Izinhlobo zezinzwa ukwakheka kwezicubu futhi umsebenzi

Kubantu, kukhona ezimbalwa izinhlobo ezahlukene izicubu. Bonke badlala indima ekuphileni kwethu. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezicutshini. Isisindo sayo ethize imayelana 50% of the isisindo womuntu. Kuyinto isixhumanisi exhumanisa ndawonye zonke kwezicubu yethu. It kuncike isimo eziningi imisebenzi yomzimba womuntu. Okulandelayo ezibhekwa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezicutshini.

Uhlolojikelele

ezicutshini, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi okuye wafunda ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, unesibopho nokusebenza kwezitho eziningi izinhlelo. amandla adonsela phansi yayo ethize kuyinto 60 kuya 90% isisindo sabo. It yakha Uhlaka ukwesekwa, ebizwa ngokuthi stroma, futhi isitho integument, ngokuthi dermis. Izici eziyinhloko ezicutshini:

• umsuka ezivamile mesenchymal;
• ukufana kwesakhiwo;
• enza imisebenzi.

Ingxenye esemqoka izicubu eziqinile zezinzwa sibhekisela ohlotsheni fibrous. Siqukethe mithambo ine-elastin futhi collagen ethandele. Kanye izicubu EPITHELIAL zezinzwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile kwesikhumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke esihlanganisa ngayo Imicu yotshani kwemisipha.

ezicutshini wehlukile kwabanye ukuthi uvezwa umzimba 4 ahlukene:

• fibre (nemisipha, imisipha, fascia);
• kanzima (bone);
• gel (uqwanga, namalunga);
• uketshezi (i-lymph, igazi, intercellular, lwamalunga, cerebrospinal fluid).

Futhi, abameleli lolu hlobo Indwangu yilezi: sarcolemma, amafutha,-matrix extracellular, iris, sclera, microglia.

Isakhiwo ezicutshini

Kuhlanganisa amaseli esinqunyiwe (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) akha lesi impahla isizinda. It Ubuye kumiswa fibrous. Zimelela ketshezi intercellular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liqukethe ezihlukahlukene amaseli khulula (amafutha, nokuzula, okhuluphele kanye nabanye.). ezicutshini yakhiwa matrix extracellular (isizinda). ukungaguquguquki Jelly-like we ketshezi kungenxa ngezithako zawo. Matrix kwakhiwa ijeli hydrated kakhulu is yi eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds. Akha-30% we isisindo ketshezi intercellular. Ngakho asele 70% amanzi.

Ukwahlukanisa izicubu zezinzwa

Ukwahlukaniswa lolu hlobo izicubu nzima ezihlukahlukene zabo. Ngakho, izinhlobo zako ezisemqoka zihlukaniswe, esikhundleni salokho, has ukuhlukanisa amaqembu. Hlukanisa zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• izicubu Empeleni zezinzwa kusukela lapho ehlukanisiwe fibrous futhi ethize, ezahlukene anezakhi ezikhethekile. Eyokuqala uhlukaniswe: okuxekethile obukhulu (non-ukuxoshwa kanye imvume), kanti eyesibili - in the fat, reticular, lwamafinyila, sombala.
• Uhlaka lwamathambo, okuyinto ihlukaniswe uqwanga bone.
• Trophic, lapho igazi lymph.

Noma yimuphi ezicutshini inquma ubuqotho tekusebentisa morphological umzimba. Uneziqu izici ezifana sici:

• izicubu lunye;
• yizinhlobonhlobo;
• multifunctionality;
• nezimo;
• polymorphism futhi multicomponent.

imisebenzi Jikelele ezicutshini

Imihlobo ehlukeneko ezicutshini enze le misebenzi elandelayo:

• kwesakhiwo;
• ukuhlinzeka amanzi-usawoti ibhalansi;
• trophic;
• Ukuvikelwa mechanical Yekhanda;
• umqolo (isib ukuma iso kunqunywa sclera);
• ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisela kwezicubu permeability;
• zemisipha mechanical (uqwanga bone, imisipha kanye aponeuroses);
• zokuzivikela (kwezokugoma futhi phagocytosis);
• plastic (lithathelwe izimo ezintsha kwemvelo, isilonda sisheshe siphole);
• homeostatic (iqhaza kule nqubo ebalulekile emzimbeni).

