Impi yombango China: kubangela, imiphumela

impi yombango phakathi Communist Party ne-Kuomintang Chinese baba kwezinye zezimpi ende futhi ukhiye lempi ekhulwini XX. CCP ukunqoba kwaholela yokuthi izwe elikhulu Asian wakhela socialism.

Ingemuva nokubala kwalo izikhathi

Impi yombango e China olunegazi lanyakazisa lizwe iminyaka eyikhulu ikota. Le mpi ephakathi kwala Kuomintang neQembu LamaKhomanisi eyenziwa umlingisi ngemibono. Omunye ingxenye emphakathini Chinese wakhuthaza ukusungulwa republic kazwelonke yeningi, kuyilapho omunye wafuna socialism. I bangamakhomanisi yayikhona isibonelo elikhanyayo ukulandela lapho sibhekene eSoviet Union. Ukunqoba inguquko eRussia ilethe abasekeli abaningi kwesokunxele-wing ukubukwa zezombusazwe.

Impi yombango China zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala weza 1926-1937 biennium. Kwabe sekulandela isenzakalo esivelele ikhefu ezihlobene yokuthi amaKhomanisi futhi Kuomintang noMbutho ekulweni ubudlova Japanese. Ngokushesha ayehlasela ibutho ezweni yelanga eliphumayo eChina buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ngemva militarists Japanese bahlulwa, ludvweshu eyaqhubeka e China. Sigaba igazi yesibili kwenzeka ngo 1946-1950 ,.

Northern Expedition

Lungakagqashuki impi yombango eChina, Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye eziningana ehlukile. Kwakuhlangene ukuwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, livelile ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Ngemva kwalokho, isimo esisodwa futhi uwukakabi. Ngaphezu KMT namaKhomanisi kukhona amandla yesithathu - Beiyang Army. Lokhu umbuso yayisekelwe ojenene yangaphambili Qing ibutho yasebukhosini.

Ngo-1926, umholi KMT Chan Kayshi wasungula impi ngokumelene kweziphathimandla zempi. Wahlela Northern Expedition. Kulesi emkhankasweni wempi, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene yahanjelwa amasosha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 250. Kai-Shek kanye bangamakhomanisi asekelwe. La mandla ezimbili ezinkulu ukwakha umfelandawonye National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Northern Expedition sasekelwa USSR. I-NRA wafika ochwepheshe ezempi Russian, futhi uhulumeni wamaSoviet enikeziwe izindiza zempi nezikhali. Ngo-1928, kweziphathimandla zempi bahlulwa ilizwe munye ngaphansi kokubusa KMT.

igebe

Ngaphambi Northern Expedition yaphela phakathi Kuomintang namaKhomanisi, ukuhlukana, ngenxa olwaqala kulandela impi yombango e-China. Mashi 21, 1937 i-National Revolutionary Army wathatha Shanghai. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi umehluko phakathi umbimbi yaqala ukubonakala.

Chan Kayshi azange abathembe amaKhomanisi wangena umfelandawonye nazo kuphela ngoba wayengafuni ukuba eziningi izitha njengoba iqembu ethandwa. Manje cishe obumbene lizwe futhi kubonakala ukukholelwa ukuthi angakwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokusekelwa Kwesokunxele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhloko yabangamashumi Kuomintang wesabela ukuthi CCP (Chinese Communist Party) ukugumbuqela umbuso kuleli zwe. Ngakho wanquma ukubheka oyi-emptive isiteleka.

IsiShayina Yombango 1927-1937 GG. Yaqala emva uhulumeni Kuomintang labetibambile ukubotshwa amaKhomanisi futhi wabhubhisa amaseli wabo wemizi emikhulu yezwe. Leftists waqala ukuba simelane. Ngo-April 1927, yasihlephula kwaba nesiteleka enkulu bangamakhomanisi ku muva akhululwa kweziphathimandla zempi Shanghai. Namuhla e China izenzakalo okukhulunywe lokhu kucekwa kwesizwe futhi esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso Icebo lika. Ngenxa kuphangwa, abaholi abaningi CCP owayebulewe noma baboshwa. Iqembu yasebenza ngomshoshaphansi.

Long mashi

Esikhathini esigabeni sokuqala-Chinese Yombango 1927-1937 GG. emelelwe izibhelu zihlakazeke zombili. Ngo-1931, bangamakhomanisi usethe isimo zabo wafana ku izindawo Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Chinese Soviet Republic. Lokhu kwandulela China ayizange beqashelwa zamanxusa umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. AmaKhomanisi laliyikomkhulu ka Ruijin. Bavula ngokwabo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eseningizimu yezwe. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, Chan Kayshi okuqalwe mikhankaso ezine ingajezisa ngokumelene Republic Soviet. Bonke bamangazwa kwawona.

