Inhlangano amakhemikhali amaseli: izinto eziphilayo, macro- futhi microelements

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19-ke kwakhiwa igatsha biology ngokuthi oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Utadisha Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emangqamuzaneni aphilayo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko isayensi - ulwazi izici of umzimba amandla, olawula imisebenzi ebalulekile yezitshalo nezilwane amaseli.

Umqondo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amaseli

Ngenxa kocwaningo olunzulu ososayensi inhlangano amakhemikhali amaseli ibilokhu wafunda futhi wathola ukuthi izinto eziphilayo yakhiwa angaphezu kwangu-85 izakhi zamakhemikhali. Kodwa kwakukhona abanye kubo ziyadingeka cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo, kanti abanye ethize futhi zenzeka zinhlobo ethize. Iqembu wesithathu izakhi zamakhemikhali ekhona emangqamuzaneni ezincane, izitshalo kanye nezilwane eziningi ngokwanele encane. izakhi zamakhemikhali yeseli ngokuvamile ngesimo cations futhi anions kuyiphi amaminerali usawoti namanzi akhiwa, organic carbon compounds kuthiwa kwemiqondo: ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, lipids.

izakhi organogenic

Ngo-biochemistry, lezi zihlanganisa Carbon, i-hydrogen, Umoya-mpilo Ne-nitrogen. isethi wabo kuseli ye 88 kuya 97% of the nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali abanazo. Okwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile carbon. Zonke izinto zemvelo ukwakheka kwamaseli aqukethe molecule equkethe carbon e yayo ama-athomu kwengoma. Bangakwazi kuhlobene iketanga (branched futhi unbranched), kanye nowe. Leli khono carbon ama-athomu esitholakala ukwehluka olugqamile izinto eziphilayo kufakwe cytoplasm cell kanye organelles.

Ngokwesibonelo, okuqukethwe yangaphakathi yeseli siqukethe oligosaccharide encibilikayo, amaphrotheni hydrophilic, lipids, izinhlobo ezahlukene RNA: ukudluliswa RNA, RNA ribosomal futhi isithunywa RNA, kanye monomers khulula - ama-nucleotide. Onjalo Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali has a kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. Ibuye ibe i-molecule ye-deoxyribonucleic acid, ingxenye-chromosome. Zonke zezakhi ngenhla ku ngezithako zawo athomu nitrogen, carbon umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen. Lokhu kuwubufakazi ukubaluleka ngokukhethekile, njengoba inhlangano amakhemikhali iseli kuncike okuqukethwe izakhi biogenic ezakha izakhiwo yeselula: hyaloplasm futhi organelles.

Macronutrients netinchazelo tawo

izakhi zamakhemikhali, okuyinto luvamile kakhulu amaseli ezinhlobo ezehlukene zezinto eziphilayo, wokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo abizwa ngokuthi macronutrients. okuqukethwe kwabo engqamuzaneni ungesinye 1.2% - 1.9%. Ngu macroelements amaseli zihlanganisa: i-phosphorus, i-potassium, chlorine, isibabule, magnesium, i-calcium, okusansimbi kanye sodium. Bonke babe imisebenzi ebalulekile futhi ayingxenye ahlukahlukene cell organelles. Ngakho, i-ion ayoni elikhona amaprotheni igazi - elithwala umoya-mpilo, ethwala umoya-mpilo (lapho ibizwa ngokuthi oxyhaemoglobin), carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) noma i-carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ion ukunikeza iyindlela ebalulekile kwezokuthutha intercellular: lo okuthiwa i-sodium-potassium futha. Futhi ayingxenye interstitial uketshezi plasma yegazi. Magnesium ion ekhona chlorophyll molecule (photopigment izitshalo ephakeme) futhi abahilelekile ye-photosynthesis, kanye ifomu ukuphendula izikhungo ukuthi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya isicupho yamandla okukhanya.

Calcium ion ukunikeza conduction Izinzwa pulses kanye imicu futhi ingxenye eyinhloko osteocytes - amathambo amaseli. Calcium compounds zisabalele emhlabeni ezilwane ezingenamgogodla izilwane kabani amagobolondo yakhiwa nge-calcium carbonate.

Chloride ion zinengxenye lingatshajwa ulwelwesi cell futhi ahlinzeke ukubonakala pulses kagesi eyisisekelo ukushukuma kwemizwa.

Athomu sulphur ayingxenye amaprotheni lwendabuko futhi kubangele ephakeme isakhiwo "uthunge" polypeptide nohide, kanjalo ukwakha globular amaprotheni-molecule.

Potassium ion zinengxenye ukuthuthwa izinto ngokusebenzisa cell ulwelwesi. Ama-athomu omoya-phosphorus ayingxenye ebalulekile lokhu izinto amandla khudlwana ezifana adenosine triphosphate, futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlayiya of acid deoxyribonucleic futhi ribonucleic, okuyizinto eziyinhloko izinto cell ufuzo.

