Izinguqulo umsuka indoda. ithiyori Basic zasezindaweni womuntu

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izinguqulo ezihlukene umsuka umuntu emhlabeni. Lokhu-mbono zesayensi, futhi ehlukile, futhi ezibhubhisayo. Abantu abaningi bazibheka njengabangaphansi inzalo ka izingelosi noma amandla waphezulu, naphezu kobufakazi obuqand lososayensi abavubukuli. mlando Othembekile ongaphika mbono, njengoba izinganekwane, enika bakhethe kwezinye izinguqulo.

imiqondo Jikelele

Ngezikhathi indoda kudala ibilokhu isihloko cwaningo nomoya ngesayensi yemvelo. Phakathi kwabantu futhi ngesayensi yemvelo Namanje wahlanganyela inkhulumomphendvulwano ngenkinga yokuba kanye exchange kolwazi. Okwamanje, ososayensi Okwabe kungumholo definition ethize. It isidalwa biosocial ehlanganisa intelligence imizwelo engokwemvelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukho muntu owakha kakhulu emhlabeni uyisidalwa ezinjalo. Incazelo enjalo kungaba elula isibaluli abanye abameleli nezilwane emhlabeni.

Isayensi yanamuhla has ngokucacile ehlukanisa biology Empeleni ukuphazamisa komuntu. Isesha nomngcele ophakathi yezingxenye ehilelekile ehola izikhungo zocwaningo emhlabeni wonke. Lendawo isayensi ngokuthi sociobiology. Ubukeka ngokujulile okushiwo indoda, kuveze izici zayo zemvelo futhi abantu kanye nezinto ozikhethayo. Ukubuka okuphelele kwezinto umphakathi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukubandakanywa idatha wefilosofi wakhe nomphakathi. Namuhla umuntu - isidalwa okungukuthi imikhakha eyahlukene yendalo. Nokho, abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke ukhathazekile enye inkinga - ivelaphi. It has izinkulungwane zeminyaka uzama ukumphendula, ososayensi nezazi ezibekela benkolo baleli zwe.

The Descent of Man: An Introduction

Umbuzo ka nokuvela kokuphila ezihlakaniphile okungalé koMhlaba uye yabakhanga ososayensi eziholayo amakhono ahlukahlukene. Abanye abantu bayavuma ukuthi umsuka indoda kanye nomphakathi akufanele ukuhlola. Ngokuyinhloko, ngakho uthi labo impela kholwa ngamandla angaphezu kwemvelo nezidalwa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kubuka ngemvelaphi yomuntu, umuntu wadalwa uNkulunkulu. Le nguqulo has inqwaba iminyaka ilandelana ekuphikiseni ososayensi.

Nakuba wonke umuntu ucabanga bona ezinye izigaba izakhamuzi, noma kunjalo, le nkinga sizojabulisa futhi usongo njalo. Muva nje izazi zefilosofi yesimanje saqala ukucela wena nabanye: "Kungani abantu ziye zadalwa, futhi iyini injongo yabo ngokuba emhlabeni?". Impendulo yombuzo wesibili akasoze kwenzeke ukuthola.

Kepha ukubonakala isidalwa esihlakaniphile esinesifiso emhlabeni, khona-ke ukuhlola inqubo ngempela ngempela. Namuhla lo mbuzo zizozama ukuphendula lo theory eyisisekelo imisuka womuntu, kodwa amaphesenti angu-100 isiqinisekiso ngokunemba izahlulelo zabo, akekho kubo abakwazi ngetindlu. Okwamanje, abavubukuli, ososayensi futhi izazi zezinkanyezi emhlabeni wonke ukuhlola yonke imithombo okungenzeka umsuka wokuphila emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amakhemikhali, begazi noma morphological.

Ngeshwa, ngalesi sikhathi abantu abakwazanga ngisho ukuthi yimaphi ama ekhulwini BC babe abantu bokuqala.

