Isikhungo eyinhloko amagciwane umalaleveva. umjikelezo wokuphila, isakhiwo, kabusha amagciwane

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa imithi, esinye sezifo ezivamile ngosuku zanamuhla umalaleveva. Nakuba manje zikhona amalungiselelo ukwelashwa yayo ngempumelelo, kodwa uthatha izimpilo zabantu abacishe babe izigidi ezimbili njalo ngonyaka. Umalaleveva ngowomnikazi isifo protozoan futhi kubangelwa silwanyana encane - umalaleveva Plasmodium. Anakho umjikelezo wokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kungaba kuphela khona emzimbeni esiphathiswa. Ngakho-ke, ungakwazi ungenwe umalaleveva ngokusebenzisa lunywa omiyane. Lona aphethe eyinhloko amagciwane umalaleveva. Indoda kuyibandla yayo Lesisemkhatsini.

Kuyini Plasmodium falciparum

Lwegciwane Izifo - ephilayo unicellular. It kungokwalabo lenyama Subkingdom eziwuhlupho squad. ezine kuphela izinhlobo nesibalo esikhulu la magciwane kukhona yisinanakazana e umzimba womuntu futhi imbangela umalaleveva. Lesi silwanyana kuhlehlela emuva Sporozoa suborder igazi njengoba esandisa e amaseli weengazi, odla elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi wadluliselwa igazi. elula ngalolo Ikakhulukazi baba aqukethe kuseli eyodwa, kodwa usebenza njengoba lotimele. Ngubani falciparum Plasmodium? Isakhiwo kuba ezifana nalezo lamaseli ezivamile, kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela kancane, ngenxa yokuthi kuthatha indawo ngokuhamba ngokuphila kwakhe njengomhlatshelo izigaba. Lokhu umzimba akuyona kuphela ihlukaniswe, kodwa futhi eshintsha isimo, luyakhula futhi izalana kwezocansi asexually.

Izinhlobo kanye nesakhiwo ezidala

ezine kuphela zama-nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva izifo kubantu. isakhiwo futhi ukuphila kwabo kwesikhathi umjikelezo we okufanayo, kuphela umehluko izindlela ukubonakaliswa isifo. Ngakho, babizwa ngokuthi:

- agent causative umalaleveva tropica;

- agent causative umalaleveva falciparum;

- usuku emine umalaleveva lwegciwane;

- lwegciwane Okusaqanda-umalaleveva.

Ngubani falciparum Plasmodium? Isakhiwo saleli umzimba ihlukile at zokukhula ezihlukene. Udle ngesimo Plasmodium sporozoida - vermiform esihle oluncane umzimba ubude microns 5.8 kuphela. Ngemva ukwethulwa abomvu egazi, kuthatha ngesimo amoeba, luyakhula futhi amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kungaphindze kube netikhatsi silwanyana ngesimo socansi gametocytes amaseli, futhi umiyane, baba ihlangana zibe sporocysts.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo Plasmodium falciparum

Kuyinto inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi ukuvela amagciwane ingashintshwa ukuze baphile nje kuphela emzimbeni nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngokukhetha Sebawoti ezimbili: indoda namanetha okuvimba omiyane. Ngakho-ke umalaleveva ukutheleleka kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngohlelo bite isinambuzane noma ngqo ngokusebenzisa igazi. Kukholakala ukuthi umninikhaya eqondile amagciwane umalaleveva womuntu. Phela, wayehawukela kwadingeka izimpawu zesifo azibonakali, futhi angaluboni lolu elivimba omiyane unaleli gciwane. Kodwa eqinisweni kuba emzimbeni wesinambuzane kuyinto ukuzala we amagciwane. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi abantu - ke impi Lesisemkhatsini we amagciwane umalaleveva. Uyini umjikelezo wokuphila sihamba silwanyana?

