Izinhlelo Isibonelo ku Pascal. UHlelo e Pascal

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ulimi Uhlelo Pascal - kulula futhi ejwayelekile nganoma yisiphi uMklami, kodwa awukwazi ukusho ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yolimi ngokwalo ibuthakathaka kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Akumangalisi kubhekwa eziyisisekelo futhi wafunda esikoleni.

Ngokuvamile, lapho ebhalela izinhlelo Pascal sebenzisa imvelo izinhlelo, ezifana Turbo Pascal (Turbo Pascal).

Kungani Wabasaqalayo kufanele bakhethe lolu limi? Zama ukuqonda. Ukuze balukhulume ngokugcwele noma yiluphi ulimi izinhlelo, kumele ube izincwadi ezifanele. Yingakho iningi izilimi ahlubukayo ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi, futhi Ilogo. Akayena evame kakhulu emazweni akhuluma isiRashiya, ngakho ukuqeqesha amabhuku nguye lapho. Okwamanje, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke kukhona Pascal, Java, Eyisisekelo C. Ake sidingide ikhanda ngalinye ngokuhlukile. Java, ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa inethiwekhi izinhlelo. C - Nokho omunye izilimi olukhulunywa ngabantu abaningi ukuzedlula, okunzima kakhulu (ikakhulukazi Wabasaqalayo). Ukuze ekugcineni ufunde indlela ukubhala izinhlelo kuwo, kungcono siqale sifunde Pascal futhi Eyisisekelo. Bobabili wafunda esikoleni (ukukhetha likathisha). Isizathu sokuba nokudlanga yabo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi lezi zilimi, ungabhala uhlelo efanayo e C noma C ++, kodwa hhayi ngendlela kakhulu, kuba lula kakhulu ngenxa inkimbinkimbi ukwakhiwa.

Kubalulekile nokukhumbula ukuthi izinguqulo Pascal kanye nobungako Basic okwanele, kodwa izikole ezingaba kwande ezifana Turbo Pascal 7.0 QBasic. Uma uthatha ke uma eqhathaniswa nabo, isikhathi eside wadala ukuze ubhale ithuluzi elincane kuze kube imigqa 50. Turbo Pascal inamandla kakhulu futhi ngokushesha.

Uhlelo kuqala Pascal

Isibonelo kalula izinhlelo Pascal kungatholakala kuyi-Internet, nzima ukuqonda ukuthi kusebenza kanjani.

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini ephakathi lolu limi, kufanele ubhale "inkinga" amancane. Ake sithi ufuna ukwakha uhlelo ezokwenza engeza izinombolo ezimbili: Q + W = E. Yini ukuba kwenziwe indalo yayo?

Le ncwadi E uyokwenza njengoba okuguquguqukayo (mathematics - X). Ngempela kubalulekile ukuba nika igama (ubuningi bezinhlamvu ezingu-250). Lingase libe:

• izinhlamvu zamagama Latin (A..Z);
• izinombolo kusuka 0 kuya 9. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi igama kufanele ungaqali ngenombolo;
• "_" Inhlamvu.

Asikho isidingo sokuthi ukuhlangabezana esihlokweni:

• izincwadi Russian;
• izimpawu zokubhala;
• Spec. izinhlamvu, njengemoto ngehele "#", iphesenti "%" dollar "$", le tilde "~" nabanye.

Isibonelo igama elilungile kungaba «red_velvet4», «Exo» noma «shi_nee». Omunye kumelwe futhi sikhumbule ukuthi Pascal kuyisibonelo izincwadi ezilukhuni, ngakho eziguquguqukayo ne amagama «btob» futhi «BtoB» lithathwa njengenye. Kungenxa izinhlelo imvelo "Isitshalo" wabiza cell, kuyoba sobala ngezansi. Ngemva kwale nqubo kuyadingeka ukunquma uhlobo onhlobonhlobo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uhlelo kahle ikhombisa yi esikrinini noma ukuphrinta ephepheni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izinombolo ezimbili kunezelwa, uhlobo lezinombolo esibekiwe, futhi lapho ukubingelela yocingo, bese - yezinhlamvu. uhlobo efanelekayo integer ( "inombolo") ngoba kwalokho abavamile wezinombolo ezimbili.

Nge uhlobo eziguquguqukayo ecacile, kodwa kumele zabelwe wonke eziguquguqukayo ezinombolo, ukuze zokuzisebenzisa ngokukhululekile.

Ngokusekelwe kulokho okulotshwe ngenhla, ungakwazi kalula ukubhala "puzzle." Ezincane izinhlelo Pascal izobukeka kanje:

shi_nee Uhlelo;

Var Q, W, E: inamba;

ZIQALA

E: = Q + W;

UKUPHELA.

