Isithombe seCatherine 2. Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich, isithombe seCatherine II (isithombe)

Ukuguqulwa kabusha, inqubomgomo yangaphandle kanye nomsebenzi wezempi, okwakhuthaza kakhulu umbuso waseRashiya, uveza umphathi njengomphathi wezomthetho nomfundisi, isazi sezombono, isazi sezombusazwe ohlakaniphile nesiphammethi. Akuyona izehlakalo abaphila ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphila bayibiza ngokuthi uMkhulu. Ubhekwa njengelungu lezwe elivelele, naphezu kokugxekwa kwabacwaningi mayelana nezimfanelo zakhe zokuziphatha kanye nesimo esinzima ekuvumelaneni nesitfombe.

Ebusweni bamakhosi abakhulu kunazo zonke zobuciko obuhle, ubonakala njengombusi ohloniphekile, onenhloso, ongesabi nombusi wesihlalo sobukhosi. Isithombe sikaCatherine II sibonakalisa inkosi enhle, eyayiqinisekisa ukuchuma kwezesayensi, imfundo, isiko futhi yakhulisa ubukhosi bezwe.

Isibalo sombusi omkhulu: indlela eya kuhulumeni

UCatherine II wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1729, ngokuzalwa kwakhe kwakuyiJalimane elingenasisekelo, isizwe esingumholi ompofu. Lapho eseneminyaka eyishumi nane, wathuthela eRussia ngesimo somlobokazi wezindlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, uPeter III. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili i-Orthodoxy yamukelwa futhi yanikezwa umka-mmakhosikazi wesikhathi esizayo.

Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, uCatherine wayevezwe ngengqondo ebukhali, ngobuqili futhi eqaphele, eqondiswa kalula ngabanye ukufeza umgomo wakhe. Wayejabulela ukutadisha isayensi ngenjabulo, ukufunda okuningi futhi ngokuzimela ngesiRussia nesiFulentshi. Konke lolu lwazi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze lwaluwusizo kuye njengomthombo wohulumeni ophumelelayo. Ngakho waqala ukwakha isithombe sangokomlando sikaCatherine II, izici eziyinhloko ezaba yinkimbinkimbi enamandla, isibindi, ize, ukuziqhenya nokuqamba. Wayephethe amathalenta amabili abalulekile - ukuvala imizwelo yakhe ngenhloso yokwenza umqondo futhi uthole kalula ukuzwelana jikelele.

Ngakho-ke, uCatherine wazithoba futhi waqiniseka ngesibindi esihlalweni sobukhosi, esebenze izinyanga eziyisithupha emva kokumemezela kukaPeter III ngumbusi futhi ekugcineni wagumbuqela umyeni wakhe.

I-Golden Age ye-Era Catherine

Sebeqalile ukubusa, le nkosikazi yamukela isimiso sikahulumeni ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele, okwamkhuthaza ukuba akhe iqoqo elisha lemithetho. Enhliziyweni "yobudala begolide" yokubusa kukaCatherine okulandelayo kubonakala ngokucacile:

1. Inqubomgomo ye "absolutism ekhanyisiwe" nokuguqulwa:

• Amalungelo abahlonishwayo, ukuqinisa amandla abo;

• Ukuthinta uhlelo lwe-feudal;

• Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yezikhungo zemfundo ngezinhlelo ezihlangene;

• Ukuthuthukiswa kohulumeni basekhaya emadolobheni;

• Ukubambisana kohlelo lomkhumbi.

2. Inqubomgomo yangaphandle:

• Ukuqedwa kwamaqhawe amabili eRussia-Turkish;

• Ukunqoba phezu kwabakwaSweden;

• Ukuthengwa kwamazwe amasha (insimu yanamuhla yaseCrimea, i-Right Bank yase-Ukraine ne-Byelorussia) - ama-11 gubernias angama-50 asekhona ngaleso sikhathi anqotshwa ngaphansi kokubusa kombusi;

• Ukuqiniswa kwemingcele yaseningizimu, inkululeko yokuhweba oLwandle Olumnyama;

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhundla esifundeni saseBaltic, eTranscaucasia naseCaucasus.

