Intamo Anatomy: amathambo, imisipha, kwakheka imithambo yegazi

intamo womuntu - ingxenye yomzimba, yokuxhuma ekhanda nasemzimbeni. umngcele layo elingenhla iqala aphansi emhlathini esifundeni. Intamo esifubeni sidlula notch jugular we sternum futhi isibambo ubabonisa ngokusebenzisa ebusweni phezulu clavicle. Naphezu kobungako nobuningi bayo sincane, kukhona eziningi izakhiwo ezibalulekile futhi izitho, ahlukaniswa ezicutshini.

ukuma

Uma anatomy entanyeni ifomu jikelele wukuthi wonke umuntu okufanayo, ezakheke zingahluka. Njenganoma yimuphi olunye uhlaka noma ingxenye yomzimba, wona unobuntu yayo siqu. Lokhu kungenxa izici zomzimba umthethosisekelo, iminyaka, ubulili, izici sitholwa njengefa. I cylindrical ukuma - ifomu ejwayelekile entanyeni. Esikhathini yobuntwana esemncane isikhumba kuleli kuyaqina ndawo, uqwanga skintight nezinye projection.

Lapho ngokutshekisa ikhanda ukuze umugca lohlukanisa emkhatsini entanyeni umzimba icaciswe futhi uphondo ithambo hyoid, yegilo uqwanga - cricoid, tracheal. Ngezansi esifubeni fossa ebonakalayo - notch jugular we sternum. Ngo Yakha asebeqinile ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu phezu ezinhlangothini Imisipha yentamo kuyabonakala kalula. Kulula uqaphela futhi imithambo yegazi eseduze isikhumba.

intamo nokwakheka

Le ngxenye yomzimba iqukethe ngaphakathi uqobo imithambo yegazi ezinkulu nezinzwa ezenza kube kubalulekile ukuphila komuntu izitho namathambo. Sikhanyisiwe uhlelo kwemisipha kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba enze ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza ekhanda. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi entanyeni siqukethe iminyango efana:

• Throat - iqhaza inkulumo yomuntu temlomo, okuyinto umgoqo ngowokuqala Amagciwane, wenza ukuxhumana umsebenzi wokugaya ukudla;
• amalaka - kudlala indima ebalulekile apharathasi inkulumo, Ukuvikelwa zokuphefumula;
• kuqhoqhoqho - umqhubi emoyeni emaphashini, eqakathekileko umgudu wokuphefumula;
• yegilo indlala - umzimba kohlelo endocrine ukuthi amahomoni umzimba;
• emphinjeni, - eziyingxenye yochungechunge wokugaya ukudla odlulela ukudla esiswini ukuze azivikele Reflux kolunye uhlangothi;
• emgogodleni - element esiphezulu ohlelweni womuntu sezinzwa, obhekene ukuhamba umzimba futhi imisebenzi ikhaliphe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa entanyeni ihlolwe nezinzwa, kwakheka imithambo yegazi ezinkulu emithanjeni. Siqukethe amathambo bese uqwanga, sezicubu zezinzwa futhi amafutha ungqimba. Lokhu ingxenye yomzimba, kuyinto ukuxhumana okubalulekile "ikhanda - intamo", sibonga kuxhumene emgogodleni kanye nobuchopho.

entanyeni

Hlukanisa phambili isiphundu, kanye eziningi "unxantathu", okuyinto anqunyelwe emaphethelweni lateral imisipha trapezius. Ngaphambili ingxenye ifana unxantathu nge sibheke isizinda. It has ukulinganiselwa: Upper - umhlathi ongezansi, phansi - notch jugular, izinhlangothi - emaphethelweni kwemisipha sternocleidomastoid. Umugqa phakathi uhlukanisa le ngxenye ku unxantathu ezimbili medial: ilungelo sahamba. Kukhona unxantathu lingual, angavulwa ukufinyelela Umthambo lingual lapho. It kuvimbela ngaphambili hyoid imisipha, phezulu - ezinzwa hypoglossal, ngemuva ngezansi umsipha ka digastric, okuyinto zitholakala eduze unxantathu carotid.

Scapular-tracheal indawo elinganiselwe scapular-hyoid futhi imisipha sternocleidomastoid. Ngo unxantathu scapuloclavicular, oyingxenye yebhangqa unxantathu lateral, itholakala jugular Vienna, eVienna ne-Umthambo suprascapular futhi thoracic lymph imbobo. I-trapezoid-scapular entanyeni part ezinzwa accessory futhi wesibeletho Umthambo eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, futhi ngokusebenzisa ingxenye medial yalo ubabonisa Umthambo transverse.

INSIMU isitebhisi imisipha kuyinto interscalene futhi predlestnichnoe isikhala ngaphakathi ezisabalele Umthambo subclavian futhi suprascapular, Vienna subclavian futhi izinzwa phrenic.