Imfundiso kaDarwin

Okwamanje, afanayo ezibanzi izinguqulo umsuka indoda. Nokho, kungenzeka futhi abaseduze iqiniso kuwumbono usosayensi waseBrithani okuthiwa uCharles Darwin. It nguye owenza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile isayensi yezinto eziphilayo. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe isekelwe definition kwemvelo, okuyinto ethatha njengoba yisandla yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Le nguqulo yemvelo-ngokwesayensi of imvelaphi yomuntu nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Isisekelo imfundiso kaDarwin ezimise observation yakhe yemvelo sisohambweni lokuzungeza umhlaba. Ukuthuthukiswa yephrojekthi uqalwe 1837 futhi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-20. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 eyiNgisi sasekelwa omunye usosayensi, isazi semvelo - A. Wallace. Ngokushesha ngemva umbiko wayo e-London, wavuma ukuthi kwaba Charles kwaba ugqozi lwakhe. Ngakho kwaba khona wonke isiqondiso - kaDarwin.

I babalandeli bale nhlangano uyavuma ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezimila ezweni oluyingozi futhi zihlobene nezinye, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngaphambili. Ngakho, imfundiso kusekelwe impermanence zonke izinto eziphilayo endalweni. Isizathu salokhu kuyinto ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Emhlabeni ukusinda kuphela ifomu eziqine, ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo zamanje. Umuntu ngokunembile silwane. Ngenxa kwemvelo kanye nesifiso ukusinda abantu ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo kanye nolwazi.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kokungenela

At inhliziyo le nguqulo Kubantu le kufanele imisebenzi impucuko angaphandle. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu ziyizizukulwane zika-izidalwa alien eziye siwela Emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Le indaba ngemvelaphi yomuntu ayinalapha interchanges eziningana.

Ngokwezazi ezithile, abantu zibangelwa beyizalaniselana nge amadlozi zabezizwe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphela kwento iphutha genetic engineering amafomu ephakeme intelligence owaletha homo Sapiens kusukela umfuma ne-DNA yayo. Othile ukuthi abantu babe umphumela amaphutha zokuhlolwa ezilwaneni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi inguqulo cishe kokungenela ngabafokazi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo of Homo sapiens. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi abavubukuli namanje ukuthola ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe eziningi imidwebo, amarekhodi, kanye nezinye ubufakazi bokuthi abantu basendulo abaye basiza athile angaphezu kwavamile. Lokhu kusebenza futhi Mayan, okuyinto okuthiwa bakhanyiselwa izidalwa ezisemkhathini enamaphiko enqoleni ongaziwa yasezulwini.

Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila komuntu kusuka umsuka ukuze esiqongweni kwemvelo uyaqhubeka nohlelo Wafanekisela wabeka intelligence ezisemkhathini. Kukhona izinguqulo okunye we ukuguqulelwa kwesinye isimo sokuphila of Earthlings nge amaplanethi nemilaza izinhlelo ezinjalo, Sirius, Scorpio, Libra, nokunye. D.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Abalandeli le nguqulo bakholelwa ukuthi ukubukeka indoda Emhlabeni ngenxa ukuguqulwa wezinkawu. Lo mbono iyona ezivamile futhi saxoxa. Zivela ke, abantu bavela izinhlobo ezithile izinkawu. Ukuvela waqala endulo ngaphansi kwethonya kwemvelo, futhi iziphi izici zangaphandle.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayinaye ubufakazi ezinye ezithakazelisayo nobufakazi njengoba abavubukuli, kwezazi zemivubukulo, zofuzo, ezingokwenyama nezingokwengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngamunye isitatimende kulezi Lingachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ubumbaxambili amaqiniso - akwenzi le nguqulo kuba 100% lesifanele.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela ekudalweni

Lokhu legatsha lithole igama yabo ngendalo. Abalandeli bakhe ukuphika izinkolelo-mbono imisuka womuntu. Kukholakala ukuthi uNkulunkulu wadala abantu, okuyinto kwebhuloho eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Umuntu wadalwa ngomfanekiso impahla yakhe-non-begazi. Le nguqulo waseBhayibhelini kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela uthi abantu bokuqala babefana Adamu no-Eva. UNkulunkulu wabo wabenza ngobumba. EGibhithe nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, inkolo iya kude emuva izinganekwane lasendulo. Iningi abagxeki ukholelwa lo mbono kungenzeki, ukuhlola amathuba yayo billionths ka isenti.

ekudalweni Inguqulo konke ukuphila uNkulunkulu akudingi ubufakazi, kuvele ukhona futhi unelungelo lokuzikhethela yona. ukwesekwa yayo ingaholela izibonelo ezithi azifane ozaziyo kusukela izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane lezizwe emhlabeni wonke. Lezi ukufana akunakugwenywa.

