Inguqulo ka-Ubuntu: i Uhlolojikelele, izici, imibono kanye nokubuyekeza. Indlela ukwazi nguqulo ye Ubuntu?

Ubuntu ukukhishwa zenzeka njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kusukela Ltd - unjiniyela yasekuqaleni. ngenguqulo ngayinye entsha "Ubuntu", ngaphezu igama, usebenzisa nonyaka nenyanga ukukhululwa njengoba isibalo saso serial. Ukukhululwa yokuqala igobolondo, isibonelo, ngokuthi Ubuntu 4.10 futhi yakhululwa ngo-October 20, 2004. Ngenxa yalokho, izinombolo ezinguqulweni esizayo lwesikhashana; uma ukukhululwa imisiwe kuze kube nezinye izinyanga (noma ngisho neminyaka) mayelana kuhlelwe, inombolo ukusatshalaliswa zizoshintsha ngendlela efanele.

Kanjani ukukhishwa?

Ubuntu nguqulo ngokwesiko angavalelwa ukukhishwa GNOME (cishe inyanga), okuyinto yena, ekhishwe cishe inyanga eyodwa ngemuva ukukhishwa of X.Org. Ngenxa yalokho, "Ubuntu" kumagazini ngamunye ukwethula inguqulo entsha GNOME futhi X.

Njalo edition wesine ephuma ngekota ngayinye engu ngisho-olunezinombolo yesibili, uba lokusabalalisa ngokuseka kwesikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi ukukhishwa OS ziphenduke futhi uthole izibuyekezo iminyaka emihlanu futhi babe technical support evela yekhenoni Ltd. Lezi zihlanganisa izinguqulo Ubuntu 6.06, 8,04, 10,04, 12,04, 14,04 kanye 16,04. Nokho, zonke kukaMoya akhishwe ukuze "Ubuntu 12,04?" sisekelwa kuphela iminyaka emithathu kuphela.

Ezinye izinguqulo ekhishwe ngaphambi 13,04 ngokuvamile zigcinwe izinyanga ezingu-18, futhi ngokuvamile musa iwe idethi ngaphambi olandelayo "eside edlala" nokusabalalisa. Nokho, lokho kwashintsha, ngoba Ubuntu13.04 - inkathi ukwesekwa usunciphe ngamaphesenti nengxenye, izinyanga 9.

Ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-Ubuntu iyona zakamuva?

Kuze kube manje, ukukhululwa yakamuva yale OS Ubuntu 16,04 LTS Xenial Xerus. Okthoba 21, 2015 developers wamemezela ukuthi Ubuntu 16.04 LTS kuyothiwa XenialXerus, noma "friendly ehlala emgodini." Lokhu Shell out ngo-April 21 2016 futhi ngokushesha ayazise ochwepheshe. Ungamchaza kanjani-ke?

Imvelo okuzenzakalelayo ideskithophu siyaqhubeka akukashintshi - Unity 7, inketho uthuthukele version 8 ukukhishwa unezela usekelo cephalometric futhi ZFS-ifayela izinhlelo, LXD-hypervisor (usebenzisa Seccomp) ukuze OpenStack, kanye nokwesekwa amaphakheji kushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokusebenza isebenzisa Systemd esikhundleni upstart njengoba Ukuqalisa uhlelo.

Lokhu kukhululwa esikhundleni Ubuntu Software Center isofthiwe GNOME Software, kanye ukuqeda nemibi ifayela ISO. Njengoba ulandela emazwini ochwepheshe, Ubuntu Software Center kwaba ithuluzi ezimbi isikhathi eside kakhulu. Isibuyekezo samanje iye yathuthuka kakhulu le "Ubuntu" somsebenzisi ngamunye.

Futhi uzinake ukuthi Ubuntu 16,04 LTS ayisekeli AMD Catalyst (fglrx) abashayeli AMD / ATI ihluzo amakhadi esikhundleni uncoma isofthiwe khulula amdgpu Radeon. Nokho, bangase bangakwazi ukunikeza elilungile ihluzo ukusebenza.

Ukukhululwa yokuqala yale nguqulo ye Ubuntu - 16.04.1 - izotholakala bonke abasebenzisi ne-July 21, 2016.

Okulandelayo kulindeleke ukukhululwa kwe "Ubuntu"

April 21, 2016 kwamenyezelwa ukuthi Ubuntu 16.10 kuyothiwa Yakkety Yak, futhi inguqulo bayokhululwa Okthoba 20, 2016. Lokhu kukhululwa izobandakanya Unity 7, kodwa ngeke anikele lokuzikhethela of version 8, kufakwe ISO okufushane ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuchaza bebodwa. Okunye ukuthuthuka yamemezela zihlanganisa inguqulo entsha software Ubuntu, okuzokwenza ukusekela okulandwayo ngokushesha, ukwesekwa engcono emgqeni ukufakwa umyalo (kuphela izicelo ngaphandle GUI), ukuxhasa ukufakwa amafonti kanye multimedia amakhodekhi, kanye ukukhuthazwa ngcono izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhokhelwayo.