Umugqa wokuqala, okungukuthi uhlelo shi_nee - .. Igama noma isihloko hlelo. Lokhu isixa akuphazamisi kathisha ebhaliwe. Yena, uma esetshenziswa, kumelwe nakanjani babe abokuqala, noma izinhlelo imvelo ezokwenzela nephutha.

Incazelo eziguquguqukayo ayizindlela wesibili sibonga opharetha «var». Kufanele kwenziwe uhlu lwazo zonke eziguquguqukayo evelayo ukwengeza uhlelo uhlobo (inamba) futhi ngokusebenzisa ikholoni.

Izithandani opharetha «ZIQALA» - «UKUPHELA» iqala ngakhoke evala hlelo. Bangabaholi ezibaluleke kakhulu; phakathi kwazo zonke izenzo ezichazwa uMklami.

-syntax

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ulayini wekhodi ngamunye iphela isemikholoni. Okuhlukile mthetho ngeke sokuyokhonza imiyalo efana var, qala, const, nabanye. Ngemuva kokuphela sokugcina opharetha nigqoke amaphuzu. Kwezinye izimo, lapho uhlelo isebenzisa nezinamathiselo amaningi kanye kubakaki opharetha «ZIQALA» - «UKUPHELA», iphuzu zingafakwa ngemva kokukhishwa komyalo nge isemikholoni.

Ukuze nika yeseli ukubaluleka kwalo, isibonelo, E = 15, kubalulekile ukuba asayine elifanayo ikholoni:

Q: = 15:

W: = 20;

E: = Q + W;

I ikholoni ngalolu limi kubizwa ngokuthi Isabelo. Uhlelo kulotshiwe Pascal Kulula kakhulu uma wazi kahle okungenhla kuchazwe imithetho-syntax.

ukuhlolwa

Running Turbo Pascal, ukuphrinta Uhlelo kahle ngokubheja emamaki edingekayo nokusetha oda wayefisa imigqa. Running uhlelo kungaba kwenziwe nge kwimenyu yokuqukethwe noma usebenzisa okhiye Ctrl F9. Uma zonke uyithayiphe ngokulungile, isikrini ngeke blink kancane. Esimweni iphutha elikhona, uhlelo umsebenzi ngeke ume bese isikhombisi azosethwa emgqeni lapho itholakala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emgqeni 'isiphelo' has a incazelo amaphutha kakhulu, isibonelo, iphutha 85: «;» expexted. Lo mugqa ubonisa ukuthi endaweni ethile akukho isemikholoni. Nokho, kuyinto ukuba banake lezi zinkinga akufanele ke, kudingeka ukuqonda isakhiwo, usebenzisa izibonelo ezinhlelweni Pascal.

Lokho kufanele wafunda kwasekuqaleni?

Ukuze uqale ngokugcwele ukuze baqonde umugqa zohlelo ngamunye. Khona-ke unake miyalelo, ukuhlehlisa opharetha ekhethekile inkumbulo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho isigamfulo ungacimi, ufunde uchungechunge okunomqondo iqale futhi iphele. Khumbula indlela eziguquguqukayo kuthiwa ithole, yiluphi uhlobo badinga futhi kungani sidinga ke. Qonda ngeke kube kahle ekusebenzeni ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlela. Ungasebenzisa isiqondiso noma "xhoxha" e Turbo Pascal ngokwakho. Ilokhu Kudingeka uprakthize, ukulungele uqaqe "inkinga" Internet kanye kancane ukuthola isibonelo izinhlelo Pascal ngokuzimela.

afanayo ntathu

Amalungu afanayo isetshenziselwa operation elula ngedatha eyohlobo, lokukhulunywa ngako kulendzaba ahlelwe elandelanayo izindawo inkumbulo, hhayi eceleni. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi program ukhululekile 50 noma 100 eziguquguqukayo. Kuyinto elula kakhudlwana ukuba ngikulobele zona ngokuhleleka array.

Elements ukuthi niyiqembu babe inombolo yabo. Ngo ngezilimi ezahlukene zokuhlela, ngokuqala nabanye izibalo akuzona ngempela 1. Nasi isibonelo izinhlelo ku Pascal lithi abalwa naye. Le nombolo ukulandelana ubizwa ngokuthi Inkomba element ngayinye. Njengomthetho, kuba uhlamvu inenombolo kancane. Ngomqondo onabile, la mangqamuzana abanandaba lokho indexation azosethwa: yenombolo noma ngezinhlamvu.

