Ingabe iqembu laliyiqembu elikhululekile? Ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu ezombangazwe

E-Russia ye-tsarist, inkululeko yayiyiqembu lama-demokrasi esisekelo somthethosisekelo, noma, ngamafishane, amaCadet. E-State Duma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezinomsebenzi ofanayo nazo zavela. Isibonelo, lokho kwakuyi "Union of October 17".

Ukuvela kwamaqembu avulekile

Ngo-1905, ngemva kokunqotshwa kweRussia empini yokulwa neJapane, kwaqala ukuguquka kwezwe. UNicholas II wayengeke akwazi ukuwuqeda ngamandla, kwakudingeka avumelane nabaphikisi bakhe. Ngo-Okthoba 17, 1905, wanikeza le manifesto, ngokusho ukuthi uMbuso waseRussia wasungula i-State Duma.

Amandla wezombangazwe aphikisana ne-oda lobukhosi ngalesosikhathi athola ithuba lokusebenza ensimini. Kwakungu-1905 ukuthi izinhlangano zangempela zentando yeningi zavela.

Amakhredithi

Phakathi kwamaqembu avulekile avela yiqembu lezombusazwe e-democrats (elibizwa nangokuthi i-People's Freedom Party). Isinqumo sokuvela kwale nhlangano senziwa ngoJulayi 1905 enkomfeni elandelayo yamanani e-zemstvo. Ngakho-ke, leli qembu lalibandakanya abantu ababesebenza emasodini wesifundazwe ngaphambili. Bathi, njengabanye, babeseduze nempilo yabantu abavamile ababehlala emizini yoMbuso WaseRussia.

Inhlangano eyasungulwa yabanjwa eMoscow ngo-Okthoba 1905. KuMpi Omkhulu wePatriotic ngaleso sikhathi kwakunezingxabano ezinkulu, iziteleka zabasebenzi bokuthutha ngisho nokulwa. Kulezi zimo ezinzima, ama-cadet aqala umsebenzi wabo. Umholi weqembu kwakunguPavel Milyukov, ososayensi owaziwayo nomlando.

Ukukhethwa kwamaDemocratic Party

Njengoba i-liberal party yayiyiCadets, abakhethiweyo bayo babezihlakaniphi kanye noZemstvo abahlonishwayo, abahlukaniswa nemibono ye-pro-Western phambili. Inhlangano ngokwayo yayibandakanya abameleli bendawo yasemadolobheni, othisha, odokotela kanye nabanini bomhlaba. Uma iqembu lezombangazwe elikhululekile liyi-SR, lizoba ngumlingani wama-democrats omthethosisekelo. Kodwa abaguquli bezenhlalakahle babesekhohlo. Kwakubo labo abasebenzi abajoyina khona. Lokhu kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuthandwa okuphansi kwamaCadet kumphakathi we-proletarian.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu leMilyukov, kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhona kwalo, selithathe inkambo yokufeza imigomo yalo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zephalamende nokwehlisa iziphathimandla. Uma ingxenye yabasebenzi ngo-1905 isekela le nhlangano, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eya kuma-socialists noma eBolsheviks.

I-Cadet Party yayiyinhlangano evulekile, ngakho-ke yayisekela ukuguqulwa kukaFebhuwari. Kwakukhona ngo-1917 ukuthi uhlangene naye. Inani labantu abajoyine inhlangano lenyuka izikhathi eziningana. UMiliukov wamiswa njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle Zombuso WaseRussia.

Uhlelo lweCadet

Uhlelo lwama-democrats omthethosisekelo luhlanganisa amaphuzu asezingeni eliphezulu lamaqembu avulekile. Bakhuthaza ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamizi zaseRussia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinenkolo, ubuzwe noma ubulili. UMiliukov nabalandeli bakhe babheka ukuthi kudingekile ukuba izwe libe nenkululeko yokukhuluma, unembeza, umshini wezokuxhumana, izivumelwano kanye nemihlangano. Iningi lalezi zidingo zahlanganiswa emva kokuguqulwa kuka-1905. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokunjalo ngenxa yesikhundla sabo, abasekeli bakaMilkykov babhikisha ngokumelene nokuphendula kwesifundazwe okwafika ngesikhathi sokuqala kukaPeter Stolypin.

Eqinisweni, iCadet Party yinhlangano yenkululeko yentando yeningi. I-ideology yale nhlangano, ikakhulukazi, yayihlanganisa nomqondo we-universal suffrage. Ukwengeza, ama-demokrasi asisekelo somthethosisekelo agqugquzela inkululeko yencazelo kazwelonke yezinhlanga ezahlukene zombuso. Kwakuyiphuzu elibukhali kakhulu lohlelo, ngoba umbuzo wasePoland wawungakaphendululwa. Noma yiliphi iqembu elibusayo-lokubusa ngentando yeningi akuyona into yokuqala yokuqala yekhotho elizimele. Phakathi kwama cadet kwakunabameli abaningi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nabameli. Ngenxa yalokhu, zonke izikweletu ezihlongozwayo zeqembu zazihlukaniswa ngemininingwane nokucabangela.

Izici ze-socialist zohlelo lwezomthethosisekelo zedokodo ziboniswe esigabeni ekuhanjisweni kwezinsuku ezingu-8 zokusebenza. Cishe zonke izinhlangano ezimelelwe ku-State Duma zazihlanganisana nalesi sidingo. Ngakho-ke, umthetho omusha wemisebenzi wamukelwa ngisho nangaphansi kokubusa kwezinguquko.