Nakubukwa jikelele, umsebenzi we ezicutshini:

• azidlulisele umzimba shape ukuzinza womuntu, amandla;
• Ukuvikelwa, nemisho lemagalagala enamathela viscera phakathi kwazo.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko eziqukethwe izidakamizwa intercellular ezicutshini ukwesekwa. Isisekelo sakhe kunikeza umzimba evamile. Neural kanye ezicutshini, futhi inikeza ukuxhumana we izinhlelo ezehlukene isitho nomthethonqubo yabo.

Isakhiwo izinhlobo ezahlukene izindwangu

Isakhiwo ezicutshini iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo yayo. Siqukethe amaseli ahlukene nempahla intercellular. Isici esiphawulekayo lokhu Indwangu - okusezingeni eliphezulu umthamo okuzivuselela. It libhekene plasticity futhi lithathelwe ezinhle ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo. Noma yiluphi uhlobo sezicubu zezinzwa akhule ngezithukuthuku yokuzalana kanye nenguquko lamaseli abasha undifferentiated. Basuke lisuselwa mesenchyme elimelela izicubu embryonic kwakhiwa kusukela mesoderm (maphakathi lwegciwane ungqimba).

izidakamizwa Intercellular ngokuthi i-matrix extracellular, iqukethe sebuningini compounds ezahlukene (wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic). Kuyinto ku Ukwakheka kwabo kanye nobungako incike ukungaguquguquki kanye ezicutshini. Izinto ezinjalo, njengoba igazi lymph aqukethe ukubunjwa yayo imfuyo intercellular ewuketshezi, ngokuthi plasma. -matrix Uqwanga ine uhlobo ijeli. Intercellular izidakamizwa amathambo umsipha Imicu yotshani kukhona izinto eziqinile zingaxazululeki.

Liqukethe extracellular-matrix namaprotheni anjenge mithambo ine-elastin collagen, proteoglycans futhi glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (Gags). isakhiwo zayo zingase zihlanganise kwesakhiwo amaprotheni laminin futhi fibronectin.

izicubu okuxekethile obukhulu zezinzwa

Lezi zinhlobo ezicutshini eziqukethe isakhiwo amaseli bese-matrix extracellular. Ngo okuxekethile yabo okuningi kuka ku elicinene. Esikhathini yokugcina ubuswa ezihlukahlukene imicu. Imisebenzi yalezi kwezicubu kunqunywa ratio amaseli bese izinto intercellular. izicubu Alengayo-zezinzwa wenza umsebenzi ikakhulukazi trophic. Kulokhu, it ehilelekile asekelayo umsebenzi lokukhanda. Uqwanga, ethanjeni ezinabantu fibrous ezicutshini emzimbeni usebenze zemisipha umsebenzi lokukhanda. Abanye - trophic futhi uyavikela.

izicubu Okuxekethile zezinzwa

Unformed okuxekethile fibrous zezinzwa izicubu, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi zazo kuchazwe amaseli yayo, itholakala zonke izinhlaka. Ngo iningi lawo ke lwakha isisekelo (stroma). Siqukethe collagen futhi nokunwebeka endwangwini, fibroblasts, ama-macrophage, plasma amaseli. Lokhu ndwangu ephelezelwa izitsha isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Ngokusebenzisa fibre yayo okuxekethile yinqubo egazi ne umzimba, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho inguquko kwenzeka nezakhi kuyo nezicubu.