Ngo-1934, kuhlelwe umkhankaso yesihlanu. I bangamakhomanisi waqaphela ukuthi amandla abo akwanele ukuba ubonise ngaphezulu hit Kuomintang. Khona-ke leli qembu wathatha isinqumo ezingalindelekile ukuthumela zonke izimpi zawo kuya enyakatho yezwe. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngaphansi kwebhaxa silwa Japanese ngesikhathi elawulwa Manchuria, aze asongela ngisho kulo China. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-enyakatho PDA besethemba ukuze uthole usizo kusukela ideologically eduze eSoviet Union.

Umlando Omude Mashi waya ebuthweni usayizi izinkulungwane zabantu 80. Omunye umholi walo kwaba Mao Tszedun. Impumelelo ukusebenza arareneko enziwa kuye olwa ngoba amandla wonke Party. Kamuva emzabalazweni hardware balahle izimbangi zakho futhi babe usihlalo weKomiti Central. Kodwa ngo-1934, kwaba umlawuli kuphela.

isithiyo Serious for bebutho CCP kwakuyilungelo elikhulu umfula iYangtze River. On lidla izindwani, ibutho KMT idale izithiyo eziningana. izikhathi amaKhomanisi amane azama, kodwa ahluleka ukuwela ogwini olungaphesheya. Okwamanje zokugcina, ikusasa China Liu Bocheng Marshal wakwazi ukuhlela ukwedlulela ibutho lonke ngokusebenzisa ibhuloho nje kuphela.

Ngokushesha amasosha waqala ukuxabana. induna ezimbili (Zedong, futhi Jong-Gata) ukuqagulisana ngobuholi. Mao waphikelela ngokuthi isidingo siqhubeke ahambe aqonde enyakatho. Imbangi yakhe sasifuna ukuhlala sisenkonzweni Sichuan. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphambi kwezikhathi eziyiminyaka nempi esihlanganisiwe lahlukaniswa laba amakholomu amabili. Long Mashi kuqede kuphela ingxenye ukuthi waya Mao Zedong. Zhang Gata jikelele efanayo eyeke kuya Kuomintang. Ngemva kokunqoba ka amaKhomanisi, yena bethuthele eCanada. amabutho Mao sika wakwazi ukunqoba indlela izinkulungwane 10 amakhilomitha kanye izifundazwe 12. Hike yaphela ngo-October 20, 1935, lapho ibutho lamaKhomanisi ezingxenyeni Vayaobao. Kuyinto abantu 8000 kuphela.

Xi'an isehlakalo

Umzabalazo amaKhomanisi futhi Kuomintang sase sithathe iminyaka 10, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi lonke China esongelwa kokungenela Japanese. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwakukhona kakade ezinye skirmishes e Manchuria, kodwa Tokyo akazange ukufihla izinhloso zabo - babefuna ukunqoba ngokuphelele buthaka futhi bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa yempi yombango, umakhelwane.

Kulesi simo izingxenye ezimbili emphakathini Chinese kwadingeka ukuba yokuthola ulimi olulodwa ukuze asindise ezweni lakhe. Ngemva Long Mashi, Chan Kayshi wayehlela ukuqedela kokunqotshwa amaKhomanisi, wabaleka ngalolo suku ngokwesaba ke kuya enyakatho. Nokho, ngo-December 12, 1936 uMongameli we KMT waboshwa ojenene bakhe siqu. Yang Hucheng futhi Zhang Syuedyan yafuna umongameli ukwakha umfelandawonye amaKhomanisi ngoba umzabalazo ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene bahlaseli Japanese. UMongameli udliwe. Ukuboshwa kwakhe waziwa ngokuthi Xi'an Isigameko. Ngokushesha, kwase umfela, okungase bahlanganise abantu Chinese zonke bezinkolo zezombusazwe mayelana isifiso ukuvikela inkululeko yezwe.

usongo Japanese

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi impi yombango Chinese wakhala isikhathi yokungenela Japanese. Ngemva Xi'an Isigameko kusuka 1937 kuya ku-1945 phakathi amaKhomanisi futhi Kuomintang wahlala isivumelwano ngekudvonsisana Allied ngokumelene umphehli wodweshu. Tokyo militarists enethemba lokuthi Ungaphatha kalula ukuba anqobe China, ukopha ukuphikiswa yangaphakathi. Nokho, isikhathi luveza ukuthi Japanese banephutha. Ngemva kokuba usungenile umfelandawonye eJalimane lobuNazi, futhi eYurophu, amaNazi waqala ukunwetshwa, amaShayina asekelwe amandla azihlanganisa, ngokuyinhloko i-United States ne-Soviet Union. BaseMelika babe ngokumelene Japanese lapho ehlaselwa Pearl Harbor.