I-portrait yomlando kaCatherine 2 ayikwazi ukufingqwa ngesimo esithile esithile: ngombusi othile, ungumbusi ohlakaniphile, abanye - umbusi, kodwa ngenxa yalokho, ukubaluleka komfanekiso wakhe wezenzakalo zomlando wezwe akunakuphikwa.

Ubuso bukaCatherine 2: isiko lesithombe

Ngekhulu le-XVIII, amasiko amabili achazwe ngokucacile wesithombe sombukiso omuhle kwezobuciko baseRussia.

Okokuqala kuhilela ukucabanga kwayo, kugcizelela izimfanelo ezinhle nezimfanelo ezinhle. Umdwebo kaCatherine II ubhekwa njengengqikithi yokuphakanyiswa kwenkosi, okhathalela abantu bakhe, evula izikhungo zemfundo, enza izinguquko, athuthukise ubuciko, anakekele ubulungiswa. Le ndlela yakuthola ukucubungula kobuciko obuhle beFedor Rokotov noDmitry Levitsky.

Isiko lesibili siqukethe isifiso sokuthi "senze" isithombe somakhosikazi, esivumelana nesithombe sikaCatherine II enemibala engokwenyama. Ukuthobeka, ukuhlonipha, ubungane, ukuzithokozela ekutheni abanye abantu bakwehluleka, umqondo wokuzibophezela, ukuphana kuqala. Konke lokhu kungabonakala kalula emisebenzini yomculi u-Vladimir Borovikovsky.

Fedor Stepanovich Rokotov: indlela yokuphila

Umculi waseRussia owaziwayo wazalwa edolobheni laseVorontsovo. Ekuqaleni imfundo yathokoza ngokusekelwa kweL.Z. ULe-Lorraine noP. de Rotary. Wayazi izinto eziyisisekelo zobuciko obuhle ngesitayela se-rococo. Futhi ngo-1960 wangeniswa e-Petersburg Academy of Arts ngaphansi komyalelo womphathi wezobuciko II. Shuvalov. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva wanikezwa isihloko se-academician. Ekupheleni kuka-1766 wathuthela eMoscow, lapho aqhubeka khona ekudaleni imidwebo emisha. Indlela yakhe yokuphila yaphazanyiswa ngoDisemba 1808.

Ifa lemvelo

UFedor Stepanovich Rokotov wayengumdwebi we-portraitist, ogcwele imvelo kanye nokubulawa okuvelele okuvelele. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60, wayesehlonishwa njengengcweti yomsebenzi, njengoba kuboniswe ngomyalelo wesithombe sikaCatherine 2. Lokhu kwakubonakala ngempela ngethalenta lomdwebi. Ngemuva komsebenzi wokuqala owawubhalwe nguRokotov ekubuyiseleni kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, kwalandelwa isithombe esilandelayo sesigamu sesigamu sowesifazane omuhle, owayejabule kakhulu ngaye, echaza ngokuthi "ufana kakhulu."

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okubukeka kahle, ibhulashi likaRokotov liqukethe nezithombe zikaPeter III, uPavel Crown Prince, kanye nezikhulu zika II. U-Shuvalov, u-Count Orlov, u-Count Struisky nomkakhe, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezivelele zesonto likaCatherine.

Ukuphumelela okuphezulu kakhulu emkhakheni wemifanekiso yomkhosi

Ngo-1763, lapho imikhosi ye-coronation ibanjwe ngenhlonipho yokungena kukaDeveli esihlalweni sobukhosi, umdwebo weCatherine II wawuqoshiwe. URokotov wanikezwa umsebenzi onjalo ohloniphekile.