Array Pascal (izibonelo ngezansi) Kungase kudingeke uhlobo olulodwa kuphela ukuze okungokwendlela nazo zonke izakhi zawo. Akukho kangangokuthi omunye cell hlobo yangempela, futhi enye inamba.

In imvelo izinhlelo, omunye ntathu idatha (isb, elula) afanayo kuthiwa yemigqa oyifakile:

Var a: afanayo [5..40] ka-Isakare;

b: yangempela;

i: inamba;

ZIQALA

Ukuze i: = 5 kuya 40 sasifundeka kanje (ch [i]);

Ukuze i: = 5 kuya 40 bhala (ch [i]: 3);

readln;

UKUPHELA.

Ukuhlaziya isibonelo izinhlelo ku Pascal, ungabona ukuthi inkumbulo zibekelwe afanayo elula, ehlanganisa ezingu-35. Yenkomba ([5..40]) - 5 kuya ku 40. Esikhathini Umugqa wokuqala ngemva ZIQALA umyalo, umsebenzisi kumele ufake ngokuphelele yimuphi 35 izinhlamvu (nezinamba, izinhlamvu) ukuthi uhlelo kulotshwe kuseli. Umugqa wesibili unesibopho ukubonisa nabo esikrinini.

afanayo mgudumbili

Uma afanayo eyodwa-ntathu - ingenye lapho bonke imisebenzi zakhelwe "okusemgqeni", okusho zonke izakhi nezenzo kuyenziwa enye ngemva kwenye, ezimbili-ntathu ivumela izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nge ekhelini ...

idatha okunjalo Pascal (izibonelo kungabonwa ngezansi) bachazwa ngezindlela ezimbili: «afanayo [10..b, 10..f] zezinhlobo" noma «afanayo [10..b] uhlu [10..f] zezinhlobo ".

B kanye f - constants. Esikhundleni salokho, bufakwe futhi izibalo (njengoba ku afanayo eyodwa-ntathu), kodwa izinkinga ezifana akulona okungcono okungenziwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo uchaza njalo kuqala njengoba inani lemigqa, kanti eyesibili - amakholomu ngamakhono ahlukahlukene.

Isibonelo inkinga ngokusebenzisa kwesigaba ngohlobo olukhethekile:

Const b = 24; f = 13;

Uhlobo cherry = afanayo [10..b, 10..f] real;

Var n: cherry;

Isigaba ngokusebenzisa array lokwehlukile ukuchaza kancane kulula (Wabasaqalayo):

Const b = 24; f = 13;

Var n: afanayo [10..b, 10..f] real;

Bobabili ongakhetha ziyiqiniso, uhlelo umsebenzi ekhethiwe ukuqopha indlela akashintshi.

afanayo evulekile

Vula afanayo - lowo akanayo imingcele. It has a hlobo (yangempela, ephelele et al.). Ngamanye amazwi, amalungu afanayo wadala - dimensionless. "Ductility" yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi uhlelo ngesikhathi ebaleka. Kulotshiwe kanje:

Seulgi1: afanayo wezinhlamvu;

Yeri: afanayo yangempela;

Isici esiphawulekayo lezi afanayo wukuthi kokufakwa ohlwini iqala ngo zero, hhayi elilodwa.

Graphics Pascal

Labo abanomthetho umqondo kancane "yangaphakathi" yesistimu yokusebenza uyazi ukuthi zonke izithombe zakhelwe ngokusebenzisa raster elingunxande. izithombe Raster yakhiwa Amaphikseli, okuyinto mancane kakhulu ukuthi iso womuntu ubona ungenisa noma izithombe for yisikhungo esisodwa. Kukhula isinqumo yesithombe, ezincane pixels kukhona.

Eyesibili indlela isethulo ihluzo - vector. Njengomthetho, izingxenye ke, imibuthano ellipses nezinye zeJiyomethri ezakha wonke amaqiniso.

In imvelo izinhlelo, kunoma yiluphi ulimi kungenzeka futhi ukuvela lolu hlobo imisebenzi, ezifana ihluzo, umphumela okuzoba schedule. Pascal, izibonelo zalezi zinhlelo ukukhombisa ngezinga elithile kobukhulu ukuthuthukiswa yabo, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala izithombe amaphetheni. Ukuze "kusebenze" umtapo ufuna, udinga irowu «isebenzisa igrafu;».

Ngokuvamile, encazelweni idatha ihluzo, le nqubo isetshenziswa:

InitGraph (var umshayeli, kuminyanisa: yangempela; Indlela: string);

Lapha umshayeli ingukungena kabani uhlobo inamba; kuliminyanise - variable, uhlobo kwangempela; indlela ikuvumela ukuba kusebenze abashayeli.