Ingqikithi intercellular 3 izinhlobo zemicu:

• Collagen ukuthi uhambe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Le micu isimo izintambo iqonde futhi undulated (nokuminyaniseka). ukujiya wabo 1-4 microns.
• Nokunwebeka, kancane mkhulu collagen ethandele. Basuke wajoyina (anastomosed) kwezinye, ukwakha shirokopletistuyu inethiwekhi ngasinye.
• Reticular libhekene mncane yabo. Basuke kwahlanganiswa ku anezikhala.

izakhi yeselula okuxekethile izicubu fibrous yilezi:

• Fibroblasts, okuyizinto eziningi kakhulu. Sinenkosi simise uthi lokuphotha. Abaningi babo anemisila spikes. Fibroblasts siyakwazi nokuzala. Bona iqhaza kumiswa ketshezi esemqoka yalolu hlobo Indwangu, ngokuba isisekelo imicu zayo. Lezi cell akhiqiza i-collagen futhi mithambo ine-elastin, kanye nezinye izinto we matrix extracellular. fibroblasts Akusebenzi ngokuthi fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - namangqamuzana ezingaba ukugaya nokumunca matrix extracellular. Ziyakwazi fibroblasts ovuthiwe.
• Ama-macrophage, okungase laphetha, side nomumo okungajwayelekile. La mangqamuzana angaba ukugaya nokumunca Amagciwane kanye nezicubu necrotic, iwukudambisa ubuthi. Basuke abahileleke ngokuqondile kumiswa amasosha omzimba. Basuke ihlukaniswe gistotsity (ekubeni esimweni quiescent) futhi iyatholakala (nokuzula) amaseli. Ama-macrophage zihlukaniswa ikhono lazo ukunyakaza amoeboid. Ngokusho imvelaphi yabo zingabantu monocytes igazi.
• Amaseli amafutha ziyakwazi buthelela ku cytoplasm yamasheya reserve ngesimo amathonsi. Ziyakwazi uyimbulunga futhi bakwazi ukuba azixoshe omunye iyunithi isakhi kwezicubu. Lokhu yakha adipose izicubu obukhulu zezinzwa. Kuvikela umzimba kusuka nokushisa. Kubantu, nezicubu adipose kuyinto ogxile ngaphansi kwesikhumba phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi, ebhokisini ukugxusha. It ihlukaniswe yaba mhlophe nonsundu.
• I-plasma amaseli emisipheni emathunjini, umnkantsha futhi zamanzi. Lezi amayunithi amancane kwesakhiwo zihlukaniswa round yabo noma kobujamo obusaqanda. Badlala indima ebalulekile isimiso sokuzivikela somzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, e-zamagama lwamasosha omzimba oluvame. Plasma cell akhiqiza igazi globulin, okuyinto ukudlala indima ebalulekile ukusebenza evamile umzimba.
• amaseli Mast bavame ngokuthi izicubu basophils zinezikhathi namatshana yabo. Ngo cytoplasm yabo iqukethe elimbudumbudu ekhethekile. Bona Zihlukahlukene ngesimo. Lezi maseli etholakala izicubu zonke izinhlaka ukuthi abe ungqimba okuxekethile ezicutshini unformed. It yakhiwa izinto ezifana heparin, asidi i-hyaluronic, histamine. inhloso yabo ngqo - the uketshezi yalezi izinto futhi ukulawulwa microcirculation emisipheni. Basuke kubhekwe ukubulawa amasosha omzimba yalolu hlobo kwezicubu futhi onesibophezelo sanoma yikuphi ukuvuvukala nokungezwani komzimba. Izicubu basophils tibheke emhlabeni imithambo yegazi kanye lymph node ngaphansi kwesikhumba abomvu umnkantsha, ubende.
• amaseli Pigment (melanocytes) benesimo branched kakhulu. Ziqukethe melanin. La mangqamuzana atholakala esikhumbeni futhi iris esweni. Ngu umsuka secrete ectodermal amaseli, kanye nemikhiqizo okuthiwa Crest kwemizwa.
• Adveptitsialnye emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa zitholakala kanye imithambo yegazi (capillary). Basuke zihlukaniswa isimo sabo side futhi kutintfo core. Lezi amayunithi kwesakhiwo akwazi ukwanda kanye aguqule zibe nezinye izinhlobo. Kwaba ngezindleko zabo kukhona kwaqedwa amangqamuzana afile ijwabu.

