumana Isihloko-nekutfutfuka kwelizinga amazwi noma ubudlelwane paradigmatic.
• Ubuhlobo Syntagmatic noma ubuhlobo amazwi komunye nomunye.
• Ukuphambukisa noma derivational uxhumano amathokheni okuqinisekisa.

Ngesifundo of Ukwahlukaniswa nezincazelo lucebe, singakuqonda kangcono isakhiwo semantic yamagama kabanzi ukuqonda ubudlelwano systemic sasungulwa isichazamazwi ka yolimi lwanamuhla.