Izilimi letihlelekile naletingakahleleki yemvelo: izibonelo

Kuyini ulimi? Lo mbuzo lingasethwa abantu ezahlukene, bese uthola izimpendulo ezingalindelekile. Kodwa-ke, kuthiwani uma othile singenakwenzeka uzothi ngokushesha mayelana izilimi zemvelo nalokuhlelekile. Incazelo kanye izibonelo izinhlelo ezinjalo azivamile oyofika engqondweni kule ndaba. Nokho - siyini lesi ngezigaba? Bese liyini ulimi?

On umlando izilimi cwaningo zabo

isayensi Chief ekubhekaneni ekutadisheni zokuxhumana, kuba yezilimi. Kukhona okukhethekile eduze ukuthi etadisha izimpawu - semiotics. Bobabili isayensi umsuka ayizinkulungwane eziningana edlule, ngakho indaba umsuka ulimi, ngokusobala, abantu banesithakazelo isikhathi eside.

Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuthi lapho kuzalwa amasistimu lokuqala kwaba yisikhathi eside, futhi manje kunzima ukusho ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Ziningi imicabango, siyakhuluma njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kusuka bakudala ngaphezulu zokuxhumana, kanye nesenzakalo yakhe cishe ngephutha njengoba enzeka esiyingqayizivele. Yiqiniso, inketho sokuqala abalandeli okuningi futhi cishe lamukelwa endaweni yonke.

Mayelana nezimpikiswano ezifanayo mayelana nokuthi kungani namuhla kukhona izilimi eziningi kangaka. Othile ecabanga ukuthi konke bavela ohlelweni olulodwa, kuyilapho abanye bagcizelele on ukuthuthukisa foci eziningana ezimele. Kodwa kulokhu sikhuluma kuphela mayelana izilimi zemvelo, izibonelo zazo ujwayelene kuwo wonke umuntu. Zisetshenziswa okuxhumana womuntu. Kodwa kunezinye, ngokungafani kubo. Bese kukhona umbuzo "Luyini ulimi."

Ingqikithi

Ukukhuluma, abantu ababaningi nomunye ucabanga ngalokho ngolimi ungakwazi nibhekane kulesi sigaba, futhi yini cha. Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona namanje ngemvume izinhlelo, kancane ekufezeni umsebenzi ofanayo, futhi Ukwehluka kunalokho ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uwukuthi, lokho luwumgogodla ulimi.

Kukhona imiqondo eziningana eziphathelene nale ndaba. Ezinye izazi zezilimi cabanga ulimi njengoba enzeka begazi, abanye - njengendlela ngemilingo. Ngokusho kwenye abakukholelwayo, kungokwalabo sphere of interest zezenhlalo. Ekugcineni, kukhona abacwaningi abafunda ngokuhlobana bayibheka kuphela njengoba uhlelo olukhethekile izimpawu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sinjani, kuyacaca ukuthi kuleli cala lususelwa olimini zemvelo. Izibonelo imiqondo ukuthi kuyohlanganisa futhi isigaba esisemthethweni, musa okwamanje akhona, yezilimi empeleni engayinaki kubo.

Imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi

Kuyini lakho oluyintandokazi? Izazi zolimi ukuhlukanisa eziningi imisebenzi eyisisekelo:

• Nominative, okungukuthi nominative. Ulimi olusetshenziswe ukuqamba izinto ezahlukene, izenzakalo, izenzakalo nokunye. D.
• Luchumano, okungukuthi umsebenzi zokuxhumana. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa iZwi target ukubulawa yokudlulisa ulwazi.
• Indlela abazizwa ngayo. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana ulimi ubuye isimo esingokomzwelo isisho indlela isikhulumi esiveza ngayo.

Ngokusobala, kuleli cala, futhi, ungabali izigaba ezimbili: izilimi zemvelo nalokuhlelekile - sikhuluma nje mayelana kuqala. Nokho, imisebenzi emibili silondoloza nelesibili, falling ekhululekile kuphela. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, uma wazi ukuthi lulwimi loluhlelekile.

ngezigaba

Ngo yezilimi jikelele Kwehlukanisa izigaba ezimbili: lehlelekile nezilimi zemvelo. division Ngaphezu kwalokho kwenzeka eziningi nezinye izici. Ngezinye izikhathi sikude futhi isigaba sesithathu - izilimi kwezilwane njengoba zemvelo ngokuvamile kuphela ukuqonda uhlelo abantu abaxhumana. Kukhona eminye division ngamaqenjana futhi subtypes, kodwa ngakho iye yezilimi ukuqonda umahluko phakathi lezi zigaba ezimbili ezinkulu, asikho isidingo.

Ngakho, udinga ukuthola umehluko phakathi kwezilimi zemvelo nalokuhlelekile. Incazelo nezibonelo singakuqonda ngokubheka luhlolo lwabo oluningi.

yemvelo

Systems evumela abantu ukuba baqonde nomunye ekuxhumaneni, okungukuthi, owenza umsebenzi ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, awela kulesi sigaba. Manje kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi omunye ubenganginathisa uphathe ngaphandle kwabo.

Konke lokhu isigaba ngobukhulu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezinkulu ezintathu:

• izilimi zemvelo, izibonelo zazo zihlanganisa zonke tandziso, futhi sibonakala kakhulu savela ngendlela evamile (isiNgisi, isiJalimane, isiRashiya, isi-Chinese, isi-Urdu et al.);
• yokufakelwa (Esperanto Intelingua, Elf, Klingon, njll ...);
• (Ulimi abayizithulu) Gestural.

