Isakhi sofuzo Ukusebenzisana

Gene - iyunithi isakhi Imininingwane inheritable. Limelela ingxenye ethize ye molecule ye-DNA (ngezinye izikhathi RNA). isakhi sofuzo nokuxhumana inikeza ukudluliselwa izimpawu zokucathula sabazali eziphilayo inzalo.

isakhi ngasinye inquma isici esithile, okuyinto ozimele nabanye. Bayakwazi basebenzisane. Lena sibonga kungenzeka yokuthi kukhona exhumene ifa lokhu ngezakhi ezingamaqoqo. Lapho kuhlangene ku genotype benza uhlelo. Ukuthandana kwangasese eziyisisekelo phakathi kwabo kukhona evelele futhi esikhubazayo.

genotype Human - izinkulungwane izimpawu (uhlelo), okungaba ukulingana Ama-chromosomes e-46 kuphela. Ngamunye wabo iqukethe inqwaba zezakhi zofuzo (okungenani eziyinkulungwane 30).

Ukuthuthukiswa isici esithile kungenzeka kubangelwa ithonya ezingaphezu kweyodwa isakhi sofuzo, futhi eziningi zazo kuhlobene ngendlela free. ukuxhumana okunjalo izakhi zofuzo okuthiwa polymer (eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu). Ngokusho lokhu indlela, kukhona ifa ibala, izinwele, kanye nenqwaba yezinye izici.

Ngenxa yalesi inombolo zezakhi zofuzo ukuhlinzeka ukusekelwa nokuthuthukiswa eziphilayo esichazayo, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene amaseli ezikhethekile umahluko. Le ndoda ezikhonjwe mayelana 200 izinhlobo amaseli kokuba amayunithi ezengeziwe ibe ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha tekusebentisa morphological amaseli.

izakhi zofuzo kwakwakhe chromosome kuchazwa ngokuthi bamba zofuzo. Zonke bohlanga efanayo zezakhi zofuzo exhumene zizuzwe ndawonye ngesikhathi kumiswa gametes.

Isibalo amaqembu ehlukene zezakhi zofuzo bamba ukungalingani. Two-hybrid nokuxhumana ungachazwa ukuthi bamba lungekho ngaphansi kwemithetho Mendelian. Nokho, ukuqonda okuphelele ngempela ezingavamile. Njengomthetho, inzalo iveza konke phenotypes ezine.

Ukwabela allelic futhi okungezona allelic isakhi sofuzo ekuhlanganyeleni. Alleles - lezi zinhlobo isakhi sofuzo esisodwa.

Allele - ukuxhumana okuqondene pair ofanayo zofuzo allelic. Ukubonakaliswa isici kunqunywa ubuhlobo kuphela hhayi ukubusa, kodwa futhi isibalo zezakhi zofuzo ku genotype.

Alleles bayakwazi ukudala nokuxhumana okunjalo, njengoba ukubusa okuphelele (lapho phenotype we heterozygote iwumkhiqizo kuphela isakhi esisodwa) kanye aziphelele (the phenotype we heterozygote ihlukile phenotype ka homozygous imfanelo evelele futhi esikhubazayo, ukuthatha yesibili (Intermediate) Inani kubo Kodominirovanie -. A ukusabela izakhi zofuzo allelic lapho heterozygotes abe phenotype kokubili umkhiqizo.

Nonallelic - umphumela ahlangene amabili (noma ngaphezulu) izakhi zofuzo-non-allelic. It ungaboniswa ngesimo epistatic ongumphelelisi, noma ukulungisa nokuxhumana polymer.

Ukuxhumana kungenzeka izakhi zofuzo nonallelic zandise ehlukile, ngakho ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana.

Ongumphelelisi - nokuxhumana izakhi zofuzo ngokuzimela Mendelian zibe munye genotype futhi okubangela ukukhangiswa kwanoma yimuphi isici esisodwa.

Polymer - umphumela okufakiwe yenombolo zezakhi zofuzo-non-allelic kwi ukwakheka trait ethile ebangela okuqhubekayo ukushintshashintsha uhla quantifiable. Polymer kuyinto ezuziwe ne noncumulative. Esimweni sokuqala, izibonakaliso inombolo abazimisele ukuphikisa alleles evelele izakhi zofuzo polymeric eziqukethwe genotype. Esimeni sesibili, izinga isici kunqunywa kuphela ebukhoneni allele ephezulu kanye kuzimele inombolo yabo.

Epistasis - nokucindezela a isakhi sofuzo evelele allele lomunye nonallelic kuqala. Noma nokucindezela izenzo ephezulu kanye alleles esikhubazayo e gipostatichnom sakhi sofuzo esikhubazayo allele samanje epistatic esimweni homozygous.

I aphelele - sici eba ngaleso senzo mutual zezakhi zofuzo ezingu-2 evelele, okuyizinto sici ngabanye musa abangele.

Ukushintsha - Ushintsho of the main izakhi zofuzo-non-allelic maqondana nabo modifiers. Omunye isakhi sofuzo isinyathelo ikakhulu ekulawuleni ukuthuthukiswa trait futhi lwewashi maqondana nokuthuthukiswa nezinye izici.

Ukuxhumana zezakhi zofuzo njalo waphawula, lapho izakhi zofuzo eziningana ezithinta kumiswa isimo esithile isici umzimba.