Isakhiwo inyoni Iqanda: isikimu, ikakhulukazi

Oocytes (amaqanda) ngokuvamile ifomu embryonic sesilwane noma amaqanda. Tadisha amadili abo oology - nesigaba okhethekile wesayensi yezilwane.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

osayizi zabo zingase zishintshe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo ngobukhulu igundane oocyte ka mayelana 0,06 mm, kodwa ubukhulu yefomu embryonic entshe Afrika ingafinyelela 15-18 ngamasentimitha. Ifomu ingase futhi ibe khona ehlukile. Kodwa ngokuvamile amaqanda eyindilinga noma okweqanda. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, lokhu kungaba oblong, side, ezifana neminyuzi inhlanzi, hagfish noma izinambuzane. Kuye ngezinga nokusatshalaliswa izakhi ngaphakathi oocyte kunqunywa ubukhulu kanye nezinye izici. Ukuthola isikhuphasha (efana) noma kwenziwe njengoba mass okuqinile, noma ngesimo pellet. Kuye lokhu, ochwepheshe ukwabelana oocytes ngesikhathi izinhlobo ezahlukene. Inqubo sokukhulelwa wenziwa engxenyeni engenhla oviduct. Ngokuhamba edabula isiteshi kwenzeka oocyte ukuchotshozwa. Le nqubo wabe ngu ngokwengxenye uhlobo discoid. Ngenxa yokuthi kwasani senzeka kakade ekuqaleni oviduct e izinyoni Iqanda ayilibalanga ukuhlala kwenye izigaba kwasani (ezifana ijuba) hamba gastrulation (njengoba inkukhu).

Iqanda Lenyoni

Abesifazane azo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane enezimpiko walala oocytes. zinhlobo ezahlukene amaqanda tabobunjwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo lapho uzobe laying. Ngokwesibonelo, uma slot kuhlelwe imithombo noma imigodi, amaqanda letiyindilinga. Ngo izinyoni, ogama wokwakha itholakala kwi lenhlonhlo enamadwala, le oocytes kuyoba oblong. Ngokuvamile, elikhulu le nyoni, aba maningi Usayizi amaqanda. Kodwa lesi simiso zikhona ezehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, Nzalo zinhlobo nenzalo okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze ngokushesha self-ukuncelisa, amaqanda ukuthi makhulu (isihlobo umzimba female) kunalawo amaphuphu ozalwa okubonakala ukuthi abakwazi ukuzisiza. Isilinganiso kunobukhulu bendawo oocyte ukuba isisindo somzimba ngo kwezinhlobo ezincane ngokuvamile mkhulu ukuthi kwezinhlobo emikhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi iqanda enkulu kubeka nentshe Afrika. Isihlobo isisindo komzimba enezimpiko oocyte omele kuba 1% esisindo. Kodwa isisindo iqanda umzwilili kuyinto 6% we isisindo salezi zinyoni.

Ezinye izici isakhi amaqanda nezinkukhu

Inyoni abahlala ezindaweni sezintaba, le oocytes kukhona "izimbambo" like stiffeners. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo ukuze alondoloze ubuqotho iqanda, ngakho basuke kuyelelwe bonyana akukafaneli kuphulwe lapho izinyoni ezweni esidlekeni, has a endaweni encane. Kufanele Mezhuyev ngenhlanhla it is kuqashelwe ukuthi le onqenqemeni uyakwazi ukumelana nokucindezelwa mayelana 40 kg / sq. cm, icala langasezantsi libe lapho engekho - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-2 kg / sq. cm. Ingaphezulu Iqanda siyahedletela noma bushelelezi, shiny noma matt. Umbala kungaba yisiphi umkhiqizo, kusuka elimhlophe okumsulwa ukuze oluhlaza amnyama kanye onsomi. Ingaphezulu amaqanda ezinye izinhlobo embozwe speckles, kwezinye izimo ukwakha emhlabeni blunt onqenqemeni beater. Umbala kuzoncika isithombe yokwakha izidleke. Ngakho, abaningi izinyoni ngasese amaqanda-laying nezinyoni ezifuywayo igobolondo emhlophe. Ngezinye kuyefana ngubani kushiya nokubeka phansi, umbala kuba nezimo ezifanayo zemvelo: okuhlanganisiwe ngamatshe noma indwangu isitshalo ukuthi imigqa esidlekeni. Iqanda Color uthola omunye yesifazane emgudwini wokuzala. Ngokwesibonelo, biliverdin (sombala) ngokuhlanganyela zinc inika nombala oluhlaza noma oluhlaza we ebusweni amaqanda. Ngenxa protoporphyrin uphendulela umbala obomvu noma onsundu, noma endaweni komthunzi. Manje, ake sihlole kabanzi isakhiwo sangaphakathi inyoni amaqanda.

