Izinhlobo Eziyisisekelo Zokuxhumeka Kwamathambo Abantu: Isu neThebula

Emzimbeni womuntu omdala, amathambo angama-206, ngenkathi eseyingane esanda kuzalwa inombolo yakhe ifinyelela ku-350, khona-ke inqubo yokuphila bayifaka. Iningi labo lihanjiswa, 33-34 lihlala lingasebenzi. Amathoni aqhutshwa ngokusizwa ngamasipha kanye nama-tendon. Amangqamuzana enza i-skeleton: umgogodla, izitho ezingenhla nezingezansi kanye ne-skull. Ukuze uzixhumane phakathi kwabo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana kwamathambo.

Imisebenzi yesiguli somuntu

Imisebenzi eyinhloko ye-skeleton yisekelo yezitho zangaphakathi, kanye nokunikeza umuntu ikhono lokuthutha esikhala. Ukuze baphumelele ngokuphumelela, amathambo kufanele abe nefa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi - ukuqina nokukhululeka. Yomibili yale misebenzi inikezwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zokuxhumana kwamathambo.

Ngaphandle kokwesekwa, amathambo ayisivikelo sezitho zangaphakathi, kanye nezitho ezenziwe ngegazi (ngenxa yezinto eziphambene nomsongo obomvu).

Izinhlobo zokuxhumana kwamathambo

Emzimbeni womuntu kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamathambo: flat, tubular, exubile, esifushane futhi eside. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumeka kwamathambo omuntu enikeza ama-skeleton amandla okwenza imisebenzi yawo. Ayikho isigaba esisodwa sezinhlobo zamathambo. Ezinye imithombo zihlukanisa amathambo zibe ezimbili, ezinye zibe izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngokusho kweyokuqala, lezi zixhumanisi eziphathekayo neziphathekayo. Uhlobo lwesithathu, olungelona lonke olubhekwa njengoluzimele, luxhumano oluhamba ngomakhalekhukhwini. Okusobala kakhulu izinhlobo zokuxhumeka kwamathambo etafuleni. Izinhlobo zokuxhumeka kweselula zikhonjiswa ngezansi.

Ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo, noma okuhleliwe

Ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kwamathambo yilabo abangenawo umgodla futhi abangenakunyakaziswa. Qinisekisa ukuthi uxhumano oluhleliwe lungabonakala nakanjani - izakhiwo ezivaliwe zinekhwalithi, inothi, okungukuthi, azifani.

Zombili izinto ezihlangene zihlanganiswa ngamathambo axhunyiwe.

Isibonelo amajoyina amathambo we-skull awakhiwa ngosizo lwe-seam bone.

Amanye amalunga ahleliwe ahlangane, okungukuthi, izicubu zomzimba zithathelwa ithambo, okunikeza lo mnyango amandla akhethekile. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuxhumana kwamathambo zingatholakala emgodleni, esifundeni se-sacral, lapho i-coccyx i-coccygeal vertebrae emihlanu ephakathi.

Kusho ukugcina ukungahambi kahle kwethambo lokuxhumana

Njengoba kungabonakala ezibonelweni, ukungahambi kahle kunikezwa ngezindlela ezehlukene, ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zethambo lwamathanga ngendlela eqhubekayo:

• Uhlobo lokuxhumeka ngokusebenzisa izicubu ezixhumeneyo zohlobo olunezintambo ezinamahlombe (amathambo eduze kwamalungu).
• I-Syndesmosis, okuyinto uxhumano usebenzisa izicubu ezixhunyiwe (isibonelo, amathambo esiphezulu).
• Ama-Synchondroses - ngosizo lwe-cartilage (uxhumano lwe-vertebrae emgodleni).
• I-synostosis, okungukuthi, ama-bone (ama-skull amathambo, i-coccyx).

Amaphuzu okuqala namabili yizinhlobo zokuxhumeka kwamathambo abantu ngosizo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezicubu ezixhunyiwe, ngakho-ke zibizwa ngokuthi ama-fibrotic compounds.

Ama-Syndesmoses enza umsebenzi wabo ngosizo lwemijondolo, eqinisa ngokwengeziwe amalunga amathambo.

Umqondo wezibopho

Ziyizintambo ezakhiwe yizicucu ze-elastic and fiberg fibers. Kuye ngokuthi yiluhlobo luni oluneqembu elithile, lihlukaniswe libe yi-elastic and collagen.

Kuye nge-amplitude edingekayo, ukuguquguquka emathanjeni e-ligament kungaba okufushane noma okude.

Kukhona futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwezintambo ngokuhlanganyela kwabo kwamalungu - e-articular futhi ehlukile.

Izibopho zidinga ukuxhuma amathambo kuphela, zineminye imisebenzi ebalulekile:

• Indima yesakhiwo, ngoba imigqa iqala imisipha.
• Bamba futhi ulungise phakathi kwabo izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zamathambo noma izingxenye zomzimba (ligament ligamentamentamentamentamentamentament).
• Ngosizo lwemijondolo, esinye isakhiwo se-anatomical sakhiwa (isibonelo, i-vault noma i-niche yokuhamba kwemizwa nezitsha).

Izinhlobo zokuxhuma kwezicubu ezixhunyiwe

Ngaphezu kwemigqa, amalunga amathambo angakhiwa yizicubu ezixhumene nazo futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izibungu. Umehluko wabo ukhona lokuthi i-membrane igcwalisa isikhala emkhatsini wamathambo, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwawo likhulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izingqimba zinezintambo ezithintekayo. Kodwa-ke, emisebenzini yabo benza indima efanayo ngezibopho.