Okuwugqinsi izicubu fibrous zezinzwa

Ukuze ezicutshini libhekisela Indwangu:

• Ukuqina unformed, esakhiwa inombolo enkulu imicu ezinabantu wahlela. Kuhlanganisa inombolo encane amaseli ngokufanele therebetween.
• isitayela Ukuqina, zihlukaniswa kwelungiselelo elikhethekile ka zezinzwa izicubu zesivikelo sesifuba. Kuyinto esiyinhloko nemisipha zokwakha kanye nezinye izinhlaka emzimbeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umsipha ezakhiwe eduze zishiyane parallel puchochkami collagen ethandele, isikhala phakathi eligcwele ikhemikhali eyisisekelo kanye inethiwekhi mncane nokunwebeka. Ezinabantu fibrous ezicutshini yalolu hlobo luqukethe fibroblasts-namaseli kuphela.

Itholiwe therefrom namanje fibre nokunwebeka, okuyinto aqukethe izinyanda eziningana (izwi). Kulawa, igobolondo kwakheka imithambo round, uqhoqhoqho nodonga bronchi. Bona isicaba noma imikiswe Imicu yotshani obukhulu nokunwebeka kukhona okufanayo, futhi eziningi zazo ziye ekhelini. Isikhala esiphakathi kwawo kuthatha okungajwayelekile ezicutshini okuxekethile.

uqwanga

Coupling amaseli kwakheka izicubu cartilaginous futhi yenqwaba ketshezi intercellular. It yakhelwe ukuba afeze imisebenzi lokukhanda. Kukhona 2 izinhlobo amaseli ukwakha le indwangu:

1. Chondrocytes, nokuba kobujamo obusaqanda futhi ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Atholakala amaphilisi, okuyinto chithi emhlabeni izidakamizwa intercellular.
2. Chondroblasts, okuyizinto amaseli abasha isicaba. Ziyakwazi azungeze uqwanga.

Ochwepheshe ukwehlukana uqwanga ku 3 izinhlobo:

• Hyaline, okwenzeka izitho ezihlukahlukene, njenge izimbambo, amalunga, ushise imigudu yomoya. izidakamizwa Intercellular we ayevumela uqwanga. It has a ukungaguquguquki bushelelezi. Hyaline uqwanga embozwe perichondrium. It has imibala bluish-mhlophe. Siqukethe skeleton umbungu.
• Nokunwebeka, okuyinto yokwakha amalaka, i-epiglottis, yangaphandle indlebe umsele izindonga, uqwanga we auricle ingxenye, bronchi encane. imicu enwebekayo yezicubu achazwayo ngoqobo yayo intercellular. Lokhu uqwanga kungekho i-calcium.
• Collagen, okuyinto ngesisekelo akwazi ukugcina intervertebral, menisci, le pubis symphysis, futhi ngokuhlanganyela sternoclavicular. -matrix wayo extracellular yakhiwa fibrous izicubu obukhulu zezinzwa, ehlanganisa parallel collagen ethandele puchochkov.

Lolu hlobo lwe-ezicutshini, kungakhathaliseki indawo emzimbeni has umbiko ofanayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi perichondrium. It sakhiwa yesigayegaye izicubu fibrous kwakhiwa imicu enwebekayo yezicubu collagen. It has a inombolo enkulu imizwa nemithambo yegazi. Uqwanga lukhula sibonga ekuguquleni izakhi isakhi perichondrium. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bayakwazi ngokushesha uguqule. Lezi timphawu tesakhiwo siguqulelwa amaseli uqwanga. Lokhu Indwangu has izici zayo siqu. Ngakho, matrix extracellular cartilage ovuthiwe ayinakho imithambo yegazi, ngakho-ke kunikwe amandla nge nokuhanjiswa kwe- izinto kusukela perichondrium. Lokhu Indwangu libhekene ivumelana nezimo, kuba amelana ingcindezi futhi umsungulo okwanele.