Isithombe se-Empress savuselelwa ngumculi ngobuciko: ubuso obukhanyayo beqhwa-white, ukubukeka okuqinile, ukuzethemba okuzethembayo. Owesifazane ophakeme kakhulu ngobuhle bakhe, owesifazane wangempela! Uqinisile uqinisa intonga esandleni sakhe, uqondise ekuqhumeni kukaPetru Omkhulu, lapho okubhaliwe khona: "Kuqalile". Ukuhlanganiswa kwephalethi yesiliva yengubo kanye nomthunzi obomvu obomvu wamakhethini kugcizelela ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwalowo mdwebo, odwetshwe kahle ngendwangu.

Isithombe sesibili sikaCatherine II Rokotov sakha, esebenzisa indlela yephrofayela, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu yokubhala imidwebo yomkhosi. Kodwa lokhu kwanikeza umbusi isici esihle. Izici zobuso ezihloniphekile, ukuma okuziqhenyayo, ukuguquguquka kwesimo somzimba kanye nemikhakha yamandla nokukhwabanisa okucebile - umphumela oyifunayo ufezwa.

Emfanekisweni womfundisikazi

UDmitry Grigorievich Levitsky isithombe sikaCatherine II wadala ngokusebenzisa izimpawu zobulungiswa nobulungiswa. Ubukhosi bakhe bobukhosi buvela emfanekisweni wesishayamthetho, umfundisikazi osesethempelini likaThimmekazikazi. I-Lady phezu kwe-altare ishisa ama-poppies njengesibonakaliso somhlatshelo wokuthula kwakhe ukuze kuzuze okuhle. Ekhanda lakhe esikhundleni somqhele wamakhosi ngumqhele wesivuno. Isibalo sombusi sihlotshiswe izingubo nge- Order yaseSt. Andrew, i- ribbon kanye nesiphambano saseSt. Vladimir, okuwubufakazi bokufaneleka kwakhe okukhethekile ngaphambi kwezwe laseYande. Isithombe sikaLevitsky sikaCatherine II sasihlanganiswa nemigqa yemithetho ezinyawo zakhe futhi ukhozi wayehlezi phezu kwazo - izimpawu zamandla nokuphepha. Ngokwemvelo yemikhumbi yempahla ebonakalayo - umemezeli wokuchuma kombuso.

Ngisho nokuchazwa ngamazwi ngesithombe sikaCatherine II kubonisa ukuthi ungumbusi ongcono, ngokukhathalela izwe lakhe ngokucophelela.

Imprints ye-Sentimentalism

Efuna ukwethula i-Grand Duchess ngendlela enomzwelo, ngokucacile kwemvelo yemvelo, ukuphumula esifubeni semvelo, umculi odumile uVladimir Borovikovsky ubonisa isithombe sikaCatherine II ngezihumusho ezimbili. Eyodwa - ngokumelene nesizinda sekhomishi ye- Chesme, yesibili - ngokumelene nesizinda se-Cahul Obelisk.

Lo msebenzi wawubhaliwe hhayi emvelweni, emikhondweni ye-Empress umlobi owawufuna amaFrau, kodwa umculi futhi ngokuvamile wayekwazi ukubukela uCatherine ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Akazange ajabulele imiphumela yemisebenzi kaBorovikovsky, ngoba lo mdwebo wachaza owesifazane osekhulile, ehamba nabasebenzi eTarsarye Selo Park egqoke ingubo engavamile. Lapha umbusi akasasekho unkulunkulukazi, kodwa umnikazi wendawo evamile, ngaphandle kwama-pathos kanye nezimfanelo zokumisa.

Kodwa nokho okuvelele akusebenzi nje kuphela uFedor Rokotov noDmitry Levitsky, kodwa futhi noVladimir Borovikovsky bahlonishwa yonke indawo ebonisa ubuhle bendoda yenkosi yaseRashiya.