Trace umsebenzi umzimba yeselula

Mayelana 50 chemical izakhi akha esingaphansi kuka 0.1% esikhathini cell, elibizwa ngokuthi microcells. Lezi zihlanganisa i-zinc, molybdenum, i-iodine, ithusi, ayibe, fluorine. Nge yesondlo ongaphakeme enza umsebenzi obalulekile kakhulu, njengengxenye izinto eziningi eziphila abakhuthele.

Ngokwesibonelo, ama-athomu zinc ku-molecule ye-insulin (pancreatic i-hormone umqondo igazi glucose ezingeni), i-iodine kuyinto ephambili we-hormone egilo - thyroxine futhi triiodothyronine ukulawula izinga lokugayeka kokudla emzimbeni. Yethusi, kanye nensimbi ion ehilelekile hematopoiesis (ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, izinhlayiya zegazi kanye amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi umnkantsha yezilwane ezinomgogodla). ion yethusi afakiwe hemocyanin sombala samanje egazini ezingenamgogodla, izimbaza ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, umbala hemolymph aluhlaza.

Okuqukethwe ngaphansi kuseli ezifana izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana phambili, igolide, uxhumano lokudlulisa, esiliva. Zibizwa ngokuthi ultromikroelementami futhi ingxenye nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, e ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali Weevil ummbila igolide ion zitholiwe. Ama-athomu omoya uxhumano lokudlulisa in a inqwaba lamaseli kufakwe thalli ulwelwe ensundu obomvu, ezifana Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

Zonke ngaphambilini lezi zibonelo ezingokoqobo nezikhona ngempela ukuchaza kanjani ezihlobene amakhemikhali ukwakheka, umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo amaseli. Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa okuqukethwe yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kumaseli yezinto eziphilayo.

izici Jikelele organic compounds

izakhiwo Chemical lamaseli bezinhlanga ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ngendlela ethile kuncike athomu carbon, ebangela phezu 50% yengqamuzana. Cishe zonke ezomile cell ndaba umelwe carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amino nucleic futhi lipids, okuyinto akheke eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. molecule anjalo abizwa ngokuthi macromolecules (polymers) futhi yakhiwa izakhi lula - monomers. Amaphrotheni izinto zidlala indima ebalulekile kakhulu futhi enze ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi, okuyinto zichaziwe ngezansi.

Iqhaza amaprotheni kuseli

ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali compounds engena kwengqamuzana ephilayo, kuqinisekisa wokuqukethwe lelisetulu izinto eziphilayo ezifana amaprotheni. Leli qiniso has a enengqondo: Amaprotheni ashintshwe zenza imisebenzi futhi behileleka kuzo zonke izici cell ukuphila.

Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi zokuzivikela amaprotheni Ukwakheka kwezitho amasosha omzimba - amasosha omzimba ezivezwa lymphocyte. Okunjalo amaprotheni ezivikelayo njenge thrombin, fibrin futhi tromboblastin ukunikeza igazi ekunqandeni futhi ekunqandeni ukuwohloka yayo kabi ukulimala. Ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi yeseli kuhlanganisa namaprotheni cell ulwelwesi kokuba ikhono ukuqaphela compounds angaphandle - antigen. Bona ushintshe ukucushwa yabo futhi umbiko cell we izingozi ezingaba khona (umsebenzi alamu).

Ezinye amaprotheni abe umsebenzi zokulawula futhi hormone, ezifana oxytocin, ekhishwa le ngxenye, pituitary agodliwe. Zivela ke lingene egazini, oxytocin enza odongeni imisipha kwesibeletho, okubangela ukuncishiswa yayo. vasopressin amaprotheni futhi linomsebenzi zokulawula ngokulawula blood pressure.

Amaseli kwemisipha kukhona actin futhi myosin, ziyakwazi ukunciphisa insimu, elibangela umsebenzi motor kwemisipha izicubu. Ukuze amaphrotheni, umsebenzi ejwayelekile futhi trophic, isib, albumin umbungu lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi izakhi wentuthuko. Amaprotheni egazi eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene, njenge-hemoglobin futhi hemocyanin, amangqamuzana omoya-mpilo zidluliselwa - usebenze ezokuthutha umsebenzi. Uma amandla esiningi izinto ezifana nokudla okumahhadla nomoya-lipids, asetjenziswe, iseli siqala ukubhodloza phansi amaprotheni. Omunye igremu kwale nto 17 ukunika 2 kJ zamandla. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu amaprotheni kuyinto okhanda amanye amathuba (amaprotheni, ama-enzyme kusheshiswe chemical ukusabela linezingxenye cytoplasmic). Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, sesibonile ukuthi amaprotheni benezingane eziningi imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kudingekile ingxenye yeseli isilwane.