Ixhuma ithambo izicubu

Coupling ithambo ikakhulukazi ubulukhuni. Lokhu kungenxa calcification lomcebo yayo intercellular. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-ezicutshini ithambo - asekelayo-lokukhanda. Kulo eyakhelwe Wonke amathambo akhe lwamathambo. Izakhi eziyinhloko isakhi kuwebhu:

• Osteocytes (bone amaseli), ezithinta isimo Process eziyinkimbinkimbi. Banezinhliziyo core compact shades amnyama. La mangqamuzana atholakala ithambo izimbobo emazinyweni, ongaphenduliwe wabuka we osteocytes. Ngokufanele therebetween izidakamizwa intercellular. La mangqamuzana abakwazi nokuzala.
• Osteoblasts, ithambo liyisici kwesakhiwo. Banezinhliziyo round ukuma. Kwezinye zazo kukhona nuclei eziningana. Osteoblasts basesimweni periosteum.
• Osteoclasts, okuyizinto amaseli ezinkulu multinucleated abathintekayo ekubhubhiseni ithambo calcified bese uqwanga. Kukho konke ukuphila komuntu kukhona ushintsho isakhiwo lendwangu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqubo nciphisa Kwenziwa kumiswa izinto ezintsha ezivela endaweni yokubhubha, futhi periosteum. Kulesi ezinzima ezihilelekile esikhundleni amaseli, osteoclasts futhi osteoblasts.

Bone izicubu inalokhu izidakamizwa intercellular ehlanganisa amorphous phansi izidakamizwa. Kukhona fibre osseinovye ukuthi awatholakali nezinye izitho. Ukuze ezicutshini libhekisela Indwangu:

• indawo-fibered enikezwe ku-embryo;
• leaf, etholakala izingane kanye nabantu abadala.

Lolu hlobo lwe-Indwangu sakhiwa ezifana amayunithi kwesakhiwo njengowukuphela plate ithambo. Lakhiwa amaseli, ngokuba amaphilisi ethile. Phakathi kwabo kukhona into enhle-fibered intercellular, equkethe calcium usawoti. Osseinovye Imicu yotshani kokuba ukushuba eside, e bone amapuleti foredeck isihlobo parallel nomunye. Baqamba amanga indlela ethile. Esikhathini engumakhelwane ithambo zezinhlangothi kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba kukhona perpendicular isiqondiso nezinye izakhi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa a amandla enkulu lendwangu.

Bone amapuleti elise izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba ahlelwe ngendlela ethile. Bangabaholi amabhlogo wokwakha flat, ijabulise namathambo okuxubile. Esimweni ngasinye kulezi amapuleti zisekelwe izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, ithambo ijabulise yakhiwa 3 izingqimba:

• Outdoor, lapho phezu plate abaphila amayunithi isakhi idatha ungqimba elandelayo. Nokho, abazi akha indandatho ephelele.
• osteons Ephakathi kwakhiwa, lapho ithambo amapuleti akhiwa emhlabeni imithambo yegazi. Kulokhu, basuke wahlela concentrically.
• Langaphakathi, lapho ungqimba ithambo amapuleti kuvimbela isikhala lapho umnkantsha.

Amathambo zikhule futhi abuyiselwe ngenxa esehlanganise yabo ebusweni elingaphandle le periosteum ehlanganisa sezicubu zezinzwa futhi osteoblasts fibre esihle. Mineral nosawoti ukucacisa amandla abo. Nge nokushoda amavithamini neziyaluyalu hormone calcium okuqukethwe ziyancipha. Amathambo akha skeleton. Ngezinye emalungeni abakubonisayo uhlelo zemisipha.

Izifo ezibangwa zezinzwa izicubu ubuthakathaka

amandla enganele collagen ethandele, ubuthakathaka kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita ligamentous kungabangela izifo ezibucayi ezifana ukugobeka komhlandla, flat, hypermobility amalunga omzimba, izitho prolapse, lamabutho ngwengwzi, izifo igazi, sepsis, ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo, osteochondrosis, esibhibhayo, edema, imfiva ye-rheumatism, cellulitis. Ochwepheshe abaningi esimweni sokugembula sezicubu zezinzwa zihlanganisa buthakathaka amasosha omzimba, ngoba unesibopho amasistimu kwegazi futhi lymph.