Impi yombango e China, ngamafuphi, amaShayina bashiya yonke into. Izinsiza kusebenza, ukulwa amakhono kanye nempumelelo ibutho sivikele wawuphansi kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, amaShayina elahlekile abantu izikhathi 8 ezingaphezu kuka amaJapane, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ohlangothini lokuqala lalibizwa banyenti labamelene natsi. Japan cishe zaziyobulawa bakwazi ukwakha kokungenela zabo, uma kuwukuthi lesi oMfelandawonye. Lapho kunqotshwa eJalimane ngo-1945 ekugcineni wadedelwa ezandleni eSoviet Union. AbaseMelika, ababeke wazithathela isinyathelo lezi Japanese ikakhulukazi olwandle noma emoyeni, ehlobo efanayo lehla amabhomu amabili e-athomu eHiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Empire ezabeka ngayo phansi izikhali zalo.

Eyesibili isigaba kwempi yombango

Ngemva Japan ekugcineni umaluju, insimu yamaShayina kwaphinde phakathi amaKhomanisi nabasekeli Kai-Shek. Imodi ngamunye kwadingeka ukulawula kulezo zifundazwe lapho kwakukhona impi abaqotho kuye. I-CPC unqume ukwenza isizinda yayo enyakatho yezwe. Lapha, kuvela komngcele eSoviet Union enobungane. Ngo-August 1945, amaKhomanisi wathatha umuzi obalulekile ezifana Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao futhi Shanhaiguan. Ngaphansi kokulawula Mao Zedong kwaba Manchuria kanye Inner Mongolia.

KMT ibutho lahlakazeka ezweni lonke. Iqembu main kwaba entshonalanga eduze eBurma. Impi yombango e 1946-1950, China. It kwaphoqelela ohulumeni abaningi bezinye izizwe ukuba aphinde acabange isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze kwenzekani esifundeni. US ngokushesha wathatha progomindanskie isikhundla. BaseMelika ezikhonjwe Shek ulwandle kanye nomoya izimoto yokudluliswa okusheshayo khandlu empumalanga.

imizamo ukuthula

Imicimbi ezalandela ngemva yokubuyiswa Japan, kwaholela empini yombango e-China yesibili kodwa ungakaqali. Kulokhu, ingasaphathwa imizamo amaqembu ukuba isivumelwano kwangaphambilini ukuthula. Okthoba 10, 1945 e Chongqing, Chan Kayshi futhi Mao Tszedun wasayina inkontileka ehambisana. Abaphikisi baye bathembisa ukuhoxisa amabutho ayo nezingxabano kuleli zwe. Nokho, izibhelu bendawo baqhubeka. Futhi ngo-October 13 Chan Kayshi wayala okuhlaselayo emikhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1946, amaMelika wazama ukubonisana abaphikisi bakhe esandleni. EChina landizela Jikelele Dzhordzh Marshall. Ngalo, idokhumenti sasayinwa, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi January ceasefire.

Noma kunjalo, ehlobo kwempi yombango e 1946-1950, China. Waqhubeka. AmaKhomanisi Army KMT phansi kunabaphostoli njengoba amasu kanye nemishini. Yena lahluleka sína China kwangaphakathi. Ngo-March 1947 bangamakhomanisi umaluju Yan'an. Ngo Manchuria amabutho CCP ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu. Kulesi simo, banayo eziningi ikhuluma, ukuze bazuza isikhathi esithile. AmaKhomanisi wayazi ukuthi Chinese Yombango 1946-1949 GG. zizolahleka uma awazithathi kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu. Yaqala ukudalwa ophoqelelwe wempi njalo. Ukuze ukukholisa kubantukazana kuye flop ohlangothini lwakhe, Mao Tszedun uqalise kabusha kwemhlaba. Abantu bendawo baqala ukuthola izingxenye, futhi akuxhomekile ukubuthela wakhulela ibutho, owafika edolobhaneni.

Izimbangela kulwiwa e China iminyaka 1946-1949. Waphetha ngokuthi ukunyamalala usongo kokungenela ngabafokazi ezweni waphinda yaqinisa ukuphikisana phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili ezingahlangani zezombusazwe. Igwala KMT namaKhomanisi kungaba ephila umbuso owodwa. China kufanele ukunqoba ezinye uhlobo amandla obekufanele ikusasa leNingizimu Afrika.