amaprotheni biosynthesis

Cabanga inqubo amaprotheni zamagama esitokisini, okuyinto eyenzeka kule cytoplasm nge organelles ezifana ribosomes. Ngenxa umsebenzi enzyme ethile, ne kweqhaza ribosome calcium ion sihlanganise polysomes. Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-ribosomes kuseli - ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amaprotheni amangqamuzana, kokuqala inqubo umbhalo. Ngenxa kuyo kwemiqondo mRNA amangqamuzana, lapho inamathelisiwe polysomes. Khona-ke iqala nje kwecala lesibili - ukusakaza. Ezokuthutha RNA bophezela amabili izinhlobo ezahlukene amino acid kanye uwalethe polysomes, futhi njengoba umsebenzi ribosomes kuseli - a synthesis polypeptides, lezi organelles yakha izakhiwo kanye tRNA, nama-amino acid molecule kuthiwa ahlanganiswa ndawonye yi-peptide izibopho ukwakha macromolecule amaprotheni.

Iqhaza yamanzi umzimba

izifundo Cytological isikuqinisekisile yokuthi isakhiwo cell kanye okwakhiwa sitadisha, okuyisilinganiso sabangu-70% wamanzi, futhi izilwane eziningi, okuholela ngendlela wamanzi okuphila (isib, coelenterates) nokuqukethwe kwalo ifinyelela 97-98%. Ngenxa yalokhu inhlangano amakhemikhali amaseli kuhlanganisa hydrophilic (uyakwazi Ukuqedwa) kanye hydrophobic (amanzi-oxosha) impahla. Ngenxa kuphela jikelele polar, amanzi linendima ebalulekile futhi kunomthelela oqonde ngqo hhayi kuphela umsebenzi, kodwa futhi kakhulu isakhiwo amaseli. Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa okuqukethwe amanzi e izinhlobo ezahlukene amaseli yezinto eziphilayo.

Umsebenzi carbohydrate kuseli

Lapho sichaza ngaphambili, ukuze ezibalulekile organic amakhemikhali - polymers - nazo carbohydrate. Lezi zihlanganisa polysaccharides, oligosaccharides futhi monosaccharides. Amakhabhohayidrethi bayingxenye ngaphezulu izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi - glycolipids futhi glycoproteins, okuyinto zakhiwe ngezingodo ulwelwesi amaselula kanye nadmembrannye isakhiwo, isib glycocalyx.

Ngaphezu kwalokho i-carbon ku carbohydrate kuhlanganisa ama-athomu hydrogen kanye oxygenation, futhi abanye polysaccharides aqukethe nitrogen xaxa, nesibabule ne phosphorus. Amaseli we isitshalo carbohydrate eziningi: Potato nezilimo eziyizigaxa aqukethe kufike ku-90% isitashi e imbewu izithelo carbohydrate okuqukethwe ku-70%, kanye amaseli isilwane atholakala ngesimo yingxube njenge glycogen, chitin futhi trehalose.

ushukela Simple (monosaccharides) kufanele ifomula jikelele CnH2nOn futhi ihlukaniswe yaba tetroses, triose, pentose futhi hexose. Eminyakeni emibili kuyizinto ezivamile kumaseli eziphilayo, isibonelo, ribose futhi deoxyribose bayingxenye acid nucleic, futhi ne-glucose fructose zinengxenye ukusabela nokwenziwa kanye dissimilation. Oligosaccharides zivame atholakala isitshalo amaseli: sucrose lilondolozwe amaseli ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi kanye umoba, maltose eziqukethwe caryopses imila rye nebhali.

Disaccharides abe ukunambitheka amnandi futhi zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini. Polysaccharides, eyindodana biopolymers ngokuyinhloko isitashi, i-cellulose, glycogen futhi laminarin. Amafomu kwesakhiwo zihlanganisa polysaccharides chitin. Umsebenzi osemqoka carbohydrate iseli - amandla. Ngenxa hydrolysis ukusabela namandla umzimba wajinge wanamatsela polysaccharides ukuba glucose, futhi ke oxidized ukuba carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye igremu glucose ukukhishwa 17.6 kJ energy, futhi alondoloza of isitashi kanye glycogen, empeleni yeselula amandla kwesigubhu.

Glycogen is imali ikakhulu ezicutshini futhi isibindi amaseli, yemifino isitashi - e nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ama, izimpande, imbewu kanye eyisinambuzane, ezifana izicabucabu, izinambuzane kanye ezinamagobolondo, indima esemqoka kule energy supply ufeza trehalose oligosaccharide.