Ukuphela kweqembu

Ngobusuku buka-Okthoba ka-Okthoba, amaCadets, ayeyizikhonzi kuHulumeni oPhezulu, aboshwa. Kamuva, zonke ezinye izici ezivelele zenkampani zangena etilongweni, ngaphandle kwalabo abakwazi ukuphunyuka ezweni. Abanye ababoshiwe babekhona emigqeni yokuqala yalezo zidutshulwa phakathi neMpi Yombango.

Kodwa ngoNovemba 1917 amaCadet akwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekhethweni loMhlangano oPhethe. Bawathola amavoti amaningi, njengoba beyiwona kuphela onamandla okulwa neBolshevik. Amademokhrasi kaMthethosisekelo asekelwa ngisho nabaphikisi bokuqala (ngaphandle kwama-radicals ase-kwesokunxele). Nokho, ngoDisemba 12, 1917, iCommet of People's Commissars yaqaphela amaCadet njengengxenye "yezitha zabantu". Inhlangano ivaliwe. Umholi weCadets, uMilyukov, wakwazi ukubalekela eRussia. Wafa eFrance ngo-1943.

Iqembu lama-Octobrists

Enye inhlangano ebalulekile yezinhlangothi ezilinganayo ezisezingeni elifanele-i- party-party yenkululeko . Kwakusekelwa osomabhizinisi abacebile nabanikazi bamazwe abakhulu. Igama leqembu lalibhekisela ku-Okthoba 17, 1905 - usuku lokusayina iManifesto, eyanikeza inkululeko eminingi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwezwe lokuqala.

Inhloko yenhlangano yayingu-Alexander Guchkov. Eminyakeni ye-1910-1911. Wayengumongameli we-III State Duma. KuHulumeni oPhezulu, umholi wama-Octobris wathola iphothifoliyo lesisebenzi sezempi kanye nesigodlo. Ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kuka 1905-1906. Iqembu lalinabantu abangu-75,000. I-Union ka-Okthoba 17 yayinephephandaba layo "Izwi leMoscow".

Abalingani bakaHulumeni

Emibuthanweni yokuqala yokuqala kaHulumeni Duma, ama-Octobrists ambalwa (16 no-43 ngokulandelana). Ukuphumelela kweqembu kwenzeka ngemuva kuka-Juni 3, 1907, izilungiso zenziwe emthethweni wezokhetho. Ukuguqulwa kwanciphisa inani lama-socialists ephalamende. Esikhundleni sabo kwafika ama-Octobrists amaningi, inani lawo lafinyelela ku-154. Ukuthandwa okukhulu kweqembu kuchazwa ukuthi lihlala ezindaweni ezilinganiselayo futhi kwaba yinto yokwehliswa komphakathi.

I-Octobrists yayiseduze kakhulu ne-oda elidala kunamaCadet. U-Pyotr Stolypin uthembele kumengameli kaGuchkov lapho uhulumeni ezama ukudlulela ezakhiweni zikahulumeni zikaDuma ezishintshayo kodwa ezingadingeki. Imihlangano yokuqala yokuqala yoMbuso kaDuma yaxoshwa ngokuqinile ngoba lawo maPhalamende ayengabantu bezenhlalo futhi abavimbela ekwenzeni imithetho.

Uma iqembu lezombangazwe le-RSDLP liyiqembu elivulekile, lizophinde limelelwe kabanzi. Kodwa amaBolsheviks asuka ekuqaleni ayengewona ama-socialists kuphela, kodwa futhi asetshenziselwa izindlela zokuvuselela ukulwa namandla. Abakwa-Octobris bafuna ukufeza ushintsho ngezindlela zokuthula, ngokufuna izivumelwano nohulumeni.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Octobrists

Ngo-1913, abalandeli bakaGuchkov bahlukana. Njengoba iqembu le-liberal laliyiqembu lezombangazwe le-Octobrist, kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubahlanganyeli bayo ukugcina inkululeko yomphakathi eRussia. Kodwa emva kokuguqulwa kwezwe lokuqala, umbuso waya ezinyathelweni zokuphendula ngokumelene nabaphikisi bawo abahloniphekile. Phakathi kwabe-Octobrists kwavela iqembu elikhipha isinqumo sokuphikisa. Kulo dokhumenti, abashicileli basolwa uhulumeni ngokuphula amalungelo omphakathi waseRussia.

Ngenxa yalokho, iqembu lihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu ku-State Duma. Iphiko lesokunxele, eliholwa nguGuchkov, kanye neZemstvo Octobrists elifanele, liholwa nguMikhail Rodzianko. Iqembu elincane labaphathi abazimele lihlukanisiwe. Inkinga yeqembu yaqala. Ngo-1915 iphephandaba iGolos Moskvy lavalwa. Ikomidi eliPhezulu layeka ukuhanjiswa. Ngakho-ke, ama-Octobris ayanyamalala ensimini yezombangazwe yezwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuvukela umbuso kanye nokukhishwa kweBolshevik. Iphiko lesokunxele leqembu langena kwi- Progressive Bloc. Abanye ababengabaholi bama-Octobris babengaziwayo ezombusazwe eRussia kuze kube sehlobo lika-1917.