Engemuva Front imisipha trapezoid elinganiselwe. Lapha kuba kwangaphakathi carotid Umthambo futhi Vienna jugular, kanye vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, nerve isesekeli.

intamo amathambo

Ikholomu umgogodla siqukethe 33-34 amathambo futhi edabula umzimba futhi umuntu lokumkhonza ukwesekwa. Kutholwe ngaphakathi emgogodleni, okuyinto uxhuma azungeze ebuchosheni inikeza reflex umsebenzi eliphakeme. Emgogodleni lokuqala etholakala nje ngaphakathi entanyeni lapho enendawo ukuhamba okusezingeni eliphezulu.

emgogodleni wesibeletho 7 amathambo, ezinye zazo ziye zalondolozwa iminonjana zazo tho nge izinqubo transverse. phambi ingxenye yabo, okuyinto izimbobo umngcele, - izimbambo iminonjana. wesibeletho umzimba vertebral singatsheki side, esingaphansi kunemifuziselo yako futhi has simise sehhashi. Lokhu kunikeza wesibeletho emgogodleni ukuhamba enkulu njengoba kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe ikholomu umgogodla.

Izimbobo amathambo kwakha isiteshi esebenza ukuze kuvikeleke umfula vertebral futhi emthanjeni. Indawo ukudlula emgogodleni yakha arc we amathambo wesibeletho, kuba ngokwanele ezibanzi sifana ukuma esingunxantathu. izinqubo Spinous inselo, ngakho lapha enamathiselwe eziningi imisipha zesivikelo sesifuba.

Vertebra "Atlas"

Eyokuqala amathambo amabili wesibeletho ku isakhiwo kwenye ezinhlanu. Kuyinto yobukhona babo evumela umuntu ukuba enze ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza ikhanda: enyakazayo, swivel, ukujikeleza. Umsuka amathambo - iringi ithambo izicubu. Siqukethe arc phambi engxenyeni convex zazo itholakala Lobe anterior. Ohlangothini kwangaphakathi kuyahluka fossa glenoid lesibili wesibeletho vertebra odontoid inqubo.

Atlas vertebra at ngemuva arc has kancane ingxenye ophumile - kwelunda labaqaphi elingemuva. Uphakeme articular inqubo phezu arc Limiselelwe glenoid fossa okweqanda. Basuke sihambisana kuya condyles wethambo occipital. Njengoba aphansi izinqubo articular kukhona imigodi, ezixhunywe ne vertebra esilandelayo.

Axis

Eyesibili vertebra wesibeletho - Axis epistrophe - Sikhanyisiwe kuyahluka odontoid etholakala engxenyeni engenhla umzimba wakhe. On Uhlangothi ngalunye ezihlobene kukhona evele ngokuhlanganyela ukuma kancane convex.

Lezi ezimbili ethize isakhiwo vertebral ziyisisekelo entanyeni ukuhamba. ngaleyo ndlela Axis udlala indima eksisi ukuzungeza kanye Atlas idwetshwa kanye ugebhezi.

Imisipha yomgogodla wesibeletho

Naphezu ubukhulu sasivumela encane, ocebile entanyeni imisipha womuntu zinhlobo ezahlukene. Lapha basuke bagxila ukukhanya, aphakathi nendawo, imisipha lateral ezijulile futhi iqembu medial. injongo yabo eyinhloko kule ndawo - ubambe ikhanda, ukuhlinzeka ekhuluma lapho uvuleka.

Imisipha ukuvumela ukugcina ikhanda lakhe, ukuze Flick, nokuzala ke, ukugwinya nokuphefumula. It kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa osteochondrosis yabo yomgogodla wesibeletho futhi kuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwegazi eliya ebuchosheni.

intamo fascia

Ngenxa ukwehluka zemizimba edabula kule ndawo, anatomy entanyeni kusikisela ukuba khona ulwelwesi zezinzwa enciphisa futhi ivikela izitho, imithambo yegazi, imizwa kanye amathambo. Kuyinto isici 'soft' skeleton kokwenza trophic nasekusekeleni imisebenzi. Fascia fuse ne emithanjeni eziningi entanyeni, ngaphandle ngaleyo ndlela awanike Ziyathandelana nomunye, ukuthi babeyosongela umuntu ephula outflow emithambo yegazi.

Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-luyindida ukuze anatomy Libizwa ngamagama ahlukahlukene esachazwa abalobi. Cabangela esinye ngeengaba wamukela, enikezwe yokuxhuma fascia igobolondo ihlukaniswe:

1. Surface - okuxekethile, isakhiwo esihle okubhayindiwe platysma. Lenza kusukela entanyeni kuya ebusweni nasesifubeni.
2. Own - unamathele phambi phansi sternum futhi clavicle, futhi phezulu kuze kufike ethanjeni yesikhashana kanye mandible la, yabe isihamba ebusweni endaweni. Ohlangothini isiphundu kuhlotshaniswa izinqubo spinous ka amathambo.
3. Aponeurosis scapuloclavicular - Ungathi trapezoid, futhi ukulungele ukuveza phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi imisipha omohyoid bese ithambo hyoid, futhi sihlukanisa ibanga phakathi kwamanzi phansi ngaphakathi sternum, futhi clavicles ezimbili. Yena ihlanganisa phambi amalaka, yegilo indlala kanye kuqhoqhoqho. Ngokusho umugca lohlukanisa emkhatsini we aponeurosis entanyeni scapuloclavicular okuhlanganisiwe ne fascia ayo, ukwakha umugqa omhlophe.
4. Vnutrisheynuyu - umboza zonke izibilini entanyeni, ngesikhathi esifanayo inezingxenye ezimbili: visceral futhi parietal. Eyokuqala uvala umzimba ngayinye, kanti isixuku esikhulu ndawonye.
5. Peredpozvonochnuyu - inikeza ukumboza imisipha eside we ikhanda nentamo futhi okuhlanganisiwe ne aponeurosis.

share Fascia futhi bavikele zonke izindawo entanyeni, avimbele "nesiphithiphithi" imithambo, izinzwa nemisipha.

egazini

izitsha entanyeni ukunikeza outflow wegazi emithambo yegazi kusukela ekhanda nasentanyeni. Basuke betfulelwa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle vein jugular. Igazi agelezela yangaphandle esitsheni entanyeni endaweni indlebe, isikhumba phezu scapula futhi kwegilo ngaphambili entanyeni. Kancane ingqwababa phambilini, yena uxhuma ne subclavian futhi vein jugular yangaphakathi. Yagcina ikhathele le yokugcina eba lokuqala ngasesinqeni se entanyeni futhi ihlukaniswe yaba emithanjeni ezimbili brachiocephalic sokunene nesobunxele.

izitsha entanyeni, ikakhulukazi yangaphakathi Vienna jugular, ukudlala indima ebalulekile hematopoiesis izinqubo. It zivela e- base Yekhanda futhi lisetshenziswa sokukhipha igazi zonke izitsha ubuchopho. nemingenela yayo entanyeni nazo: yegilo aphakeme, lingual ebusweni, yesikhashana eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, occipital Vienna. Ngokusebenzisa entanyeni ubabonisa carotid Umthambo, okuyinto amagatsha ngalesi indawo asipheli.

intamo ezinzwa plexus

Sagcina bakha diaphragmatic entanyeni, isikhumba, futhi imisipha izakhiwo lapho zitholakala endaweni zokuqala ezine vertebrae wesibeletho. Bakha plexus, okuyinto esuka wesibeletho izinzwa emgogodleni. Imisipha iqembu nezinzwa innervate imisipha zitholakala eseduze. Entanyeni nasemahlombe esebenzisa ishayela enophephela. ezinzwa Phrenic kuthinta ukunyakaza diaphragm, pericardium futhi pleura zesivikelo sesifuba. amagatsha Cutaneous zisenza ushnomu, occipital, futhi lateral nezinzwa supraclavicular.

lymph node

intamo anatomy kuhlanganisa yesimiso lymph zomzimba. Kule ndawo, it is eyenziwe ISIZINDA ezijulile futhi ezingabalulekile. Phambi kwabo zitholakala eduze vein jugular phezu fascia ezingabalulekile. lymph Deep nodes kwegilo ngaphambili entanyeni aseduze zazishintsha zaba nemizimba olunceleka outflow lymph, nabo banegama elifanayo (yegilo, predgortannye m. P.). iqembu Lateral ka ISIZINDA bakha retropharyngeal, jugular futhi supraclavicular, eduze esemgwaqweni yangaphakathi Vienna jugular. Ngo lymph node ekujuleni amanzi entanyeni lymph kwenzeka kusukela umlomo, pharynx kanye maphakathi nendlebe kanye ingaphakathi acinene. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uketshezi lokuqala sidlula ISIZINDA occipital.

intamo Sakhiwo - eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi yonke imicabango milimitha nemvelo. Iqoqo plexus imizwa nemithambo yegazi ubuchopho uxhuma umsebenzi kanye azungeze. Ngo ingxenye encane umzimba womuntu zitholakala ngokushesha zonke izakhi kungenzeka izinhlelo kanye nezinhlaka: nezinzwa, imisipha, imithambo yegazi, i-lymph Amapayipi kanye isizinda, izindlala, umgogodla, iningi labo 'mobile "umgogodla.