Uhlobo olulandelayo lokuxhumanisa kwezicubu eziphakathi kwamathambo yi-fontanel. Lolu hlobo lungabonwa ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa kanye nezingane kuze kube unyaka, kuze kube yilapho ama-fontanelles eseduzane. Lokhu kwakheka, okunezintambo ezimbalwa ezithintekayo futhi kuboniswa ikakhulukazi yizinto eziphakathi. Ukuxhumeka okunjalo kuvumela amathambo e-skull ukuba ashintshe ukucushwa kokudlula emgodini wokuzalwa.

Umcibisholo ungatholakala ngokutadisha, isibonelo, ukuxhumana kwamathambo e- skull. Izihlalo zingaba nezinhlobo ezehlukene, zinegama elifanayo - i-dentate, flat, scaly.

Vlekachivaniya uxhuma izinqubo alveolar namazinyo. Izicubu ezihlangene kule ndawo zibizwa ngokuthi "periodontium." Inokunikezwa kwegazi okuhle nokulondolozwa kwemizwa ngenxa yokungena kwegazi nemithambo yezinzwa emzimbeni ophakathi. Isakhiwo se-periodontal sihlanganisa futhi ama-fiberglastic elastic and collagen.

Amajoyina ahambayo

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuxhumeka kwamathambo ziyaselula. Lezi zihlanganisa amalunga (i-diarthrosis). Lezi zinhlobo zokuxhunywa kwamathambo zibizwa ngokuthi ziyayeka ngoba iqiniso lihlale likhona phakathi kwendawo yazo. Ukuze unikeze ukuhamba, ziqukethe izakhiwo ze-articular, isikhwama se-articular kanye nesigxobo.

Izingxenye

Izakhiwo ze-articular ziyizingxenye zamathambo ezixhumene emgqokeni ohlangene. Zifakwe i-cartilage, ebizwa ngokuthi i-articular.

Ukuze uxhumano olunjalo lusebenze kahle ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu, kukhona isikhwama esikhwameni esigcwele uketshezi olugcoba ukuqhuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uketshezi olusebenzayo lukwenza imisebenzi yokwenza imali, luhlinzekela ukukhuthazela kumajoyini, futhi luhlinzeka ngokudla okunomsoco ku-carticlage ye-articular.

Isikhwama esihlangene sivikela izindawo ezihlangene zomonakalo, ukwenza lo msebenzi uqukethe izingqimba eziningana: fibrous and synovial. Ingxenyeni yangaphakathi ye-synovial inikeza igazi elicebile.

Ngaphandle kokuphoqeleka, ekuhlanganyeleni kungase kube nezakhi ezengeziwe: izidakamizwa kanye nemigqa, izikhwama ze-synovial, amathambo we-samoid kanye namafolda e-synovial.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamalungu ngamapharamitha ahlukahlukene

Amalungu angabonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene: i-globular, ellipsoidal, flat, saddle, njll Ngokuvumelana nalo, amalunga afanayo nawo ahlukile. Ukuhlukanisa ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa kwe-motion-uniaxial, biaxial kanye ne-multiaxial. Ukuze uniaxial kufaka ama-block kanye ne-cylindrical joints (isibonelo, i-ankle, interphalangeal). Ama-biaxial joints kukhona i-ellipsoid noma i-saddle (isibindi-metacarpal, metacarpal). Amalungu angama-multiaxial, abe nesimo se-globular-humeral, hip.

Ngokomumo wehlangene, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi yiziphi iziqondiso zokunyakaza kwayo okuzofezeka. Isibonelo, i-globular ithwala ukunyakaza ngezindlela ezihlukene, okungukuthi, i-triaxial.

Idivaysi ihlukanisa phakathi kwamajoyina alula neyinkimbinkimbi. I-Simple iqukethe amathambo amabili, ayinkimbinkimbi - amathathu noma ngaphezulu.

Amalungu angenza lokhu okuhambayo okulandelayo: i-flexion-extension, ukunciphisa-ukujikeleza, ukujikeleza (kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, futhi kuyisiyingi).

Amalungu esisodwa samathambo

Abaningi ababheki leli qembu libe lizimele. Ama-semi-mobile compounds yilabo abakhiwe yi-cartilage, okungukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abangekho mobile, njengamajoyina, kodwa banezinga elithile lokuguquguquka.

Uhlobo lokuxhumana ne-cartilage lubhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlangene - i-synchondrosis, engezona eselula, njengoba abantu abaningi becabanga. Kukhona umehluko ophakathi kwe-synchondrosis nezinhlanganisela ezinamaselula: kulezi zindawo kukhona insika encane, ngenxa yokuhamba okuhlinzekwayo.

Ama-semicontinuous compounds abizwa nangokuthi i-symphysis. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, zingahle zihlukane. Ngakho-ke, i-pubic symphysis ivumela ekubelethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-fetus ingena emgodini wokuzalwa.

Esikhundleni sokuphetha

Ngakho-ke, sazi izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana kwamathambo abantu, izici zabo nemisebenzi abayenzayo.

Uma ucabangela isihloko esinjalo njengezinhlobo zokuxhumeka kwamathambo abantu, itafula nomdwebo kuzoba ngabasizi abakhulu, ngoba banikeza ithuba lokubona nokuqonda ukuhlukaniswa.