Theory isikhala anomalies

Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izinguqulo impikiswano kakhulu futhi kumnandi of anthropogenesis. Abalandeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Akukhona ukubukeka indoda emhlabeni ngengozi. Ngokusho kwabo, abantu baqala kwezinso fetus izikhala ngokulinganisa. Okhokho earthmen babe abameleli impucuko humanoid, okuyizinto nenye Matter, naMandla Aura.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela anomalies kusikisela ukuthi izigidi yonke amaplanethi nalabo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, okwadala elinobunye Imininingwane izidakamizwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, lokhu kuholela ukuvela ukuphila, okungukuthi, ingqondo humanoid.

Ezinye izindaba zika-mbono kufana kakhulu ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngaphandle kwemvume kohlelo sokuthuthukiswa isintu.

zasemanzini kwenkawu hypothesis

Le nguqulo umsuka indoda emhlabeni cishe iminyaka engu-100. Esikhathini 1920 ithiyori zasemanzini yaqale ehlongozwayo ngu isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle owaziwa Alister Hardy ngegama, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusekelwa nesinye isazi esihlonishwayo, German Max Vestenhoffer. Inguqulo kusekelwe isici esivelele, ukuphoqa nezinkawu enkulu ukungena esigabeni esisha ukuthuthukiswa. Yilokho ophoqelelwe izinkawu ukushintshashintsha indlela wamanzi okuphila ezweni. Ngakho umbono uchaza ukungabikho zonke iziboya emzimbeni obukhulu. Ngakho, esigabeni sokuqala ukuvela indoda usephumile esiteji gidropiteka esavela angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, homo erectus ekugcineni, bese Sapiens.

Namuhla, le nguqulo isayensi neze kubhekwe.

eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma okunye

Omunye izinguqulo imilingo iningi umsuka indoda emhlabeni ukuthi inzalo yabantu kwaba abathile ababenemithwalo amalulwane izidalwa. Kwezinye izinkolo ukubabiza izingelosi. Kuyinto lezi zidalwa kusukela kudala owakhiwe umhlaba. ukubukeka sabo sasifana nesama ukuthi okuthiwa i-harpy (ingxube lenyoni womuntu). I ukuba khona kwalezi zilwane isekelwa eziningi rock imidwebo.

Ngoba kunesithembiso omunye umbono ukuthi abantu kusaqalwa yentuthuko zaziyimidondoshiya yozalo yangempela. Ngokwezazi ezithile ezinganekwaneni, lokhu giant kwaba poluchelovekom-demigod, ngoba omunye wabazali bazo ehamba wayeyingelosi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, emandleni aphakeme wayeka phansi emhlabeni, nokungu-imidondoshiya sezedlule.

izinganekwane lasendulo

Mayelana nomsuka yomuntu kukhona isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa tinganekwane izindaba. AmaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi okhokho abantu Deucalion futhi Pyrrha, ngubani ngentando onkulunkulu ngasinda uzamcolo, wadala umjaho entsha eziqoshiwe itshe.

AmaShayina asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi umuntu wokuqala wawungenasimo, ungenalutho waphuma esigaxeni nobumba. UMdali wabantu unkulunkulukazi Nuwa. Kwakungumuntu futhi dragon kumuntu oyedwa.

Ngokusho yetinsita Turkish, abantu baphuma Blackrock. emhumeni wakhe kwaba umgodi eyayifana ifomu wobuntu umzimba. Imvula esewugeza ngalo obumbeni. Lapho ifomu ligcwele futhi wotha ilanga, umuntu wokuqala aphuma kuso. Futhi igama lakhe kwakunguJohane Ah-Atam.

Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngokuphathelene umsuka isimo womuntu amaNdiya Sioux ukuthi abantu wadala amazulu nomhlaba Rabbit. ekudalweni saphezulu ihlule legazi futhi uqale ukudlala nalo. Ngokushesha le ndoda yaqala Roll phansi ziphenduka esiswini. Kwabe sekufika igazi enhliziyweni ihlule kanye nezinye izitho. Ngenxa yalokho, unogwaja kunodeshi grade umfana - Sioux ukhokho.

Ngokwe baseMexico lasendulo, uNkulunkulu wadala esinjengomuntu zobumba nobumba. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi wachayeka billet esithandweni, le ndoda yaphenduka olwaluhangukile, okungukuthi abamnyama. Imizamo eyalandela ngokuphindaphindiwe kubangcono, futhi abantu baphuma mhlophe.

isiko-Mongolian, omunye komunye elifana Turkish. Indoda iphuma emtatsheni wobumba. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi umgodi bemba yena ungunkulunkulu.

izigaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Naphezu umsuka indoda inguqulo, zonke izazi ziyavuma ukuthi izigaba yentuthuko zawo zazilotshiwe ezifanayo. Abantu kuqala wahamba prototypes uqotho babe australopithecines, okuyinto ukuxhumana nabanye nge izingalo futhi ayengafuni ukuphunyukwa ngenhla 130 cm.

Esigabeni esilandelayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhicite Pithecanthropus. Lezi zidalwa kakade wayazi indlela yokusebenzisa umlilo futhi ulungise isimo sakho izidingo siqu (amatshe, esikhumbeni, ethanjeni). kwemvelo okuqhubekayo indoda ifinyelele palaeoanthropes. Ngalesi sikhathi, izithombe ephambene bantu sebavele bakwazi ukuxhumana imisindo ukucabanga bebonke.

Isigaba sokugcina yokuziphendukela kwemvelo phambi ukubukeka Homo sapiens waqala neanthropines. Ngaphandle, hhayi okuningi ukuhluka abantu yesimanje. Yayivuma amathuluzi, abanobunye izizwe, kubaholi labakhetsiwe, futhi ihlelwe rites ukuvota.

kakhokho isintu

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi nezazi-mlando emhlabeni wonke namanje bebaphikisana ngani eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma Kubantu, endaweni ngqo lapho ingqondo wazalwa, kodwa wakwazi ukumisa. Kuyinto ezwekazini lase-Afrika. abavubukuli Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ungakwazi unciphise indawo engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yezwekazi, yize kukhona umbono, lapho ukubusa endabeni engxenyeni eseningizimu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunabantu abakholelwa ukuthi isintu kwavela Eshiya (eNdiya emazweni angomakhelwane).

Okutholakele ukuthi abantu bokuqala owakhiwe Afrika ayenziwa ngemva okutholakele eziningi ngenxa emikhulu imivubukulo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngenkathi kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningana yangaphambi umfanekiso womuntu (izinhlanga).

Into eyinqaba imivubukulo

Ezinye zobuciko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi zingaba nomthelela ekusebenzeni ukuthi eqinisweni ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka yomuntu, hit ugebhezi ngezimpondo abantu basendulo. ucwaningo Archaeological kwenziwe Gobi Desert uhambo Belgian phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka impucuko nesi zahlaselwa kaningi wathola izithombe flying lezinto nabantu balibangise Umhlaba ngaphandle komthala. izibalo Okufanayo ube nezinye izizwe eziningi zasendulo.

Ngo-1927, ehlala emanzini oLwandle LwaseCaribbean ngenxa ekumbeni watholakala Yekhanda ongaziwa esobala, efana crystal. Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene abatholanga ubuchwepheshe impahla kanye nokukhiqiza. Inzalo le Mayan isimangalo ukuthi okhokho babo bakhuleka lokhu skull like unkulunkulu ophakeme.