Bonke babe nezici zabo futhi isicelo. Kodwa kukhona esinye isigaba esiyinhloko, ngoba lapho iningi labantu kunzima ukuthola izibonelo.

esisemthethweni

Izilimi ezidinga izincazelo irekhodi futhi ayikwazi waqonda subjectively, kukhona isikhathi eside kakhulu. Basuke zihlukaniswa logic lihle futhi ehlukile. Futhi, futhi, zihlukile. Kodwa zonke izimiso share ezimbili eziyisisekelo: Abstraction nobukhali izahlulelo.

izilimi Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo esisemthethweni ngokuyinhloko kuhluke umklamo wawo. Iningi izinhlelo esigabeni sokuqala - multi-egqinsiwe futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izibonelo yokugcina kungaba kokubili nzima futhi ulula. It has lolimi ayo, izimpawu zokubhala, ngisho izwi-kumiswa. Serious Umahluko owokuthi zikhona lezi izinhlelo, njengoba umthetho kuphela ngendlela ebhaliwe.

Yiziphi ezinye izibonelo? izilimi loluhlelekile tifaka ekhatsi "Indlovukazi wesayensi," izibalo, kulandele i-chemistry, i-physics kanye biology ngokwengxenye. Kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe noma kwakungamadodana ososayensi, kodwa nendlela ukuqopha ukusabela babehlale ukuqonda. Futhi wezibalo ayibalulekile, okusho inombolo ethile: inani apula emthini noma molecule endaweni igremu we ketshezi. Kanye ukubala zamabutho ngomshikisho physics ukuthi uthathe hhayi ku-akhawunti umbala into, noma enye non-abalulekile ngesikhathi izakhiwo okwamanje. Abonakalisa Abstraction.

Njengoba sekunama-electronics isibe umbuzo nezokusigcoba kakhulu yokuxhumana phakathi komuntu umshini, okuyinto uyaqonda kuphela labo futhi amaqanda. Kusukela kwamukelwa zalesi simiso, umuntu kungaba esingesihle kakhulu futhi ngabe benza umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu, kwanqunywa ukuba udale i-zokuxhumana uhlelo lwesikhashana. Kwakukhona uHlelo izilimi. Yiqiniso, nabo kudingeka bafunde, kodwa lula kakhulu ukuqonda phakathi kwabantu nangezinto zobuchwepheshe. Ngeshwa, ukusebenza kwalesi umsebenzi asifanele izilimi zemvelo multi-zenani, nakuba okuningi ezivamile.

izibonelo

Nalapha ukhulume ngolimi lwemvelo nje akwenzi mqondo, yezilimi study kubo isikhathi eside futhi seyithuthuke lokhu ngokwanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi indiva isigaba esisemthethweni. Kungekudala, lapho ziye zaba olufanele kakhulu, laqala ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi wokuqala yesayensi kubo, imfundiso nezibonelo elula. izilimi loluhlelekile zidalwe eyayenziwe futhi ngokuvamile uhlamvu ngamazwe. Zingaba kakhulu ezikhethekile kanye liqondwe yibo bonke abantu, noma okungenani iningi.

Mhlawumbe isibonelo elula - notation emculweni. Kukhona alfabhethi, izimpawu zokubhala, nokunye. D. ngempela ulimi siqala namanye amaphuzu umbono ka notation emculweni kungenziwa akhiwa kuphela ngemvume izinhlelo.

Yiqiniso, kuyasebenza lapha wezibalo sekushiwo, ukuqopha imithetho okuyizinto esiqinile kakhulu. Zonke sciences , futhi, kungaba cishe zibalwa kulesi sigaba. Ekugcineni, ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo. Futhi wabo, cishe, ukukhuluma okwengeziwe.

ukusetshenziswa

Yini odlulela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kanye Ukufunda izilimi esisemthethweni - ngokuqinisekile entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe. Zekhompyutha, zobuchwepheshe - namuhla cishe njalo into ikhompyutha in yesikhumbuzo. Futhi uma baqonda kuphela binary code ke abantu bavame ukuba ngiziqonde kuphela izilimi zemvelo. Izibonelo ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi imizamo yokuthola ukusilela kuholele umqondo yokudala zokuxhumana uhlelo Lesisemkhatsini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ayebonakala impela eningi. Ngakho namuhla, uhlelo - empeleni umsebenzi umhumushi kusuka kukhompyutha kumuntu, noHezekeli.

Kodwa abantu uqhubeke ukusebenzisa yemvelo futhi izilimi yokufakelwa, izibonelo zazo ukukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi imithetho okuxekethile kakhulu kokusebenzisa uhlelo lolimi-syntax sina ziphazamise izitatimende incazelo ikhompyutha. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi indaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokolimi nakeza kokuqina sina. Ngakho omunye izindawo ethembisayo - ngolimi lwemvelo ukuqonda uhlelo. Bavumela imishini ukucubungula izicelo ezilotshiwe ngaphandle imithetho ekhethekile. Isinyathelo sokuqala lobu buchwepheshe, mhlawumbe, babe yelucwaningo. Abakuhlakulelayo manje, ngakho kungenzeka, Ngokuzayo iseduze.