Izakhiwo bamatshe: izinhlobo kanye izinhlobo

On the komhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Australia, kukhona izakhiwo eziningi engaqondakali futhi lasendulo. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luye lwabonisa ukuthi sekwakhiwe ku Neolithic, Chalcolithic kanye Bronze Age. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bonke ukumela isiko langempela, kodwa namuhla ososayensi abaningi babhekana lo mbono ku umbuzo. Ngakho, ngubani futhi kungani lezi zakhiwo bamatshe zadalwa? Kungani banayo lokhu noma lokhuya ifomu nokuthi zisho ukuthini? Lapho ungabona izikhumbuzo isiko lasendulo?

Uyini megaliths?

Ngaphambi kokucabangela nokutadisha izakhiwo bamatshe, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi izakhi zingase aqukethe. Namuhla ubhekwa iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke ezinjalo imiklamo megalith. Igama elithi wafakwa ngokusemthethweni ku amagama esayensi 1867, nge nokufakwa i A. Uchwepheshe isiZulu uHerbert. Igama elithi "megalith" ngesiGreki, kusho "litje lelikhulu" ihunyushwa Russian.

definition eqondile kanye oluphelele lwalokho megaliths, ayikabi bikho okwamanje. Namuhla yilo eside ehloselwe nezakhiwo zasendulo ezenziwe amabhlogo itshe, amapuleti noma izigaxa elula ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi kunenze nisondelane noma ekuqiniseni izingoma futhi izixazululo. Ifomu elula kwezakhiwo bamatshe, ehlanganisa iyunithi elilodwa kuphela - ke menhirs.

Izici eziyinhloko izakhiwo bamatshe

Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene zezizwe ezihlukahlukene ayakhiwe ezakhiwe enkulu yamatshe ezinkulu, amabhlogo namatshe. Temple e Baalbek kanye nemibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe nazo megaliths, bamane kungukuthi wamukele kangaka okuthiwa. Ngakho, lezi zakhiwo bamatshe - ezihlukahlukene imiklamo adalwe impucuko ahlukahlukene lasendulo futhi yakhiwa amatshe amakhulu noma Slabs. Nokho, zonke izakhiwo ezibhekwa megaliths, kukhona inombolo yezici, bahlanganiswa:

1. Bonke zenziwa zamatshe, amabhlogo namatshe usayizi giant, isisindo ezingasetshenziswa isukela amashumi amaningana Kilos emakhulwini amathani.

2. Izinhlaka bamatshe yasendulo yayakhiwa kusukela aqinile futhi amelana ukwa rocks: limestones, andesites, basalts, diorites nabanye.

3. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa usimende alisetshenziswa - noma isixazululo kokungathembeki noma womshini amabhlogo.

4. Iningi izakhiwo kobuso amabhlogo kusukela lapho yakhiwa, kusetshenzwe ngokucophelela futhi izigaxa ngokwabo ukulingana uvalwe komunye nomunye. Ukunemba kangangokuthi phakathi amabhlogo amabili bamatshe edwaleni wentaba-mlilo abakwazi unamathele blade ummese.

5. Ngokuvamile izingcezwana abasindile izakhiwo bamatshe impucuko kamuva asetshenziswa njengoba isisekelo izakhiwo zabo, njengoba kungabonwa ku izakhiwo ku iNtaba YeThempeli eJerusalema.

Mhla bedalwa?

Iningi amasayithi bamatshe elise-UK, Ireland nakwamanye amazwe Western Europe esukela emuva V-IV yeminyaka BC. e. Kutholwe ensimini ka izakhiwo bamatshe wezwe lethu eminingi yasendulo basonta IV -II yeminyaka BC

Izinhlobo izakhiwo bamatshe

Zonke ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo bamatshe kungenziwa kunemibandela ngamaqembu amabili:

• yokungcwatshwa;
• kungekho zomngcwabo:
• Inhlamba;
• engcwele.

Uma megaliths yokungcwaba ucishe ecacile, lapha ukuqoka izakhiwo Inhlamba, ezifana izibalo ahlukahlukene izindonga giant nemigwaqo ukulwa nemibhoshongo yokuhlala, abacwaningi bayaqagela. Alukho ulwazi olunembile futhi enokwethenjelwa mayelana nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani abantu basendulo engcwele izakhiwo bamatshe: menhirs, cromlechs nabanye.

Yiziphi?

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu megaliths yilezi:

• menhirs - olulodwa, itshe-Itshe thwi elalakhelwe amamitha 20 okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• dolmen - union zezinkulumo eziningana menhirs ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ukwakha umkhumbi noma umbuthano;
• dolmens - ifomu ezivame kakhulu megaliths e-Europe, kuhlanganisa omunye noma slabs ezinkulu ezingaphezu itshe wabeka ngakolunye amadwala ezinkulu;
• Umpheme - ingenye izinhlobo dolmenov oxhumene;
• trilit - isakhiwo setshe ehlanganisa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu mpo futhi owambeka phezu kwabo nendawo, amatshe;
• Taula - ukwakhiwa zamatshe ngesimo izincwadi Russian "T";
• Cairn, owaziwa ngokuthi "Cairn" noma "uhambo" - isakhiwo komhlaba noma phansi, zibekwe ngendlela Isigaxa a sebuningini amatshe;
• imigqa itshe - isethwe thwi nemabhuloki parallel zamatshe;
• seid - itshe imbokodo noma ukuvimba, noma ngenye indlela eyasungulwa abantu endaweni ethile, ngokuvamile i-isikhundla ephakeme, i-imicimbi ehlukahlukene imfihlakalo.