Amakhabhohayidrethi bengafani lipids namaprotheni, ikhono nokucekelwa anoxic. Lokhu kuqakatheke khulu ngokuba eziphilayo e nemibandela ukuntula noma ukungabi khona komoya-mpilo, ezifana anaerobic bacterium, helminths - izimuncagazi nezilwane.

Kunenye umsebenzi carbohydrate iseli - ukwakhiwa (kwesakhiwo). Ihlala e yokuthi lezi izinto ziyawusekela izakhiwo amaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-cellulose siyingxenye ye izindonga cell izitshalo, chitin lwakha skeleton yangaphandle ezingenamgogodla abaningi kwenzeka kumaseli fungal, olisaharidy kanye lipids namaprotheni molecule akha glycocalyx - eziyinkimbinkimbi nadmembranny. Linikeza adhesion - phakathi amaseli clumping wesilwane kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezicubu.

Lipids: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Lezi izinto eziphilayo, okuyizinto hydrophobic (amanzi zingaxazululeki) angasuswa, isb ezikhishwe amaseli by kumakhemikhali awuketshezi nonpolar, ezifana acetone noma chloroform. umsebenzi lipids kuseli incike lapho amaqembu amathathu basonta: emafutheni, waxes noma ama. Amafutha kuyizinto ezivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo amaseli.

Izilwane buthelela nabo nezicubu ongama adipose, izicubu kwemizwa iqukethe amafutha ngesimo emgodleni myelin of izinzwa. Iphinde aqoqana izinso, isibindi, izinambuzane - emzimbeni amafutha. Liquid amafutha - amafutha - ezitholakala imbewu izitshalo eziningi: zikaphayini, lamantongomane, sunflower, umnqumo. Okuqukethwe lipid kumaseli zokhahlamba kusuka 5 kuya kwangu-90% (e nezicubu adipose).

Ama-steroid futhi waxes zihluke kwamafutha ukuthi abanayo e-molecule okunamafutha acid izinsalela. Ngakho, ama - kungcono hormone cortex adrenal, ezithinta ukuthomba umzimba futhi yiziphi izingxenye testosterone. Futhi ingxenye amavithamini (isb novithamini D.).

Umsebenzi oyinhloko lipids kuseli - iyona energy, ukwakhiwa kanye nokuvikelwa. Eyokuqala kungenxa yokuthi 1 igremu fat in the cleavage unika 38,9 kJ energy - okuningi kunamanye izinto eziphilayo - amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-namachibi of 1d amafutha injena cishe 1.1 c. amanzi. Yingakho ezinye izilwane uhlangabezana stock fat emzimbeni wakho kungaba isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, gophers kungaba ithule izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka ezimbili, ngaphandle isidingo samanzi, futhi amanzi Ikamela at ukuhwebelana ehlane izinsuku 10-12.

Ukwakhiwa lipids umsebenzi itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye cell ulwelwesi, kanye ingxenye emsipheni. Umsebenzi oluvikelayo lipids liqukethe yokuthi ungqimba amafutha ngaphansi kwesikhumba emhlabeni izinso kanye nezinye izitho zangaphakathi uwuvikela ukulimala lokukhanda. Specific ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa umsebenzi esivela izilwane isikhathi eside ukuba emanzini: imikhomo, izimvu zamanzi, zamanzi ezinoboya. Ukuqina ongama adipose ungqimba, isibonelo, Umkhomo oluhlaza kuyinto 0.5 m, ivikela isilwane kusuka hypothermia.

Inani Oxygen umzimba yeselula

eziphilayo aerobic, okuhlanganisa iningi labantu izilwane, izitshalo kanye ndoda, usebenzisa umoya-mpilo asemkhathini ngoba amandla exchange ukusabela okuholela cleavage izinto eziningi eziphilayo kanye nokwabiwa ethile namandla zanqwabelana ngesimo molecule triphosphate adenosine.

Ngakho, namachibi ephelele eyodwa imvukuzane glucose ukuthi kwenzeka cristae mitochondrial, 2800 kJ energy zibekelwe zazo 1596 kJ (55%) egcinwe ngesimo ATP molecule equkethe uxhumano macroergic. Ngakho, umsebenzi oyinhloko oxygen iseli - ukuqaliswa kwezimila aerobic, ogxile iqembu ukusabela enzymatic okuthiwa chain zokuphefumula okwenzeka organelles - mitochondria. Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo prokaryotic - bacterium phototrophic futhi cyanobacteria - namachibi izakhi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo diffusing ku amaseli e-protuberances yangaphakathi plasma ulwelwesi.

Sine inhlangano amakhemikhali amaseli ibilokhu wafunda, kanye izinqubo wamaprotheni zamagama kanye nowe-oxygen umsebenzi e yeselula amandla umzimba.