Umdwebo wesiDashi. Umdwebo wegolide we-Golden Age. Ukudweba kwabaculi baseDutch

Ngisho nalabo abangaqondi kahle ubuciko bazi ngomdwebo waseDutch noma weFlemish . Kodwa kwabaningi, akuyona into engaphezu kuka-Rembrandt's portraits. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lokhu kuyindawo ekhethekile efanelekile ukutadisha okuningiliziwe kwesiko saseYurophu, okubonisa impilo yokuqala yabantu baseHolland ngalezo zikhathi.

Umlando wokubukeka

Abamele abakhono bezobuciko baqala ukuvela ezweni ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Izifundo zamasiko zesiFulentshi zanikeza igama elivamile - "iDutch encane", engahlotshaniswa nesilinganiso se talenta futhi ichaza okunamathiselwe kwezinye izihloko ezivela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, okuphambene nesitayela "esikhulu" esinemibala emikhulu ngezihloko zomlando noma zezinganekwane. Umlando wemvelaphi yokudweba waseDutch wachazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, futhi abalobi bezisebenzi kuwo basebenzisa leli gama. "AmaDutch amancane" ayevezwa yizinto ezingokoqobo zomhlaba, ahlaba umxhwele ezweni elizungezile nabantu, basebenzisa imidwebo, bephethe amathoni.

Izigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa

Umlando wemvelaphi yokudweba yaseDutch ingahlukaniswa ngezikhathi eziningana. Owokuqala wagcina iminyaka engaba ngu-1620 kuya ku-1630, ngenkathi ebuciko bobuzwe bekukhona isitatimende sobuqiniso. Umdwebo waseDutch wabhekana nenkathi yesibili ngo-1640-1660. Lesi sikhathi, okuyinto ukucubungula kwangempela esikoleni sendawo yobuciko. Ekugcineni, isikhathi sesithathu, isikhathi lapho imidwebo yaseDutch iqala ukwehla - kusukela ngo-1670 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Kumele uqaphele ukuthi izikhungo zamasiko phakathi nalesi sikhathi zishintshile. Ngesikhathi sokuqala abaculi abahamba phambili basebenza eHaarlem, futhi ummeleli oyinhloko wayenguKhalsa. Khona-ke isikhungo sathuthela e-Amsterdam, lapho imisebenzi ephawulekayo eyenziwa ngu-Rembrandt no-Vermeer.

Izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke

Ukubhala uhlu olubaluleke kunawo wonke lwemidwebo yaseDutch, kufanele uqale nomndeni - okucacile futhi okuqala emlandweni. Kwakuyi-Flemings ovule umhlaba izigcawu kusukela empilweni yansuku zonke yabantu abavamile, abalimi nabadolobha. Amaphayona ayeyi-Ostade nabalandeli bakhe u-Audenrogge, uBega noDyusart. Ezingxenyeni zokuqala Abantu abadlalayo badlala amakhadi, baxabana baze balwe ngisho nasendlini yokucwaninga. Isithombe ngasinye sihlukaniswa nomuntu onamandla, onobuhlungu obunzima. Umdwebo wesiDashi wesikhathi ubuye uxoxe ngezigcawu zokuthula: kwezinye izinto abalimi bakhuluma ngemuva kwebhola nomgayi webhiya, sebenzisa isikhathi ngokuhle noma ngomndeni. Ithonya likaRembbrandt laholela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwe-chiaroscuro ethambile nombala wegolide. Izigcawu zasemadolobheni ziphefumulelwe abaculi njengeHulse, Leicester, Molenaire neCodde. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, abaphathi babonisa odokotela, ososayensi emsebenzini, ama-workshops abo, imisebenzi yasendlini noma imicimbi yomphakathi. Indaba ngayinye yayijabulisayo, ngezinye izikhathi ibe yinto emnandi kakhulu. Amanye amakhosi athambekele ekubongeni impilo yansuku zonke, isibonelo, iTerborch izigcawu ezidlala umculo noma ukudlala ngothando. UMetsu wasebenzisa imibala ekhanyayo, ephenduka nsuku zonke ibe yeholide, futhi u-Hoh waphefumulelwa ngokulula kwempilo yomndeni, egcwele ukukhanya kwelanga. Abameleli be-genre kamuva, abandakanya abafundisi baseDutch abadweba njengoVan der Werf noVan der Ner, ekufuneni kwabo isithombe esihle, bavame ukudala izindaba ezithile zokuziqhenya.