Lawa kuphela izinhlobo ezingu owaziwa kwezakhiwo bamatshe. Ake ukugxila ezinye zazo.

dolmen

Kuhunyushwe kusuka Breton ku isiRashiya kusho "etafuleni itshe". Njengomthetho, liphethe amatshe amathathu, omunye okuyinto amanga ezimbili thwi shelwe "U" incwadi. abantu Lasendulo ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo enjalo banamathela yiluphi uhlelo olulodwa, ngakho dolmens ezahlukeneyo ethwele imisebenzi ehlukene - eningi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izakhiwo bamatshe yalolu hlobo zitholakala ngamazwe aseMedithera nase-Atlantic amachweba ase-Afrika naseYurophu, India, eScandinavia, eCaucasus.

Trillo

A zenyathi dolmen, ehlanganisa amatshe amathathu, ososayensi bakholelwa trilit. Ngokuvamile, elithi okunjalo akukhona esebenza ingxenye eceleni elise bamatshe namatshe ezikhumbuzo kukhona izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-eziyinkimbinkimbi bamatshe eyaziwa ngokuthi Stonehendge Ingcenye ephakathi siqukethe emihlanu trilitov.

Cairn

Olunye uhlobo ezakhiwe bamatshe kuyinto Cairn, noma ukuvakasha. Leli gquma lakwa-Isigaxa emise zamatshe, nakuba e-Ireland ngaphansi kwaleli gama kuphela ukuqonda isakhiwo amatshe amahlanu. Abakwazi esisogwini ebusweni bomhlaba, futhi ngaphansi kwalo. Emibuthanweni yesayensi ngaphansi Cairn Ngokuvamile zihilela izakhiwo bamatshe ngaphansi komhlaba: mazes, nemipheme namagumbi ecabangela ukungcwatshwa kwami.

menhirs

Ifomu endala futhi elula of bamatshe - menhirs. Lokhu iqoqo elilodwa ezinkulu thwi omkhulu noma amatshe. Kusukela evamile, amadwala zemvelo menhirs ebusweni ezahlukene enokulandelela yokusingatha kanye neqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu babo mpo ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe sikhulu kunesihlalo ovundlile. Zingaba noma ezimele noma ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi izakhiwo bamatshe.

ECaucasus, menhirs futhi yahlanganiswa izinhlanzi okuthiwa Vishaps. On yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi France, eCrimea nesifunda Black Sea wahlala laba balobi abakuloba pretty okuningi magalitov - ukubaza itshe.

Postmegaliticheskimi menhirs nazo wadala amatshe phansi neziphambano itshe kamuva kakhulu Runic.

cromlech

menhirs eziningana misa umkhumbi noma embuthanweni futhi phezulu embozwe ematsheni, ngokuthi cromlechs. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke isibonelo - Stonehenge. Nokho, ngaphandle round, aboncamane futhi kukhona cromlechs, ezifana e Morbihan noma Khakassia. On-ke isiqhingi saseMelitha, cromlechs izakhiwo ithempeli elalakhiwe ngesimo "amacembe". Ukwakha lezi zakhiwo bamatshe isetshenziswe kuphela idwala, kodwa futhi nokhuni, okungakwazi waqinisekiswa okutholakele etholwe ngesikhathi umsebenzi wokuvundulula kule County English Norfolk.

"Amatshe Fugitive eLapland"

Okuvame kakhulu ezakhiwe bamatshe Russia, ongaziwa kungase kuzwakale - Sejdiu - ezinkulu omkhulu, igibele ukuma encane. Ngezinye izikhathi esigaxeni eziyisisekelo ihlobise amatshe amancane eyodwa noma ezimbalwa embondelene in a "isivivane". Lolu hlobo megaliths okwandile kusukela nogu Onega futhi Ladoga amachibi phansi ogwini loLwandle uBarents, okungukuthi, emhlabeni enyakatho European ingxenye yeRussia. On the Peninsula Kola e Karelia zenzeka usayizi seids kusukela amashumi amaningana amasentimitha ngamamitha ayisithupha kanye isisindo inqwaba amakhilogremu kuya kumathani eziningana, kuye phezu kwedwala kusukela lapho enziwa. Ngaphezu Russian North, impela eningi lolu hlobo megaliths atholakala ezindaweni ehlathini Finland esenyakatho kanye emaphakathi neNorway, ezintabeni Swedish.

Seydy kungenzeka olulodwa, ngobuningi kanye nesisindo, liba ezingaba yishumi abangamakhulu amaningana bamatshe.