Ngazi kanjani Ubuntu okufushane kudivayisi yakho?

Kwesinye isikhathi abasebenzisi ukhohlwe ncamashi ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-Ubuntu luyasebenza kudivayisi yakhe. Ukuze uthole akuthathi kakhulu. Nida uzobe kuchazwe kanjani lokhu kusuka kumugqa womyalo futhi isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza.

Hlola inguqulo "Ubuntu" kusukela ukugcina

Le ndlela izosebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inguqulo ye-OS ukuthi bekhompuyutha imvelo usebenza Ubuntu Linux. okufushane Russian ngumuntu isheke ngendlela efanayo.

Okokuqala, vula esigungwini. Uma usebenzisa Unity noma ezinye isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza, ungathola isicelo ngokuthi Terminal Launchpad.

Uma uvula i-ngokushesha umyalo, kunomyalo elula ongayisebenzisa ukuthola inguqulo yakho ye "Ubuntu" .Le umyalo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: lsb_release -a.

Ngemva kwalokho, emgqeni izoveza ulwazi mayelana uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, kuhlanganise Igumbi wokusabalalisa.

Ihlola inguqulo Ubuntu nge Unity

Uma usebenzisa Unity, umsebenzi lula kakhulu. Ukuze uqale, iya ku "Izinketho zesistimu" kusukela kudeskithophu, esemgwaqweni kwimenyu enkulu Wobunye. Ungaphinde uye ku "Izilungiselelo System" e Unity Launchpad, uma-ke kulula kuwe. Indlela hlola version Ubuntu ngale ndlela?

Izilungiselelo zesistimu imenyu kuyindlela Ukugunda ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi umugqa wemiyalo ngokuqondile GUI. Ukungeza abasebenzisi ukufaka izibuyekezo, isikhathi ushintsho, nokunye - kungaba zonke kwenziwe kusuka kwimenyu. Chofoza kuthebhu "Okuningi" etholakala ngaphansi "Izinketho zesistimu."

Ngakho-ke ngeke sibonise bonke ulwazi mayelana inguqulo "Ubuntu" oyisebenzisayo. Lena yindawo enhle ukubona ulwazi mayelana nenani wokusebenza hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuthola ukuthi ingakanani imemori luyatholakala kudivayisi, yini CPU yakho hlobo (CPU) futhi i-GPU (ihluzo), kanye umthamo isamba disk hard.

Nokho, uma udinga inani eligcwele lika-Linux Ubuntu inguqulo yakho (isibonelo, «14.04.3 LTS», futhi hhayi nje «14,04 LTS»), uzodinga ukusebenzisa indlela umugqa wemiyalo kuchaziwe ngenhla. I isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza akakwazi ukukusiza.

Indlela ukubuyekeza "Ubuntu" ukuba inguqulo elandelayo

Abantu abaningi banesithakazelo ukuthi kumadivayisi abo ubuyekeze futhi olufanele okwamanje usuku OS. Kanjani the version ngcono Ubuntu?

Okokuqala Kumelwe ukhumbule ukuthi iyiphi yokuthuthukisa elihlobene ne ezinkulu yesistimu yokusebenza ukukhishwa, athwala ingozi ukwehluleka, ukulahleka kwedatha noma kahle isofthiwe ukumisa. isipele Kuqiniswe nokuhlolwa ebanzi kakhulu Kunconywa kunoma isiphi isimo, noma ngabe ungumsebenzisi eziphambili.

Ngezansi okokufundisa unikezwa izitshela ukuthi idivayisi yakho iyasebenza ku-Ubuntu 15,10, amisiwe nge Sudo-amalungelo ngoba imisebenzi yokuphatha.

Nakuba izinhlelo eziningi kungenziwa olusha kweso ngaphandle kobunzima, isixazululo ephephile kungaba ukuya ifayela boot, le nguqulo entsha, uyifake kusuka ekuqaleni futhi ulungiselele isevisi ngokuhlolwa ngokucophelela futhi ukungenisa idatha yohlelo lokusebenza ku isinyathelo esihlukile.

Yini odinga ukukwazi ngaphambi kokubuyekeza?

Khumbula ukuthi imitapo, izilimi uhlelo amasevisi angase zishintshe ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngo-Ubuntu 16,04 izinguquko ezibalulekile eqhathaniswa odlule LTS ukukhululwa, okuhlanganisa kwathatha i Ukuqalisa esikhundleni upstart Systemd uhlelo, futhi Ukugcizelelwa usekelo Python 3 no-7 esikhundleni PHP PHP 5.

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka izinga ezinkulu kunoma yiluphi uhlelo, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi ulahlekelwe idatha uma update kungahambi kahle. Indlela engcono kakhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe lo mgomo - ukwenza ibhekhaphu lonke uhlelo ifayela. Ukusebenzisa Digital Ocean Iconsi, ungasebenzisa indlela elula - ukuvala uhlelo futhi usenze sibukeke.

Ngaphambi kokuthi ubuyekeze ukukhululwa, into nephephile ukufaka izinguqulo wonke amaphakheji inguqulo yamanje. Qala nge uhlu inkonzo amaphakethe: Sudo buyekeza iyafaneleka-Thola.

Uzoboniswa uhlu izibuyekezo zingenziwa. Khetha u- "Yebo" bese ucindezela Faka. Le nqubo ingase ithathe isikhathi esithile. Lapho liqedwa, sebenzisa Dist Nomanini, okuzokwenza wenze izibuyekezo ezihlobene Izinguquko zokulungiselela, ukuhlanganisa okubuyelelwe nofana ukususwa amaphakheji amasha njengoba kudingeka. Yonke imibuzo uhlelo uphendule "yebo" bese ulinde inqubo ukuze uqede.

Ngoba manje usune izibuyekezo zakamuva Ubuntu 15,10, ungakwazi ukushintsha i-OS ku versiyu16.04. Download ithuluzi le- "Ubuntu" izibuyekezo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukusebenzisa umyalo olandelayo: sudo efaneleka-zokwazi update.

Ngokwesiko Debian ukukhishwa banikwa kungenzeka isandiso ngokushintsha /etc/apt/sources.list iyafaneleka, okuyinto ichaza ekhosombeni iphakethe. Ubuntu usasebenza kumigomo Debian, ngakho inqubo kungenzeka ukusebenza ngaphandle kobunzima. Kodwa, esikhundleni salokho, kuyatuseka ukusebenzisa ithuluzi olunikezwa iphrojekthi "Ubuntu", lapho izindlela zonke amasheke inguqulo entsha inikeza update le sources.list, futhi eminye imisebenzi edingekayo. It is ngokusemthethweni Kunconywa indlela ukuvuselela iseva ukuze abulawe ngoxhumano akude.

Qala ngokuhamba egijima isibuyekezo ngaphandle ongakhetha: sudo efaneleka-uthole Dist-okuthuthukile.

Uma exhunywe ohlelweni lwakho nge ssh (cishe kunazo, une Digital Ocean Iconsi), ucelwa uma ufuna ukuqhubeka. Ngesikhathi ogqamile umyalo, thayipha Y bese ucindezela u-Enter ukuze uqhubeke.

Ngokulandelayo, kungenzeka ukuthi uxwayiswe ukuthi esibukweni entry litholakele. On Digital Ocean uhlelo, ungaziba ngokuphepha lesi sixwayiso futhi uqhubeke kokuthuthukisa njengesibuko endawo 16,04 empeleni atholakalayo.

Ungabuta "Ingabe ufuna ukubhala phezu 'sources.list' ifayela '? Uma ukhetha okuthi "Yebo", kuyoba isibuyekezo esigcwele yesistimu yokusebenza. Uma ukhetha okuthi "Cha" isibuyekezo izokhanselwa.

Emva entsha iphakethe uhlu alandwa futhi ukuhlola izinguquko, uzokwaziswa ukuqala isibuyekezo. Cindezela Y ke ukuze uqhubeke.

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Ifaka isibuyekezo lungase luthathe amahora ambalwa. Ngemva kwenqubo thwebula akukwazi ukukhanselwa.

Ngemva amaphakheji amasha usuqede ukufakwa kwakho, ucelwa uma usukulungele ukususa amaphakheji akusebenzi. Ngesikhathi ogqamile umyalo ngaphandle ukucushwa umsebenzisi, le nqubo kumele kube ephephile. Chofoza u- "yebo". Uma ubuyekeza sonke isimiso sakho ngokwezinga elikhulu, ungafaka d ukuhlola uhlu amaphakheji ukuthi zizosuswa.

Ekugcineni, uma konke kuhambe kahle, uzokwaziswa ukuthi buyekeza kuqedile futhi kabusha liyadingeka. Faka Y ukuze uqhubeke.

ekupheleni

Linda-computer ukuba ivuleke futhi kabusha. Lapho amabhuzu uhlelo, kufanele ubone umlayezo eqinisekisa ukuthi kuyiswa Xenial Xerus Ubuntu (version esitebeleni nokusekela).

Manje udinga ukusetha i-ukufakwa zokusebenza Ubuntu 16,04. Mhlawumbe, kuzodingeka ukuhlola kudingekile izinguquko ekucushweni futhi ukhiphe izinhlelo zokusebenza namasevisi.