1. Lapho abancela igazi kungangcoliswa umiyane faka beya germ cells plasmodium. Yilokho bakuphi elivundisiwe sebezivumisile enamathiselwe isisu umiyane, baqale ukuhlukanisa. Ubude sporozoidov amagciwane ongafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane, inombolo enkulu babo elise nezindlala salivary of omiyane. Ngakho-ke akuyona isinambuzane - impi eyinhloko amagciwane umalaleveva.

2. Lapho ngokulunywa umiyane sporozoidy singene igazi lomuntu. Lapho, amagciwane egcina amabili izigaba ukuthuthukiswa. It ihlukaniswe esibindini, ukwakha merozoites, bese engena abomvu egazi, lapho sibhekana ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual.

Isikhungo eyinhloko amagciwane umalaleveva

A othwala isifo iyona omiyane zesifazane elilodwa zinhlobo - abahlala endaweni eshisayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa Plasmodium falciparum kungenzeka kuphela ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla degrees 16. Futhi iningi asebenzayo, le nqubo isezingeni 25-28 degrees. Ukuvaleleka emzimbeni umiyane-germ cells plasmodium kungenziwa avundiswa khona kuphela. Kakade emva kwemizuzu 10-15, bakha zygote is okuyinto iguqulwe ukuze prikreplyaetya sporocysts futhi odongeni elingaphandle esiswini isinambuzane. Elapho iqala ukwehlukana. Kokunye sporocyst kwakhiwa sporozoidov latinkhulungwane letinyentana. A avundiswa amaseli anjalo esikhathini omiyane kungaba omningi. Ngakho-ke, i-sporozoidov inombolo ongafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane. Basuke yasakazwa kulo lonke umzimba umiyane, ukuqongelela e salivary yakhe nezindlala. Uqinisile sporozoidy Plasmodium falciparum ukungena igazi lomuntu.

Impilo ka-amagciwane emzimbeni womuntu

By lunywa omiyane oqhubeka lesi silwanyana Plasmodium falciparum ingena egazini lomuntu. Amagciwane emzimbeni sidlula amabili izigaba ukuthuthukiswa: lendwangu igcwele zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Kwakuphakathi esiteji Plasmodium yesibili futhi kubangela izimpawu zikamalaleveva.

1. Isigaba sokuqala sibizwa ngokuthi izicubu schizogony. Engena phakathi amaseli isibindi sporozoid iqala ukwehlukana, ukwakha kufika ku-50 tysyach merozoites. Bangena igazi engena phakathi ebomvu egazi. Lesi sinyathelo kubangela akukho izimpawu kanye Uthatha kwezinsuku 5 kuya 16. Kwezinye izimo, ezifana ngesikhathi ukutheleleka trednevnoy Plasmodium umalaleveva, ingxenye sporozoidov izohlala ithule esibindini, okubangela umuntu abuyele kulo mkhuba. zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha isifo.

2. Lapho Plasmodium livela isibindi zingene igazi, lingena ebomvu amaseli egazi, iqala inqubo cyclical ka-erythrocyte schizogony. Ukudla i-hemoglobin, merozoites ukuthuthukisa futhi ihlukanise ukwakha amangqamuzana amasha: schizonts asexual futhi ngokocansi - gametocytes. Ukubhubhisa egazi abomvu, bangena oketshezini olungenambala lwegazi. Ngawo lowo mzuzwana indoda iqala ngokuhlasela imfiva. Lapho akhiwa gametocytes, iba umthombo ukutheleleka, futhi yisilwane umiyane Plasmodium ingena emzimbeni isinambuzane, futhi iqala lapho ukuzala egazini lomuntu.

Ukuthuthukiswa amagciwane egazini lomuntu

Kungani kuyingozi kangaka kumuntu nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva? Lokuzaliswa yona womuntu igazi kuholela ekubhujisweni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Lezi egazi amagciwane asitholayo uchungechunge izinguquko: i merozoites aguqule zibe trofozoida esiteji Odla elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi likhula ngamandla ke akhiwa schizonts. Bona nokuzala asexually futhi abhubhise ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu. Kulokhu, lo igazi lingena amaprotheni angaphandle, izinsalela potassium usawoti kwamangqamuzana egazi libhujisiwe futhi umzimba imikhiqizo amagciwane izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuhlaselwa imfiva, le nqubo kuphazamisa sesibindi ubende, okuholela ekwandeni ezicutshini kuzo. I nokwahlukana abomvu egazi ashaye kanye imbangela igazi. Ngokuvamile ubuchopho abathintekayo, kwenzekani ngenxa ukwanda capillary permeability.

Izici umalaleveva

Lesi sifo ubizwa ngokuthi "ixhaphozi imfiva" yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Yasakazwa zonke emazweni ashisayo. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17 zaqala ngempumelelo ilapha lezo zifo usebenzisa amagxolo sesihlahla som Cinchona. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwatholakala amagciwane umalaleveva. Kwaba kuphela nekhulu lama-20, ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe amagciwane umalaleveva ibilokhu wafunda ngokuningiliziwe, wadala imithi eminye esebenza ngempumelelo ekwelapheni isifo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, namanje emazweni ashisayo waphathwa umalaleveva unyaka ngamunye abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300. Abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili abangaphansi amacala kugcine ekufeni. Lesi sifo libhekene izigaba ezine:

- Isikhathi bayashintshana ekufukameleni lapho kukhona ubuthakathaka, ikhanda.

- yesibili esiteji, okunomkhuhlane. Luqala ngokunikela babeqhaqhazela ngenxa yezihlambi zemvula. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-pulse ophilisayo, ingcindezi ukwanda, kanye isiguli singenakukwazi bayofudumala. Ngemva kwamahora angu-1-3 izinga lokushisa luyanda kakhulu - kufike ku-41 degrees, waphawula delirium, ukuquleka nekhanda. Ngemva kwalokho, amathonsi lokushisa, ephelezelwa ukujuluka esindayo.

- Ngemuva 10-12 ukuhlaselwa ukutheleleka efa futhi kunenkathi yesibili esicashile.

- Uma impatho eyayingalungile ke ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa yokuphindela isifo. Kungenzeka esimweni yokungenwa yizifo ngokucindezela omunye uhlobo plasmodium esibangela umalaleveva tropica. Ingxenye sporozoidov lesi silwanyana uhlala esibindini womuntu esimweni ithule.

Iyini ingozi yesifo

Ngaphezu okuvela izinkathi imfiva, umalaleveva kungukuphula zonke izinhlelo eziyishumi nemitshingo. Kwangathi ukuthuthukisa esivimba amanzi sokuwohloka, neuritis, migraine, nephritis, thrombocytopenia futhi igazi. Kakhulu kuthinta isibindi kanye nezinso. Kwezinye izimo, lesi sifo singumbulali ezingamahlalakhona futhi kunzima ukuyelapha. Ikakhulukazi ukungenwa igciwane nezingane - inani lokuhlongakala hlangana nabo kuphezulu. Kuze kube manje, lesi sifo singumbulali evame kakhulu e-Afrika, e-Australia, eNingizimu Melika, ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu futhi eMedithera, South-East Asia naseNdiya.

Ukulapha nokuvikela umalaleveva

Ngisho emphakathini wanamuhla angeke ukubhekana nalesi sifo. Phela, umnikazi eyinhloko Plasmodium falciparum - umiyane. Emazweni ashisayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama, lezi zinambuzane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni isifo - bazivikele ukulunywa yizinambuzane. Ungasebenzisa amanetha omiyane noma imithi exosha. Ukwelapha isifo uma kungenwa yileli manje usebenzisa eziningi izidakamizwa :. "Hlorozin" Mefloquine, "" Primaquine "," Akrikhin "futhi eyaziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-19" quinine "Ngokushesha nje kuphela ukunqampunwa kokuqala kwezimpawu ukuhlasela, kodwa futhi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele amagciwane. abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi baye bahlupheka ukugula, zuza amasosha omzimba ukuba kwezinhlobo lwegciwane, kodwa kungaba abathwali ukutheleleka. futhi labo abahamba ukuya kula mazwe, kutuswa ukuba njalo elwa ne-malarial.