Uhlobo nemvelo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umdwebo waseDutch umeleleke kulo lonke uhlobo lwezwe. Uqale wavela emisebenzini yamakhosi anjalo eHaarlem njengo-van Goyen, de Molayne no-van Ruisdael. Yilabo abaqala ukuveza izingxenye zezwe ngokukhanya okuthile kokukhanya. Ubumbano obubonakalayo bemvelo buvela emisebenzini ngaphambili. Ngokuhlukile kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngamabhishi. Ama-marinist kwakungabadwebi baseDutch bekhulu le- 17 njengoPorcelis, de Vliger no-van de Capelle. Babengazama kakhulu ukudlulisela izigcawu ezithile zasolwandle, ukuthi bazama kangakanani ukukhombisa amanzi ngokwawo, umdlalo wokukhanya kuwo nasesibhakabhakeni.

Ngxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ukusebenza ngokomzwelo okuningi ngemibono yefilosofi kwavela enhlobo. UMaxim wavula ubuhle bezwe laseDutch uJan van Ruisdael, ebonisa kulo lonke idrama, amadokhumenti kanye nesikhumbuzo. Ukuqhubeka kwamasiko akhe kwakunguHobbam, owakhetha ama-suncap landscapes. I-Koninck iboniswe ama-panorama, futhi i-van der Ner yahlanganyela ekusungulweni kwendawo yasebusuku nokudluliselwa kwenyanga, ukuphuma kwelanga nokushona kwelanga. Kwabaningi abaculi, futhi isici esitholakala emasimini ezilwane, isibonelo, ukufuya izinkomo namahhashi, kanye nokuzingela kanye nezigcawu nabamahhashi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaculi baqala ukuthuthwa ngemvelo - uBot, uVar Lar, uVenix, uBerhem noHackert bavezwa e-Italy, bahlanza emanzini aselanga eliseNingizimu. Umsunguli wohlobo lwendawo yedolobha kwakunguSanreadham, abalandeli bakhe abahle kakhulu abafowabo bakaBelkhade noJan van der Heyden.

Isithombe sezinto zangaphakathi

Izinhlobo ezihlukile, ezahluke ukudweba kweDutch esikhathini esizayo, ungashayela imidwebo ngekamelo, esigodlweni nasemakamelweni okuhlala ekhaya. I-Interiors yavela ezikhungweni zekhulu lesibili lekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa ngamakhosi eDelft - Haukgeest, van der Vlyt noDe Witte, owaba ngummeleli oyinhloko yomqondisi. Ukusebenzisa amasu kaVermeer, abaculi baveze izigcawu ezigcwele ukukhanya kwelanga, zigcwele imizwelo kanye nevolumu.

Izitsha ezithombeni nezitsha

Ekugcineni, esinye isici somdwebo waseDutch sisaphila, ikakhulukazi isithombe sesidlo sasekuseni. Ngesikhathi sokuqala bahlala noClaes noHeda, abadweba amatafula ahlanganisiwe ngezinto zokunethezeka. Iphunga elihle kakhulu futhi ukudluliselwa okukhethekile kwendawo yangaphakathi ethokomele kugcwele ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okujwayelekile okwenziwe ngesiliva nokugcoba izitsha. Abadwebi base-Utrecht babhala izimbali ezimibalabala, kanti futhi eThe Hague, amakhosi ayephumelela ngokukhethekile ekuboniseni izinhlanzi nezinhlanzi zasolwandle. ELeiden kwavela isiqondiso sefilosofi salo hlobo, lapho, ngezimpawu zenjabulo yemvelo noma inkazimulo yasemhlabeni, ama-skulls kanye ne-hourglass ehlangene ukusikhumbuza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ikhishi leDemokhrasi namanje impilo isuke isiqakathekile esikoleni sobuciko seRotterdam.