Idivayisi ye-oocyte

Isakhiwo yenkukhu Iqanda sifana uya khona. Iqukethe konke okudingekile ukuze ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano umzimba abasha. Ngo Iqanda umbungu feeds izakhi ezitholakala isikhuphasha. Lokhu mass umelwe e izinhlobo ezimbili - omhlophe kanye yellow. Basuke ahlelwe eyindilinga izingqimba kushintshana. Isikhuphasha kuyinto vitellinovoy ulwelwesi. Lizungezwe amaprotheni. Okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa yentuthuko yenkukhu igobolondo amaqanda ukufeza umsebenzi umsoco. Amaphrotheni, ngaphezu, ivikela umzimba omusha ukuxhumana igobolondo. kakhulu Okuqukethwe oocyte lizungezwe izingqimba ezimbili podskorlupovymi: bangaphandle zangaphakathi. Uma ucabangela isakhiwo inyoni amaqanda, kubalulekile ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana igobolondo kakhulu. Siqukethe ngokuyinhloko calcium carbonate. On onqenqemeni blunt we oocyte emva laying egumbini emoyeni kwakheka kancane kancane.

isikhuphasha

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo inyoni amaqanda, ogama uhlelo aboniswe ngezansi, kufanele kusho ukuthi deytoplazma (isikhuphasha) kuyinto ebalulekile okuqukethwe sangaphakathi oocyte. Ungqimba isikhuphasha iqukethe wonke izinto ezidingekayo ezinikeza amandla nokuthuthukiswa evamile umzimba. Deytoplazma zitholiwe Iqanda izinyoni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuze ubone ezinye izilwane (futhi abantu), futhi iqoqo amarekhodi noma okusanhlamvu, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuhlanganisa ibe mass esiqinile. Inani isikhuphasha, kanye nokusakazwa kwayo zingase zihluke. Lapho inani elincane okusanhlamvu deytoplazmy noma amapuleti basakaza nombala ku cytoplasm. Kulokhu sikhuluma "izoletsitalnyh" amaqanda. Nge inqwaba izingxenye isikhuphasha noma buthelela ku imaphakathi cytoplasm - noma emhlabeni nucleus engxenyeni vegetative we oocyte. Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma tsentroletsitalnyh, kanti eyesibili - amaqanda telolecithal. Ngokuhambisana ivolumu kanye nezinga ukusatshalaliswa isisindo isikhuphasha isethwe futhi uhlobo kwasani oocytes. Isakhiwo amakhemikhali inyoni Iqanda inikeza izinhlobo ezintathu deytoplazmy. Isikhuphasha kungenzeka ama-carbohydrate, amafutha noma amaprotheni. Kodwa ngokuvamile, iningi labantu isikhuphasha zinhlobo zikasawoti zihlanganisa, ngaphandle compounds ngenhla, amaminerali, zombala, ribonucleic acid, ukuba Ngakho eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali isakhiwo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, sekugcineni ukukhula inkukhu oocyte iqukethwe isikhuphasha fat kokungathathi hlangothi 23%, amaprotheni - 16%, u-1.5% cholesterol, phospholipids - 11%, kanye 3% compounds amaminerali. I zamagama kanye ekuqongeleleni isikhuphasha ingxenye kuyinto iqhaza organelles ezahlukene: the mitochondria, reticulum endoplasmic, Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi. I synthesis isikhuphasha amaprotheni isakhiwo ingxenye izilwane eziningi kwenzeka ngaphandle esibelethweni. Ngu pinocytosis amaprotheni ingxenye ingena phakathi iqanda asathuthuka.

izakhi Okunye isakhiwo oocyte

Zonke ulwelwesi ukuvimbela esakaza, omiswe bese ukulimala iqanda. Kodwa unganikezi umswakama ezidingekayo ukuze umzimba ezikhulayo. Kumiswa It is izitho extraembryonic. Ikakhulukazi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa amanzi (noma amniotic) igobolondo. Ngenxa elinganiselwe amnion ingaphakathi yayo, okuyinto ugcwele ketshezi, lapho, eqinisweni, ukuthuthukisa umzimba. Ndawonye ngamanzi akhiwa izingqimba ezimbili: i-semithambo kanye serosal (noma allantois). Ngo izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, lesi sendlalelo kuyinto ukwabiwa isitho kanye ukuphefumula. Kusukela Iqanda ukuze emaphethelweni blunt futhi abukhali amaqanda asuke chalaza - amaprotheni obukhulu imicu elisontiwe. Zinikeza isikhundla esitebeleni core, ukuvimbela displacement kusukela isikhundla maphakathi.

igobolondo

Ukutadisha isakhiwo amaqanda nyoni, kufanele ukwenaba izingqimba ezizungezile nucleus. Kakhulu olwelwesini kuyinto igobolondo kanzima. Akuve aminyene futhi wenza umsebenzi ngokuvikela ngokumelene umonakalo mechanical umthelela ongemuhle imvelo bangaphandle. Ngaphansi samanje podskorlupovye igobolondo nobukhulu bezinhlamvu. Ekupheleni blunt bona washintsha futhi yakha ekamelweni emoyeni. Moya une-oksijini, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuphefumula umzimba omusha.

oocytes trophic

Kukhona uhlobo amaqanda, okuyinto eyenziwa endaweni imisebenzi batch yokupheka ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela. Njengomthetho, bona neoplodotvoreny, futhi ukubukeka kwazo cishe akuhlukile kokujwayelekile. abesifazane babo walala ezinye izintuthwane nomuhlwa kwesibeletho kuze kube isikhathi lapho leli koloni iqala ukukhiqiza ukudla okwanele. Unfertilized oocytes inyama neqanda inkukhu neqanda izinhlobo kwezinye izimo ngephutha ukubizwa ngokuthi trophic, ngoba wayedla hhayi izinyoni, futhi abantu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezifuywayo.