Isakhiwo arc reflex. indandatho Reflex. Physiology System Ngethukile

Ngamunye wethu okungenani kanye empilweni yakhe washo la athi: "Ngiyoba abe reflex", kodwa bambalwa abantu baqonde lokho elikushoyo. Cishe kubusa ukuphila kwethu konke kusekelwe ingqondo. Esewusana, tisisita kutsi ukusinda isikhulile - ukusebenza ngempumelelo futhi uhlale unempilo. ikhaliphe Ukulalela, esiwuphefumulayo, ukuhamba, udle, nokuningi.

reflex

Reflex - iyimpendulo yomzimba umfutho okuyinto eyenziwa isimiso sezinzwa. Babonisa ekuqaleni noma ekuvalweni kwe-noma yimuphi umsebenzi: ukuhamba imisipha, endocrine nezindlala, izinguquko ithoni semithambo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ngokushesha ngizivumelanise nawo yize ngangihola esiguquguqukayo. Okusho ikhaliphe empilweni yomuntu kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nokuqedwa ngokwengxenye yabo (ukususwa phakathi nokuhlinzwa, ukuhlukumezeka, unhlangothi, isifo sokuwa), kuholele nokukhubazeka okungelapheki.

Ucwaningo ephakathi neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa ehilelekile IP Pavlov ne-IM Isigaba. Bashiya ulwazi oluningi ngezizukulwane ezizayo odokotela. Ngaphambili asizange ukwabelana Psychiatry futhi Neurology, kodwa ngemva neurologists yabo ukusebenza waqala ukuqhuba wedwa, buthelela isipiliyoni kanye ukuhlaziya ke.

izinhlobo ikhaliphe

ikhaliphe Emhlabeni jikelele zihlukaniswe okunemibandela futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela. Eyokuqala zivele ekuphileni komuntu futhi inqubo axhunyiwe, esikhathini esiningi, nalokho ayekwenza. Ezinye nemakhono labawatfolile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zinyamalale, nendawo yabo esithathwayo entsha, kuhle kakhulu kulezo zimo. Lezi zihlanganisa ngebhayisikili, ukudansa, ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo, izikebhe ibhizinisi, imoto, nokunye okuningi. Lezi ikhaliphe ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "mbono ashukumisayo".

ikhaliphe equlekile njengoba elotshwe abantu bonke ngokulinganayo, futhi lapho siba kusukela ekuzalweni. Baphoqelela kukho konke ukuphila, ngoba ukusekela wempilo yethu. Abantu abaqapheli ukuthi kudingeka uphefumule, ukunciphisa imisipha yenhliziyo, ugcine umzimba wakho emkhathini e ukuma ezithile, Blink, thimula, njll Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalela, ngoba imvelo uthethe asinakekele.

Ukwahlukaniswa ikhaliphe

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ikhaliphe abonisa umsebenzi wabo noma kubonise izinga okuqonda. Omunye kungaba zilandise ezinye zazo.

ukubaluleka eziphilayo kwaba ikhaliphe angawodwa:

• ukudla;
• Ukuvikelwa;
• ubulili;
• Indlela;
• ikhaliphe sokunquma umzimba isikhundla (pozotonicheskie);
• ikhaliphe ukuhambisa.

Ngokusho indawo ezenza ukuqonda umfutho bungabonakala:

• exteroreceptors ezisebusweni isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
• interoreceptors, elise izibilini imithambo yegazi;
• proprioceptors niqonda ukucasuka imisipha, amalunga imisipha.

Ukwazi ngeengaba ezintathu kungaba zithunyelwe iyiphi reflex ukuchaza: ke lutholwa noma azalwa naso, okuyinto umsebenzi wenza nendlela ukuyibiza.

Amazinga arc reflex

Ukuze neurologists kubalulekile ukwazi ezingeni lapho reflex uvala. Kuyasiza sikhombe kangcono endaweni ethintekile kanye ukubikezela umonakalo empilweni. Hlukanisa ikhaliphe umgogodla, Izinzwa okuyinto zitholakala emgogodleni. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo umzimba Mechanics, imisipha, umsebenzi kwezitho okhalo. Rising ezingeni eliphakeme - ku oblongata medulla, wathola bulbar izikhungo ezilawula le nezindlala salivary, abanye ebusweni imisipha, okumelwe uphefumule futhi ukhulume inhliziyo umsebenzi. Ukulimala lokhu umnyango cishe njalo siyabulala.

I ubuchopho obuphakathi ivaliwe ikhaliphe mesencephalic. Ngokuyisisekelo ama-arc reflex we izinzwa cranial. Kukhona umehluko futhi elisheshayo diencephalic namangqamuzana ezinzwa yokugcina esemgwaqweni diencephalon. Futhi ikhaliphe cortical, okuyinto kulawulwa cortex cerebral. Njengomthetho, ke bafunda amakhono.

Qaphela ukuthi isakhiwo se-arc reflex ezihilela izikhungo ephakeme yekuchumanisa isimiso sezinzwa njalo kuhlanganisa amazinga aphansi. Yileyo indlela corticospinal siyodlula i, maphakathi, intambo oblong spinal Lesisemkhatsini.

I izitho zomzimba ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa kuhlelwe ukuze reflex ngamunye kabili lwesikhathi eziningana. Lokhu kugcina ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba, ngisho ukulimala kanye nokuguliswa.

I reflex arc

arc Reflex - izinzwa ngiyibona ukudluliswa indlela kusukela abathola umzimba (yokwamukela) sokusebenzisa. Ngethukile arc reflex siqukethe sezinzwa izinqubo zabo, akha isifunda. Lo mqondo ayiswa imithi M.Hollom phakathi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, it is uguqulwe ube "indandatho reflex." Kwanqunywa ukuthi leli gama kangcono ibonisa izinqubo ezenzeka isimiso sezinzwa.

Physiology ukuhlukanisa monosynaptic, kanye ezimbili futhi ngezinye izikhathi trehneyronnye arc wathola polisinapticheskie ikhaliphe, okungukuthi, kuhlanganise izinzwa ezingaphezu kwezintathu. I arc elula siqukethe izinzwa ezimbili: perceiver kanye motor. Ingqikithi sihamba ngenqubo eside namangqamuzana ezinzwa kuya indawo kwenzwa nakho edlulisa ukuba imisipha. Lezi ingqondo ngokuvamile olungenamkhawulo.

Iminyango arc reflex

Isakhiwo arc reflex siqukethe Mnyango ungeminye yeminyango emihlanu.

Eyokuqala - a yokwamukela ukuthi uthola ulwazi. It kungenziwa akhiwe kokubili phezu komzimba (isikhumba, mucosal), futhi ukujula yayo (i-retina, imisipha, nemisipha). yokwamukela Morphologically angase abukeke njenge-inqubo eside namangqamuzana ezinzwa noma qoqo lamangqamuzana.

ingxenye Okwesibili - ebucayi ezinzwa fibre, okuyinto okuhambisa excitation ku-arc. Kutholakale izidumbu ezimbili lezi izinzwa zitholakala ngaphandle isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko (CNS), e amasayithi umgogodla. Umsebenzi wawo kuyafana umcibisholo ku amathrekhi ujantshi. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana izinzwa ukusabalalisa ulwazi sondela them on emazingeni ehlukene we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

ingxenye Okwesithathu - isikhala ushintshele nozwelo motor zesivikelo sesifuba. Ukuze kakhulu kuba ikhaliphe emgogodleni, kodwa ezinye arc eziyinkimbinkimbi ukudlula ngqo ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho, njenge zokuzivikela, eqinisekile, ikhaliphe ukudla.

Okwesine Division ethulwa motor fibre eletha ezinzwa amaza kusukela umgogodla intambo Izinzwa noma effector.

Kugcine, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba yesihlanu - umtimba reflex umsebenzi. Ngokuvamile umsipha noma indlala, ezifana umfundi, inhliziyo, ubulili, noma indlala salivary.

I izakhiwo bokuphila sezikhungo emsipheni

I izitho zomzimba ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa kuyinto variable emazingeni alo ezahlukene. I kamuva umnyango kwakhiwa, lo nzima umsebenzi wakhe nomthethonqubo hormone. Kukhona izakhiwo eziyisithupha ukuthi evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izikhungo emsipheni, kungakhathaliseki sendawo yilezi:

1. Ukuqhuba excitation kuphela kusukela yokwamukela kuya namangqamuzana ezinzwa effector. Physiologically, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-synapse (izinzwa uxhumano amaphuzu) isenzo isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela futhi ngeke ukwazi ukuyishintsha.

2. Ukubambezeleka Izinzwa excitation kubuye kuhlotshaniswe inani elikhulu izinzwa e-arc futhi, ngenxa yalokho, le synapse. Ukuze synthesize a neurotransmitter (chemical umfutho), ukuyikhulula ku emqhokrweni izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho futhi bachitha zijabulisa, kuthatha isikhathi eside kunalokho uma pulses asakaze nje eduze fibre emsipheni.

3. Summation excitations. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umfutho ibuthakathaka, kodwa njalo futhi atishaye okuphindayo. Kulokhu, umlamuleli is zanqwabelana ulwelwesi izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho kuze akusiyo esibalulekile, bese udlulisa ishayela. Isibonelo elula zalesi simo - nesenzo sneezing.

4. Ukuguqulwa izinga excitation. Isakhiwo arc reflex, kanye izici ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa yokuthi ngisho isigqi kancane umfutho lihlangabezana ezinye umfutho - kusuka amahlanu izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngomzuzwana. Ngakho-ke, izicubu zomzimba womuntu ziyancipha tetanic, okusho discontinuously.

5. umphumela Reflex. I izinzwa we arc reflex kukhona esimweni ujabule ngoba ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ukumisa ugqozi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezinkolelo-mbono ezimbili. Lithi kuqala ukuthi amangqamuzana ezinzwa ukuba adlulisele excitation yomzuzwana lungaphezu umfutho futhi ngaleyo ndlela yelule reflex. Eyesibili kusekelwe iringi reflex lapho ivaliwe phakathi izinzwa ezimbili eziphakathi. Bona adlulisa excitation nje omunye wabo ayikwazi ukukhiqiza i-pulse noma kuze isignali unyathela amabhuleki isixwayiso kungekho zangaphandle.

6. Drowning emsipheni izikhungo kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukushukuma eside la mangqamuzana. Lokhu kubonakala ukwehla kuqala, bese bantule ngokuphelele ukuzwela.

Autonomic arc reflex

Ngu kwemizwa uhlelo uhlobo nokobana excitation futhi uqhuba ngiyibona sezinzwa, elahliwe ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo futhi autonomic arc sezinzwa. Isici esikhethekile wukuthi reflex kuya imisipha lwamathambo akuyona kuphazamisekile, kanye ganglia autonomic iyadingeka ukushintsha phezu. Zonke izikhungo ezinzwa kungenziwa zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

• Vertebral (umgogodla) ganglia zihlobene nozwela isimiso sezinzwa. Basuke etholakala nhlangothi zombili yomgogodla, ukwakha kwezinsika.
• ISIZINDA Prespinal zitholakala buqamama kusukela ikholomu umgogodla, futhi kusukela iziphathimandla. Lezi zihlanganisa ganglion ciliary, wesibeletho ISIZINDA onozwela lo plexus elanga futhi ISIZINDA mesenteric.
• ISIZINDA Intraorganic akunzima ukuqagela, asezindaweni kwezitho zangaphakathi: senhliziyo esilimele, imithambo emaphashini, tube emathunjini, nezindlala endocrine.

Lezi umehluko phakathi kohlelo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo futhi autonomic ngokujulile ezigxilile phylogeny, futhi abahlangene Isivinini Lokusakaza ikhaliphe futhi isidingo sabo.

Ukugcwaliseka reflex

Ngaphandle phezu arc reflex ingena yokwamukela ukushukuma, elibangela excitation futhi okuvela yisifiso emsipheni. Ngesisekelo le nqubo yokushintsha lokuhlushwa i-calcium ne-sodium ion, okuyizinto nhlangothi zombili ulwelwesi cell. Ukushintsha inani anions futhi cations kubangela Ushintsho ezingaba kagesi nesenzakalo sokukhishwa.

Kusukela yokwamukela ukushukuma, centripetally ezihambayo engena afferent isixhumanisi reflex arc - engeyokuqala cerebrospinal. Scion kuziwa emgogodleni ukuze cores ebucayi, bese sekuqalile ukuba Izinzwa. Lesi isixhumanisi eyinhloko reflex. Izinqubo motor nuclei ka emgogodleni zitholakala kanye nezinye izimpande futhi ithunyelwa actuators okuhambisanayo. I mkhulu imisipha Imicu yotshani ukuqeda motor uqweqwe.

Translations into Zulu izinga ishayela incike uhlobo yezinzwa futhi zingaba phakathi kwamamitha ngomzuzwana 0.5 kuya ku-100. Excitation akuthunyelwa ku nezinzwa eduze ngenxa amagobolondo khona ukuzehlukanisa izinqubo komunye nomunye.

Okusho reflex okusithiyayo

Kusukela fibre emsipheni uyakwazi ukugcina ukuyaluza eside, le unyathela amabhuleki kuyinto ezibalulekile oluhambelana umzimba. Siyabonga kuye, amangqamuzana ezinzwa asibi ukutubeka futhi overstimulation. Imininingwane afferentation, lapho beqaphela nokuhlale unyathela amabhuleki, ehilelekile kumiswa ikhaliphe moya futhi kususa isidingo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko ukuhlaziya imisebenzi yesibili. Lokhu kunikeza ukubambisana ikhaliphe, isib, iminyakazo.

Impendulo afferentation futhi kuvimbela esiphelweni Izinzwa amaza kagesi sibe nezinye izinhlaka ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo ukusebenza kwabo.

Ukuhlela umsebenzi isimiso sezinzwa

Kumuntu ophile kahle zonke izitho isinyathelo ngokuvumelana zavumelana. Ziyakwazi kuncike uhlelo iyunifomu kokuxhumana. Isakhiwo arc reflex - lena icala ekhethekile, okufakazela umthetho owodwa. Njenganoma iyiphi enye uhlelo, kumuntu, futhi, kukhona eziningi izimiso noma imithetho esebenza:

• Kuhlangana (pulses izingxenye ezahlukene ukuba eze Kwenye ingxenye CNS);
• ngemisebe (isikhathi eside ukucasuka okukhulu kubangela excitation amasayithi eduze);
• reciprocity (okusithiyayo ezinye ikhaliphe);
• ovamile indlela yokugcina (okusekelwe izinzwa iphutha lemali afferent ukuba efferent);
• impendulo (ukuzithiba uhlelo esekelwe inani pulses wathola futhi ekhiqizwa);
• evelele (ebukhoneni yagxila excitation, okuyinto ligamanxa ezinye).