Izimbangela ukwa

AmaKhomanisi wajabulela ukusekelwa eside zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. ESoviet Union akazange angenele ngqo nempi, kodwa budebuduze nemibuso yezombangazwe, yebo, odlala ezandleni Mao Zedong. Moscow wavuma ukunikeza comrades Chinese zonke imishini yami Japanese ethumba eyayikhokhelwa supply yokudla kuye eMpumalanga Ekude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ekuqaleni qophelo impi ngaphansi kokulawulwa CCP yesibili kwakuyimizi enezivikelo zezimboni ezinkulu. Nge-sizinda enjalo kwakungatholakala udale ngokushesha nebutho ngokuyinhloko entsha, ngcono kakhulu ifakwe futhi aqeqeshiwe kuka kweminyaka embalwa ngaphambili.

Entwasahlobo ka-1948, ngathoma ukuba bangamakhomanisi juqu okuhlukumezayo Manchuria. Ukusebenza eholwa Lin Biao - onekhono nomholi wezempi futhi Marshal ikusasa China. Umvuthwandaba kuhlasela liaoshen umkhankaso, okuyinto egqilazwe ibutho elikhulu we Kuomintang (zabantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi). Impumelelo avunyelwe amaKhomanisi kutsi uhlele amabutho azo. wamabutho ezinhlanu ezinkulu, ngamunye okusetshenziswa isifunda ethile yezwe yadalwa. Lezi steel ukwakha balwe esihlelwe futhi ivumelana. I-CPC yanquma ukumenza isipiliyoni Soviet lweMpi Enkulu Patriotic, lapho izimpi ezinkulu kwamiswa iRed Army. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amaShayina Yombango 1946-1949 GG. Lwamenza ukuze sokugcina. Uma ededelwa Manchuria, uLin Biao Wajoyina iqembu, ngokusekelwe eNorth China. Ekupheleni kuka-1948, amaKhomanisi olawule ebalulekile engenisa umnotho amalahle imicengezi Tangshan.

CCP ukunqoba

Ngo-January 1949, iphansi kwesandla sika-ibutho ahlasela Tianjin Biao. PDA impumelelo ekhotheme gomindanskogo induna phambi enyakatho kuya lizinikele lingalwanga Beiping (ngaleso sikhathi igama Beijing). Ukuwohloka okubangelwa Shek phakamisa kuthula nesitha. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kuze April. I eside Xinhai Revolution futhi impi yombango China Uchithile igazi kakhulu. Esikhathini Kuomintang Ngazizwa ukuntuleka kwezinsiza ezingabasebenzi. amagagasi Multiple ukugqugquzela uholé yokuthi abasanda ukuthatha kwakumane ndawo.

Ngo-April, amaKhomanisi wathumela inguqulo yabo Umphikisi eside we isivumelwano sokuthula. ultimatum Ngokusho ngemuva kosuku 20th PDA akuyona belinde ephendula okubhida uqalile okunye ukuhlasela. Amabutho wawela uMfula umfula iYangtze. May 11 Lin Byao wathatha Wuhan, kwathi ngo-May 25 - Shanghai. Chan Kayshi kwesokunxele ezwekazini futhi zayiswa Taiwan. Kuomintang uhulumeni kusukela Nanjing ukuze Chongqing gone. Impi manje olwenziwa kuphela eningizimu yezwe.

Ukudalwa China futhi ekupheleni kwempi

Okthoba 1, 1949 amaKhomanisi wamemezela ukusungulwa entsha Yabantu Republic of China (PRC). Lo mkhosi kwaba nomhlangano e Beijing, okuyinto futhi waba inhloko-dolobha yezwe. Nokho, impi yaqhubeka.

8 Guangzhou sathathwa. Impi yombango e-China, i-izimbangela zazo kwakufanele alingane amandla amaKhomanisi futhi Kuomintang, manje eza isiphelo sako okunengqondo. muva Uhulumeni kuhanjiswe ku Chongqing US izindiza ekugcineni zayiswa esiqhingini Taiwan. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1950 amaKhomanisi anqoba ngokuphelele eningizimu yezwe. amasosha Kuomintang ongathandanga sokunikela, futhi abalekela ngale angomakhelwane Indochina French. Ekwindla ka ibutho China olawule Tibet.

Waba yini umphumela lapho kuqala impi yombango e China walala yokuthi umbuso wamaKhomanisi yasungulwa kuleli zwe elikhulukazi futhi elinabantu abaningi. KMT iyagcinwa kuphela eTaiwan. Ngesikhathi esifanayo namuhla, iziphathimandla zaseChina cabangela isiqhingi ingxenye insimu yalo. Kodwa empeleni kukhona kusukela ngo-1945 kukhona Republic of China. Inkinga kokubonwa leentjhabatjhaba State uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku.